Induction of Early Seasonal Sensitivity to Melatonin in Suffolk-Cross Ewes

Anoestrous Suffolk-Cross ewes can be induced into early seasonal ovarian activity by administration of melatonin at the appropriate time of day or by melatonin implants. This treatment is successful if commenced in June, but not earlier in April or May and suggests that a critical period of long days may be necessary before artificial short-day melatonin profiles act as winter time-cues. We have investigated whether the lack of sensitivity to melatonin in April could be overcome in ewes in which breeding activity had been artificially moved forward the previous season. The results indicate that this was indeed the case and that the breeding season in untreated ewes which also previously experienced an early induced breeding season reverted to the normal timing for the Suffolk-Cross breed.     

Material properties of coyote dentine under bending: gradients in flexibility and strength by position

We investigate the nonlinear properties of dentine from the upper canines of coyotes Canis latrans with bending tests. With the results we predict the behavior of whole canines under load. Coyote dentine is not homogeneous but is stronger and more ductile farther away from the pulp cavity. The modulus of rupture (MOR) first increases and then declines with distance from the pulp cavity. Our analysis of the composite nature of dentine produced by these gradients indicates that there may be an adaptive explanation with the composite having nearly the strength of the strongest dentine and a work of fracture greater than even the most ductile dentine. Coyote dentine is considerably stronger than human dentine. In coyotes, the peak MOR, a measure of bending strength, is 480 MPa, compared with a maximum of 225 MPa for human dentine. This value is about the same as the weakest coyote dentine that we found near the pulp cavity. Finally, enamel plays, at most, a small role in the bending strength of the whole tooth. Our results indicate that enamel under tension adds little to strength, but we cannot dismiss a small role for enamel in compression.     

Factors influencing the efficiency of a marker-assisted introgression programme in Merino sheep

This study investigated a marker-assisted introgression programme in Australian Merino sheep. The goal was to introgress an allele with a large negative effect on fibre diameter into a Merino flock possessing medium average fibre diameter. The influence of two factors was explored: the strategy used to select animals from the purebred and backcross line for backcrossing purposes and the use of selection on background markers to accelerate the return to the purebred line''s genome. The results were compared to introgression based on EBVs only. Introgression using EBVs only produced almost the same response in the dollar index as marker-based introgression methods. However, this study did not account for some of the costs associated with implementing the programmes, including the costs of phenotyping and genotyping. Given that the cost of measuring fibre diameter is low, it was concluded that introgression on EBVs only would be the preferred method since the marginal profit of marker-assisted introgression would not be large enough to cover the additional cost of genotyping. In marker-assisted introgression, reciprocal crossing of male and female selection candidates from the backcross and the purebred line was the most advantageous strategy from a practical and profit point of view. Selection for background markers was less profitable in this study than recovering the donor genome by selection on phenotype.     

GEP, a local growth factor, is critical for odontogenesis and amelogenesis

Granulin epithelin precursor (GEP) is a new growth factor that functions in brain development, chondrogenesis, tissue regeneration, tumorigenesis, and inflammation. The goal of this study was to study whether GEP was critical for odontogenesis and amelogenesis both in vivo and in vitro. The in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry data showed that GEP was expressed in both odontoblast and ameloblast cells postnatally. Knockdown of GEP by crossing U6-ploxPneo-GEP and Sox2-Cre transgenic mice led to a reduction of dentin thickness, an increase in predentin thickness, and a reduction in mineral content in enamel. The in vitro application of recombinant GEP up-regulated molecular markers important for odontogenesis (DMP1, DSPP, and ALP) and amelogenesis (ameloblastin, amelogenin and enamelin). In conclusion, both the in vivo and the in vivo data support an important role of GEP in tooth formation during postnatal development.     

非牙源性干细胞在牙齿再生研究中的应用

近年来,干细胞治疗研究获取的成果为牙齿的修复和再生研究奠定了有力的理论基础.根据牙齿的发育特征,牙齿再生需要牙源性的上皮干细胞和牙源性的间充质干细胞,目前研究表明,牙源性的间充质干细胞可应用于牙齿再生,例如牙髓干细胞和牙周韧带干细胞.但是,人牙源性上皮干细胞仅存在于胚胎期,萌发后的牙齿并不存在牙上皮干细胞,因此学者们开始探索将非牙源性干细胞替代牙源性上皮细胞应用于牙齿再生研究.以下概述了胚胎干细胞、成体干细胞和诱导性多潜能性干细胞等非牙源性干细胞在牙齿再生中的研究进展.     

Reproduction in the crowned lemur (Lemur coronatus) in captivity

Four pairs of captive crowned lemurs (Lemur coronatus) were studied during their annual breeding season in order to obtain baseline data on their reproductive biology for comparison with other Lemur species and to enhance their captive breeding success. Vaginal smears, testicular measurements, and records of the Duke University Primate Center provided the presented data. During a single breeding season, females cycled an average of three times, with an average cycle length of 34 days. Cycles were detected between November and March. Vaginal estrus and copulations were limited to one day per cycle. After 125 days of gestation females gave birth to one or two young. Both sexes attained sexual maturity at an age of about 20 months. Mean male testis size peaked in late December; at the same time, three of the females experienced their first estrus. Based on all available data, there was a significant positive correlation between cycle length and gestation length in the genus Lemur.