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1.
Parabiotic ants—ants that share their nest with another ant species—need to tolerate not only conspecific nestmates, but also
nestmates of a foreign species. The parabiotic ants Camponotus rufifemur and Crematogaster modiglianii display high interspecific tolerance, which exceeds their respective partner colony and extends to alien colonies of the
partner species. The tolerance appears to be related to unusual cuticular substances in both species. Both species possess
hydrocarbons of unusually high chain lengths. In addition, Cr. modiglianii carries high quantities of hereto unknown compounds on its cuticle. These unusual features of the cuticular profiles may
affect nestmate recognition within both respective species as well. In the present study, we therefore examined inter-colony discrimination within the two parabiotic
species in relation to chemical differentiation. Cr. modiglianii was highly aggressive against workers from alien conspecific colonies in experimental confrontations. In spite of high inter-colony
variation in the unknown compounds, however, Cr. modiglianii failed to differentiate between intracolonial and allocolonial unknown compounds. Instead, the cuticular hydrocarbons functioned
as recognition cues despite low variation across colonies. Moreover, inter-colony aggression within Cr. modiglianii was significantly influenced by the presence of two methylbranched alkenes acquired from its Ca. rufifemur partner. Ca. rufifemur occurs in two varieties (‘red’ and ‘black’) with almost no overlap in their cuticular hydrocarbons. Workers of this species
showed low aggression against conspecifics from foreign colonies of the same variety, but attacked workers from the respective
other variety. The low inter-colony discrimination within a variety may be related to low chemical differentiation between
the colonies. Ca. rufifemur majors elicited significantly more inter-colony aggression than medium-sized workers. This may be explained by the density
of recognition cues: majors carried significantly higher quantities of cuticular hydrocarbons per body surface. 相似文献
2.
The siamang (Hylobates syndactylus) is exceptional among gibbons in that its area of distribution almost completely overlaps those of other gibbons, namely
the white-handed gibbon (H. lar) and the agile gibbon (H. agilis) of the lar group. The siamang has almost twice the body weight of the gibbons of the lar group (ca. 11 kg vs. 5–6 kg), and
it has been suggested that distinct ecological and behavioural differences exist between the siamang and its two sympatric
species. The siamang has been claimed to differ from the white-handed gibbon “in the closer integration and greater harmony
of group life” (Chivers, 1976, p. 132). However, few quantitative data exist to support this hypothesis. In the present study, intra-group interactions
in captive family groups of white-handed gibbons and siamangs (two groups of each species) were recorded by focal-animal sampling.
These data failed to show a consistent association between species and most of the behavioural patterns recorded, such as
frequency of aggression, percentage of successful food transfer, frequency of social grooming bouts, and duration of social
grooming/animal/hr. A significant difference was found for only two of the variables: Individual siamangs in this study showed
longer grooming bout durations, and made fewer food transfer attempts than lar individuals. Only the first of these two differences
is consistent with the hypothesis mentioned above, whereas the lower frequency of food transfer attempts in siamangs is the
opposite of what should be expected under the hypothesis. On the other hand, two of these behavioural patterns showed a significant
correlation with the parameters group size and individual age: Both individuals in larger groups and younger individuals tended
to show shorter grooming bouts and a smaller proportion of successful food transfers. Our findings indicate that social cohesion
within these gibbon groups may be much more flexible according to and depending on social or ecological influences and less
rigidly linked to specific gibbon taxa than previously assumed. A considerably larger number of gibbon groups would have to
be compared to provide reliable evidence for or against species-specific differences in group cohesion. Another finding of
this study—a positive correlation between the frequency of aggression and grooming—is discussed in the light of the functional
interpretations commonly attributed to allogrooming behaviour in primates. 相似文献
3.
Christine M. Johnson Rebecca E. Frank Danielle Flynn 《Primates; journal of primatology》1999,40(2):397-407
“Peering”—close-proximity staring at the mouth of another—was observed in ten (three males and seven females) mature (at least
7 years old) bonobos (Pan paniscus) living in three social groups at the San Diego Zoo and Wild Animal Park. Instantaneous scan samples, taken at 2-min intervals,
over a three-and-a-half year period, yielded 617 observations of peering (1.4 per observation hour). Food was exchanged in
only 15 of these scans. Peering was most often performed by younger animals and was primarily directed toward older females
(“matrons”). In a given dyad, the animal more likely to peer at the other was also more like to both peer and be peered at
if they frequently groomed and infrequently displayed aggression at a given female. An adolescent male showed the highest
frequency of peering when living with two older females, but dropped to adult male levels when later housed with two younger
(albeit mature) females. A reversal in which animal was more likely to peer, follow, and groom occurred in one female dyad,
after the birth of the younger animal's first infant. After a similar birth in the other group, no such changes were observed.
We discuss how these and related findings, in conjunction with what is known of the social structure of this species, suggest
that one possible function of peering in bonobos may be as a signal acknowledging female status. 相似文献
4.
Yuzuru Hamada Tsuyoshi Watanabe Osamu Takenaka Bambang Suryobroto Yoshi Kawamoto 《Primates; journal of primatology》1988,29(1):65-80
The body color of Sulawesi macaques was measured quantitatively and compared among the different monkeys. As a result, divergence
models for extant Sulawesi macaques, withtonkeana as the starting point and fading as the sole direction of color change, were inferred as follows: (1) fading slightly on
the upper half of the body—nigra, fading more on the proximal part of the body—nigrescens; (2) fading over the whole body—maura; (3) fading greatly on the legs—hecki; and (4) fading on the distal part of the body—ochreata, fading more over the whole body, including the proximal part of the body—brunnescens. The color changed progressively in the order of (1) through (4). The divergence model, excluding the position ofhecki (3), supports the speciation model ofFooden (1969). If the proto-Sulawesi macaques had a body color pattern similar to the livingnemestrina, darkening would have been necessary for the evolution of the Sulawesi macaques after their immigration, and it may have
been acquired as an adaptation to the ground (forest floor) living nature of the Sulawesi macaques, together with influences
deriving from the insularity and/or from the absence of predators. 相似文献
5.
The indriid genus Propithecus comprises the sifakas, medium-sized lemurs endemic to the forests of Madagascar. Traditionally, scientists divided the genus
into only 2 or 3 species —Propithecus diadema, P. verreauxi, and, since 1988, P. tattersalli— with 4 or 5 subspecies in each of the first 2 taxa, but recent authors have suggested that many more distinct species should
be recognized. We draw from quantitative and qualitative studies of craniodental traits to evaluate further the phenetic distinctiveness
and taxonomic status of each named form of Propithecus. We recognize 9–10 species in the genus. The 4 or 5 species of the Propithecus diadema group —P. diadema, P. candidus, P. perrieri, P. edwardsi, and perhaps P. holomelas, if distinct— share several derived features, including large average body size and a mandible specialized for rotational
chewing, and clearly comprise a closely related complex. The 5 species of the Propithecus verreauxi group —P. verreauxi, P. coquereli, P. deckenii, P. coronatus, P. tattersalli— are each highly distinctive morphologically and likely do not comprise a monophyletic group. In particular, we point out
the highly distinctive cranial features of Propithecus coronatus, which researchers have traditionally largely overlooked. 相似文献
6.
A survey was carried out in 1988 to determine the occurrence and distribution of the flyPhytomyza orobanchia Kaltenbach [Diptera: Agromyzidae] on broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forskal) at 21 locations in northwestern Syria. Fruit capsules of broomrape were examined in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) fields. The fly was present at 95% of the locations sampled. Of 630 broomrape plants examined over all locations, 55.5%
were infested. Of the 1,890 capsules examined, 32.5% were attacked. Fly populations were highest near the coast where 79%
of the broomrapes were damaged. The total seed output of broomrape plants was reduced by 29.4% in the surveyed area due to
a mean seed destruction of 91.1% per infested broomrape capsule.
相似文献
7.
Recent evidence on directional asymmetry (DA) in species of the paraphyletic assemblage “Lacertilia” indicates a possible
biological significance of this phenomenon, and we tested its occurrence in Serpentes by examining bilateral morphological
characters, such as the numbers of supralabial and infralabial scutes and the diameter of the eyes, on both sides of museum
specimens of seven species: Coronella austriaca, Elaphe longissima, Hierophis viridiflavus, Natrix natrix, Natrix tessellata, Platyceps saharicus, and Vipera aspis. Significant DA (not antisymmetry) occurred in at least one sex of four species and in two characters: H. viridiflavus—the number of infralabial scutes in males; N. tessellata—the diameter of the eyes in males; P. saharicus—the number of infralabial scutes in males and the diameter of the eyes in females; and V. aspis—the number of infralabial scutes in the pooled sexes. In N. tessellata and P. saharicus the DA varied geographically. Rank correlation between the DA of different characters, positive or negative, was significant
in one character pair in each of three species. In the largest sample (N. tessellata males from the Levant), tail injury correlated with morphological left-dominant asymmetry (a greater number on the left)
of infralabial scutes. Four of ten morphologically left-dominant males, but only 1 of 37 symmetrical or right-dominant males,
had an injured tail. The syndrome of morphological DA with functional handicap may be genotypical or phenotypical. Our results
support three earlier conclusions: bilateral characters should be examined on both sides of an animal; asymmetry should be
analyzed separately in each sex; and the accident proneness of left-handed Homo
sapiens merits re-evaluation in view of the apparently wide-spread accident proneness in left-biased Sauropsida (exclusive of Aves). 相似文献
8.
Changes in gene expression contribute to reproductive isolation of species, adaptation, and development and may impact the
genetic fate of duplicated genes. African clawed frogs (genus Xenopus) offer a useful model for examining regulatory evolution, particularly after gene duplication, because species in this genus
are polyploid. Additionally, these species can produce viable hybrids, and expression divergence between coexpressed species-specific
alleles in hybrids can be attributed exclusively to cis-acting mechanisms. Here we have explored expression divergence of a duplicated heterodimer composed of the recombination
activating genes 1 and 2 (RAG1 and RAG2). Previous work identified a phylogenetically biased pattern of pseudogenization of
RAG1 wherein one duplicate—RAG1β—was more likely to become a pseudogene than the other one—RAG1α. In this study we show that
ancestral expression divergence between these duplicates could account for this. Using comparative data we demonstrate that
regulatory divergence between species and between duplicated genes varies significantly across tissue types. These results
have implications for understanding of variables that influence pseudogenization of duplicated genes generated by polyploidization,
and for interpretation of the relative contributions of cis versus trans mechanisms to expression divergence at the cellular level.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
9.
The sphingoid long-chain base (LCB) composition of glucosylceramides was characterized in 31 species of Fabaceae including
the model legumes Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula. With the exception of Lupinus texensis L, the 8-trans/cis-unsaturated isomers of 4-hydroxy-8-sphingenines [i.e., t18:1 (8t) plus t18:1 (8c)] were the major components in each species.
In tribe Fabeae, each species from four genera—Pisum, Lathyrus, Lens, and Vicia—showed that more than 50% of dihydroxy sphingoid LCBs are 8-sphingenines [i.e., d18:1 (8t) plus d18:1 (8c)]. These results
suggest that the sphingoid LCB composition of glucosylceramides reflects the phylogenetic relationships within the Fabeae. 相似文献
10.
Sterck and colleagues (Behaviour 134:749–774, 1997) focused attention on the evolutionary ecology of female social relationships within and between groups and proposed a model
that distinguishes 4 categories of female relationships, which correspond to particular types of intra- and intergroup competition.
They emphasized literature on haplorhines in their model because of numerous, detailed studies conducted on a range of species
in the wild; in contrast, strepsirrhines such as the lemuroids are poorly represented. We evaluate more closely their classification
of lemuroids as Dispersal-Egalitarian using a greater number of species of Lemur, Eulemur, Varecia, Hapalemur, Indri, and Propithecus. For the focal species we found that female philopatry occurs rarely, agonistic rates are relatively low, female dominance
hierarchies are not stable and do not exist year-round, and intra- and intergroup female-female competition is infrequent.
Therefore, our results support the suggestion that a majority of lemuroid taxa we surveyed correspond to the Dispersal-Egalitarian
category with 2 probable exceptions: Lemur catta and Propithecus edwardsi. Because female Lemur catta are philopatric, have year-round dominance hierarchies with female matrilines, exhibit the highest rates of agonism in studied
lemuroids, and have frequent intra- and intergroup female-female competition, it would seem that they more closely correspond
to the category Resident-Nepotistic. However, maternal Lemur catta rarely support their offspring in agonistic contests and matrilineal rank is not inherited, which leads us to state that
the species does not fit into any existing category that explains the nature of female social relationships. The relationships
of female Propithecus edwardsi are also a challenge to categorize under the current model because some of their characteristics —typical female dispersal
and low agonistic rates— fall into the Dispersal-Egalitarian category, yet other behaviors —intense targeted aggression and
stable and year-round female dominance hierarchies— do not. 相似文献
11.
Bistra Atanassova 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2000,22(3):221-225
Advantages and disadvantages in using functional male sterility (positional sterile — ps, positional sterile 2 — ps 2, and excerted stigma — ex) in tomato hybrid seed production and attempts to elaborate systems for their more efficacious use in breeding were discussed
in this review. It was concluded that the application of one of these types of sterility, (ps 2) in practice, although in a limited number of countries, showed the functional male sterility in tomato was a potential not
to be underestimated in developing approaches that aimed at reducting the time and cost associated with hybrid seed production. 相似文献
12.
Ramon J. Rhine Guy W. Norton William J. Roertgen Henry D. Klein 《International journal of primatology》1980,1(4):401-409
The importance of mother — infant attachment in free-ranging primates is illustrated by events culminating in the deaths of
two baboon infants a few days after losing their mothers. These two cases are contrasted with those of a severely injured
infant, not separated from its mother, which lived, and an animal which lost and refound its troop. Protective behavior of
adult males is described. In captivity, separation sometimes produces infant depression; in nature, such depression may be
fatal. 相似文献
13.
Ch. Berge 《Human Evolution》1991,6(5-6):365-376
Two multivariate methods — the logarithmic principal component analysis (LPCA), and the logarithmic factorial analysis (LFA)
— have been used tocompare the hip bone proportions of hominoids biometrically. The results have shown that size effects among
apes and hominids interact to a centain extent with locomotor specializations, which are related to the attainment of more
or less terrestrial behaviors.
The pelvic morphology of great apes (Pongo, Pan, Gorilla) has retained numerous morphological traits — such as a gracile and elongated hip bone —, which were inherited from common
adaptations to arboreal locomotion. In spite of these common traits, the African pongids (Pan, Gorilla) present two very different pelvic morphologies corresponding to two adaptative modes of terrestrial quadrupedalism.
The hip bone of humans is proportionnally short and robust, most particularly at the level of its axial part. These characteristics,
as well as the whole pelvic proportions, clearly indicate that gravitational forces exert a strong pressure on the pelvic
walls during bipedalism. Among hominids, the transition from an australopithecine-like pelvic pattern to a human-like one
corresponds to an increase of loading constraints on the hip jiont. This seems to indicate an evident change in locomotor
behavior. Progression apparently became exclusively terrestrial with the genusHomo. 相似文献
14.
Recent field studies suggest that Macaca thibetana,a large endemic Chinese macaque, may be quite folivorous, distinguishing it from most other macaque species, which tend to
be primarily frugivorous. To understand how this diet affects its masticatory system, we conducted a comparative morphometric
study of mandibular dimensions. We took linear measurements from male and female mandibles of this species as well as four
other macaques—M. fascicularis, M. nemestrina, M. arctoides,and M. assamensis—and four species of Presbytis—P. obscura, P. rubicunda, P. cristata,and P. phayrei—and subjected to them to a variety of analyses. Based on analyses of variances and discriminant analyses on each sex individually,
the mandible of M. thibetanacorresponds to expected patterns for folivorous primates with respect to its wide condyles and thick corpora. However, the
height of the corpus and symphysis are lower, and the anteroposterior length of the condyle is longer than predicted for a
folivore. In addition to interpretations specifically relating to M. thibetana,we also discuss the functional morphology of the other species in light of what is published about their diets. 相似文献
15.
Cereals and cereal- derived products constitute the base of human and animal feeding in South American countries. This review
attempts to give an overview of the ochratoxin A (OTA) occurrence and potential sources of OTA contamination in those products.
The environmental conditions as humidity and temperature in the colonization of the substrates by Aspergillus section Nigri isolated from corn kernels were also discussed. The available information on the ochratoxigenic mycoflora and OTA presence
in corn, corn based food and feed is limited. Only few surveys have been carried out in Argentina, Ecuador and Brazil; which
showed that Aspergillus niger aggregate and A. ochraceus species would be the main source of OTA. It’s possible to emphasize that, the species A. carbonarius has not been isolated from these substrates and Penicillium verrucosum was isolated only from pig feeds of Argentinean samples in low percentage. Studies about the ecophysiology of ochratoxigenic
fungi and OTA occurrence are in progress in Latin America to reduce the impact of this toxin in the food chain.
Carina E. Magnoli, Stella M. Chiacchiera, Ana M. Dalcero—Members of the Research Career
Andrea L. Astoreca—Fellowship of CONICET 相似文献
16.
The NemaGENETAG initiative: large scale transposon insertion gene-tagging in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Caenorhabditis elegans</Emphasis> 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a widely appreciated, powerful platform in which to study important biological mechanisms related to human health. More
than 65% of human disease genes have homologues in the C. elegans genome, and essential aspects of mammalian cell biology, neurobiology and development are faithfully recapitulated in this
organism. The EU-funded NemaGENETAG project was initiated with the aim to develop cutting-edge tools and resources that will
facilitate modelling of human pathologies in C. elegans, and advance our understanding of animal development and physiology. The main objective of the project involves the generation
and evaluation of a large collection of transposon-tagged mutants. In the process of achieving this objective the NemaGENETAG
consortium also endeavours to optimize and automate existing transposon-mediated mutagenesis methodologies based on the Mos1 transposable element, in addition to developing alternatives using other transposon systems. The final product of this initiative—a
comprehensive collection of transposon-tagged alleles—together with the acquisition of efficient transposon-based tools for
mutagenesis and transgenesis in C. elegans, should yield a wealth of information on gene function, immediately relevant to key biological processes and to pharmaceutical
research and development. 相似文献
17.
Competition between granulosis virus (GV) and the larval parasite,Sturmiopsis inferens Tns. (Tachinidae: Diptera), was studied in 3rd — and 4th — instar larvae of the sugarcane shoot borer,Chilo infuscatellus Snellen (Crambidae: Lepidoptera), under laboratory conditions. Mortality due to GV infection and parasitization was 76.8 and 47.6 per cent, respectively,
when they were tested separately. But when hosts were infected simultaneously with microfeeding of GV and larval parasite,
a significantly low parasitism (5.5%) was obtained compared to 74.8 per cent mortality by GV infection. When the larvae were
microfed with the GV 6 days after inoculation with parasitic maggots, mortality due to the virus was reduced significantly
to 20.5 per cent, but when the maggot inoculation was preceded by virus microfeeding 6 days before, parasitization was unsuccessful,
while 75% of larvae died of virus. Results obtained from field — collected larvae also showed that significantly more parasite
puparia were recovered from healthy larvae than from virus — infected larvae. Similar differences in parasitization were not
obtained in the case of healthy or virus — infected pupae.
相似文献
18.
Naoki Agetsuma 《International journal of primatology》1994,15(5):595-609
I investigated the activity budget and diet of Yakushima macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui,)in warm temperate broad- leaved forest of Yakushima, Japan. Both time spent feeding and time spent moving varied considerably
between half- months. However, total time spent in active behaviors— feeding time plus moving time— was stable. The composition
of the diet also showed considerable variation between half- months. The macaques fed mainly on fruits, seeds,mature leaves, fallen seeds, flowers, and young leaves, each of which accounted for more than 30% of feeding time in at least
1 half- month. They also ate insects and fungi, but each of them comprised ≤ 25 and ≤ 8% of feeding time in any half- month,
respectively. Time spent feeding on mature leaves, young leaves, flowers, or fallen seeds is positively correlated with total
time feeding and is negatively correlated with time moving. In contrast, time feeding on fruits, seeds, insects or fungi is
negatively correlated with time feeding and is positively correlated with time moving. Foraging on foods that have a low energy
content, a high density, and a relatively even distribution— mature leaves— or that need much manipulation to be processed—
flowers and fallen seeds— increased feeding time, while foraging on foods for which monkeys must search intensively in the
forest— fruits, seeds, insects, and fungi— led to increased moving time. I examined foraging strategies of Yakushima macaques
in terms of moving costs and the quality of food items. Regarding time feeding on fruits, which have more energy and may need
less manipulation than other foods, as a benefit, and moving time as a cost, they seemed to employ a strategy that balanced
the costs and benefits of foraging. 相似文献
19.
Food limitation was tested in the laboratory by individual growth and reproduction of two cladoceran species, Ceriodaphnia richardi and Daphnia gessneri, from the shallow tropical Brazilian Lake Monte Alegre. The cladocerans were fed cultivated green alga Scenedesmus spinosus in concentrations of 0.20, 0.10, 0.05, and 0.025 mg C l−1. Higher biomass and growth rates occurred in the two highest-food concentrations; the two lowest ones negatively affected
clutch size and first reproduction. The threshold food concentration is lower than 0.025 mg C l−1 and the incipient limiting level is a value between 0.10 and 0.20 mg C l−1. The largest species, D. gessneri, was more sensitive to low food concentrations. The effects of low and high temperatures (19 and 27°C) were evaluated by
life table experiments with three cladocerans from the lake—Daphnia ambigua, D. gessneri, and Moina micrura—with no food limitation (1 mg C l−1 of S. spinosus). Higher population growth rates for the three species were found at 27°C; better performance in most life table parameters
was observed for the former two species at the highest temperature, D. gessneri being the most sensitive to the lowest temperature. There are indications that temperature is an important abiotic factor
that constrains populations of cladocerans for a short period in winter in the lake, when temperature decreases to 18–19°C.
However, its influence cannot be separated from a biotic factor such as food, whose effect is stronger in the cool season,
when concentrations are lower and contribution of inedible algae is relatively higher. 相似文献
20.
John J. Sloggett Richard A. Wood Michael E. N. Majerus 《Journal of Insect Behavior》1998,11(6):889-904
Coccinella magnifica is an obligate associate of Formica rufa-group ants. The congener Coccinella septempunctata can serve as a model for its nonmyrmecophilous ancestor. Formica rufa behavior toward these two ladybirds, and their behavior, was compared. Although C. magnifica was rarely attacked on ant trails, it was usually attacked on tended aphid colonies. Coccinella septempunctata was more readily attacked. The two ladybirds' behavior was similar on trails, but C. magnifica used more defense and C. septempunctata more rapid escape behavior on aphid colonies. Only C. magnifica fed upon tended aphids. Chemical adaptation to overcome ant aggression probably exists in C. magnifica, but it possesses almost no novel behaviors to counter ant aggression. Instead, modifications have occurred in the expression of behaviors present in C. septempunctata. 相似文献