菠萝叶片色泽、色素及抗氧化活性的关系

以菠萝22个栽培品种的叶片为实验材料,测定其5种色泽参数（L^*、a^*、b^*、c^*和h^*值）、5种色素（叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花青苷、类黄酮和总酚）含量及3种抗氧化活性指标（ABTS、DPPH自由基和亚硝酸盐的清除能力）,并进行相关性分析。研究结果显示,色泽参数a^*和h^*值可以作为菠萝叶片指示色泽、主要色素含量和抗氧化活性变化的重要指标;菠萝叶片主要色素组成是叶绿素、类黄酮和总酚,且含有少量的花青苷,几乎不含类胡萝卜素。相关性分析结果显示,菠萝叶片类黄酮和总酚含量均与3种抗氧化活性指标极显著正相关,而叶绿素含量与其它指标相关性未达到显著水平,类黄酮和总酚是菠萝叶片抗氧化活性的主要功效成分。     

影响月季花瓣呈色的理化因子及花色苷组分分析

【目的】通过对影响月季花瓣呈色的各理化因子的定量评价及其相关性分析,探讨月季花色的形成机理,可为花色育种提供理论参考和受体品种,对于探究花色形成机理和种质创新具有重要意义。【方法】以8个不同花色的月季品种为试验材料,分别对其花瓣颜色参数、细胞液pH值、金属离子含量、总花色苷含量、总黄酮含量和总叶绿素含量等理化指标进行测定和比较,并对花色苷组分进行定量分析。【结果】(1)不同花色月季的理化因子间存在显著差异,其中细胞液pH值、Fe³⁺、Ca²⁺、Al³⁺含量以及总花色苷、总黄酮含量等因子与花瓣颜色的形成密切相关,总花色苷含量和总黄酮含量的变化起直接作用,金属离子及细胞液pH值等因素通过改变花色素结构来影响花色。(2)不同花色月季花瓣中所含有的花色苷组分不同。其中,矢车菊素-3,5-葡萄糖苷在月季中占主体地位,主要调控紫红色花朵的形成;其次是天竺葵素-3,5-葡萄糖苷,其主要调控橙色、红色花朵的形成。黄色花朵中花色苷含量很少,主要受类胡萝卜素的调控;橙色花朵受花色苷和类胡萝卜素的双重调控;白色花朵中几乎不含有花色苷。芦丁在8...     

紫花含笑花被呈色过程中色素含量与超微结构的变化特征

为了探究色素含量以及细胞结构在紫花含笑花被呈色过程中的作用机理,该研究以绿色和紫色花被为材料,测定其花被色素含量,运用逐步回归方程分析花被呈色与色素含量的关系,采用石蜡切片及超薄切片技术观察花被细胞超显微结构变化。结果表明:(1)在紫花含笑花被呈色过程中,紫色花被表面明度L^*值降低,a^*值上升,b^*值降低;花被花青素苷的积累量以及类胡萝卜素和类黄酮等含量增加,同时伴随着叶绿素的降解及其含量降低。(2)a^*与花青素、类黄酮、类胡萝卜素等色素含量以及花青素/类黄酮、花青素/叶绿素呈显著正相关关系,b^*与叶绿素含量和花青素/类胡萝卜素呈显著正相关关系。(3)在细胞结构上,随着花被由绿转紫,其上表皮细胞由扁平型向圆锥凸起型变化,单个细胞长宽比增大,细胞垂周壁出现褶皱,紫色花被上表皮结构向增加入射光吸收面积变化;液泡体积增大与叶绿体向有色体转化是主要的细胞器变化。研究发现,花被呈色是多因素作用的结果,花青素含量的产生与积累以及类胡萝卜素和类黄酮等含量增加辅助增色可能是紫花含笑呈紫色的主要...     

茶树种质叶片色素含量与叶色参数的关系

为了探究茶树种质资源叶片色素含量与叶色参数之间的关系,以143份黄、白化和紫化叶色特异茶树种质为材料,比较分析各种质叶片叶色参数L*、ɑ*、b*值和花青素、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量差异,并通过主成分分析、聚类分析、相关性分析、多元逐步回归分析和通径分析探讨叶片色素含量和叶色参数关系,为叶色特异茶树种质叶片呈色机理及品种选育提供依据。结果表明:(1)紫化茶树种质花青素含量和ɑ*值较高,叶片呈现紫红色;黄化种质类胡萝卜素含量/叶绿素含量比值和b*值较高,叶片呈黄色,白化种质L*值较高,叶片呈白色。在叶色表型性状方面,叶色特异茶树种质大体聚为两大类群,白色系和黄色系聚为一大类,紫色系聚为另一大类。(2)叶色特异茶树种质叶片叶色参数ɑ*值与花青素含量呈极显著正相关,L*值、b*值与花青素和叶绿素含量均呈极显著负相关,且b*值与类胡萝卜素含量呈极显著正相关;花青素、叶绿素对叶片CIEL*ɑ*b*值直接作用较大。总之,ɑ*值可作为描述叶色特异茶树种质叶片紫红色性状的代表性参数,b*值可作为描述叶色特异茶树种质叶片黄色性状的代表性参数。     

蜡梅‘美人醉’花色变化过程中生理生化特性研究

该研究以成年乔种蜡梅‘美人醉’[Chimonanthus praecox(L.)Link‘Meirenzui’]5个时期(蕾期、萌动期、初花期、盛花期和末花期)的花瓣内被片为材料,考察开花过程中花瓣色度值、花色素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量及其超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性的变化,并探讨各指标之间的相关性,以揭示蜡梅花色变化过程中生理生化指标的变化特征。结果显示:(1)‘美人醉’花瓣的色度值从蕾期到末花期,花瓣红度a^(*)值急剧减小,亮度L^(*)值、黄度b^(*)值和彩度C^(*)值、色相角h°值逐渐增大。(2)在‘美人醉’开花过程中,花瓣类黄酮、花色苷、叶绿素含量逐渐减少,类胡萝卜素含量先增加后减少。(3)‘美人醉’花瓣可溶性蛋白含量在萌动期和盛花期显著下降,而可溶性糖含量在初花期降到最低值。(4)‘美人醉’花瓣PAL活性随着开花进程呈先下降后上升的趋势,而SOD活性先显著上升,后保持平稳。(5)‘美人醉’花瓣色度值与其类黄酮、叶绿素、花色苷、可溶性蛋白含量以及PAL活性均具有显著相关关系。研究表明,蜡梅‘美人醉’花色变化是花色苷、类黄酮、叶绿素共同作用的结果,但花色苷含量的变化起着最直接的作用;花瓣可溶性蛋白、SOD、PAL通过一定的生理代谢途径对花色变化起着间接的影响。     

枫香秋季变色期叶色变化及其生理基础

为探究秋季枫叶呈色的关键生理因素,该文以转色期叶色为绿色、黄色和红色的枫香单株为试材,研究了L^*、a^*、b^*值变化与叶片色素、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白质含量变化的相关性。结果表明:(1)在变色期,3种色彩枫香叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素均大量降解,花色素苷不同程度积累。(2)绿色叶单株叶绿素和类胡萝卜素始终保持较高含量,花色素苷含量上升4.2倍,叶片内色素含量比值始终保持稳定; 黄色叶单株叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量最低,花色素苷含量上升4.4倍,b^*值与叶绿素含量极显著负相关,与类胡萝卜素含量显著负相关,与花色素苷/类胡萝卜素含量比值极显著正相关; 红色叶单株叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量略高于黄色叶单株,花色素苷含量上升27.2倍,a^*值与叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量极显著负相关,与花色素苷含量显著正相关,与色素含量比值无显著相关性。(3)红色叶单株具有较高的可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白质含量。因此,在枫香叶片变色期,保持较高的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,维持色素含量比值稳定使叶片呈现绿色; 叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的大量降解,以及花色素苷/类胡萝卜素含量比值的升高使叶片呈现黄色; 叶绿素的降解和花色素苷的大量合成使叶片呈现红色。     

真眼点藻类色素的提取与测定方法

分别采用甲醇、乙醇和丙酮3种有机溶剂提取7种真眼点藻的色素,比较3种有机溶剂提取色素的效果,测定3种有机溶剂色素提取液的吸收光谱,利用分光光度法计算藻的叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素的含量,并比较甲醇和乙醇色素提取液在A₄₇₀和A₆₆₆的最大吸收峰。结果表明:使用乙醇比甲醇和90%丙酮操作更简便、快捷并且毒害低。3种有机溶剂色素提取液的叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素的含量均无显著性差异(P>0.05),提取率基本一致。色素在3种有机溶剂中的吸收光谱相似,甲醇和乙醇的色素提取液在A₄₇₀和A₆₆₆的最大吸收峰并无显著性差异(P>0.05)。乙醇色素提取液可使用Lichtenthaler的公式计算色素含量。     

三角梅苞叶色彩参数和色素含量分析及蓝色转基因受体的筛选北大核心CSCD

三角梅作为重要的观赏植物颜色繁多,但缺乏稀有的蓝色。为筛选适合的蓝色转基因受体,明确不同品种三角梅苞片吸收利用DHM(二氢杨梅素)合成甜菜色素途径竞争产物(类黄酮色素)的潜在能力,该研究对红色、白色、黄色和紫色4大花色6个品种的三角梅苞片进行离体诱导培养,测定诱导培养后苞片色彩参数及色素含量变化,并进行相关性分析。结果显示:(1)三角梅苞片红绿色相值(a*)是决定苞片呈色的主要色彩参数,其色彩主要由甜菜色素和黄酮类色素决定,并以甜菜红素的影响最大。(2)除白色品种三角梅苞片中黄酮类色素含量大于甜菜色素含量外,其余品种苞片发育中甜菜色素含量均呈上升趋势,黄酮类色素呈下降趋势。(3)甜菜色苷含量与苞片a*值呈显著正相关关系,同时与苞片黄蓝色相值(b*)呈显著负相关关系;总黄酮含量与苞片b*值呈显著正相关关系,与苞片a*值呈极显著负相关关系。(4)经DHM体外诱导培养后,苞片总黄酮含量及占比在4个品种三角梅(‘新加坡大白’、‘宝老橙’、‘中国丽人’、‘黄蝶’)中明显升高,但各品种苞片总甜菜色素含量及占比均下降,并以‘新加坡大白’苞片中总黄酮含量上升幅度最大(65.77%),含量占比变化(增加26.91%)也为6个品种中最大。(5)灰色关联度综合分析显示,白色品种‘新加坡大白’与灰色关联度分析拟定的参考品种关联度最高(0.7444),表明三角梅品种中‘新加坡大白’可考虑作为蓝色转基因三角梅的受体品种。     

金叶复叶槭叶片色素与解剖结构

以金叶复叶槭(Acer negundo ‘Aurea’)的金黄叶、复绿叶为试验材料,以复叶槭的绿叶为对照(CK),测定并比较3种叶片类型的叶色参数、色素含量和解剖结构,探究金叶复叶槭叶片的呈色机理,为金叶植物叶色机理的研究及栽培提供理论依据。结果表明：金黄叶叶色参数L^*、a^*、b^*值极显著高于复绿叶和CK(P<0.01),复绿过程中叶色参数均呈下降趋势。金黄叶叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量极显著低于复绿叶和CK,ω(类胡萝卜素)/ω(总叶绿素)为0.64,极显著高于复绿叶和CK(P<0.01),复绿过程中色素含量均呈上升趋势。3种类型叶片横切面各组织厚度、比值及排列存在差异,金黄叶叶片厚度124.51μm,显著低于CK(P<0.05),栅栏组织厚度31.26μm、栅/海为0.45,均极显著低于复绿叶和CK(P<0.01),栅栏组织和海绵组织排列混乱,而另外2种类型叶栅、海组织排列较为规则有序。金黄叶叶绿体长、宽分别为3.42μm、1.27μm,均极显著小于复绿叶和CK(P<0....     

植物生长调节剂对‘火焰无核’葡萄果实着色及品质的影响

为了探究S-ABA、MeJA、COR 3种植物生长调节剂对‘火焰无核’葡萄果实着色及品质的影响,筛选出促进葡萄果实着色和品质提升的最佳处理,设置100 mg/L S-ABA、60 mg/L MeJA、2 000倍COR稀释液3个处理,于转色初期蘸穗,处理后至成熟期分7次采样,对果实粒重、纵横径以及可溶性固形物、总酸、花色苷、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和酚类物质含量等进行连续测定分析。结果表明：(1)S-ABA、MeJA、COR处理均可以促进果实着色,显著提高果面色泽参数a^*、红色葡萄果实颜色指数(CIRG),并降低色泽参数L^*、b^*和色度角h;3个处理花色苷含量分别比对照显著提高169.09%、31.55%、142.27%。(2)S-ABA、MeJA、COR处理均可以提高果实品质,其可溶性固形物含量分别比对照显著提高9.17%、7.45%、9.74%,总酸含量分别降低6.81%、4.14%、9.25%,固酸比分别提高17.90%、12.16%、20.82%。(3)S-ABA、MeJA、COR处理的果实粒重、纵径、横径增大,类黄酮...     

楸树不同单株花性状变异分析

楸树是我国中部地区重要的珍贵阔叶用材和著名的园林观赏树种,已有2 600多年的栽培历史。研究其花性状多样性与变异性旨在揭示花表型性状在楸树种内存在的巨大变异,为新花色育种和优良观花新品种的选育及新品种的鉴定和保护提供理论依据。以1985~1990年收集的优良单株和杂种F1共27株为材料,测定了花性状中的2个质量性状和7个数量性状,并采用方差分析、聚类分析等方法进行统计分析。①27株的开花物候期差异可达5 d,花大小、花序长短和单株花量均有较大差异,并且由于叶柄长度和花枝长度的差异导致不同单株表现出显花和隐花特征。②楸树为二强雄蕊,分为雄性可育和败育,调查的27株中有12株为雄性可育,且花粉量差异较大。③花冠檐部5裂,上唇3瓣,下唇2瓣,上唇瓣长度大于下唇瓣。27株的花枝长度、花序长度、单花枝花数、花上唇瓣长度、花下唇瓣长度和花冠直径均存在极显著差异,单株间的变幅分别为10.7~16.4 cm、5.6~9.6cm、2~13朵、3.8~5.2 cm、3.0~4.3 cm、3.9~5.4 cm,表型变异系数分别为12.8%、12.5%、36.7%、7.5%、9.1%和9.2%。④16株间花色L^*值(亮度值)、a^*值(红绿值)、b^*值(黄蓝值)、C^*值(彩度)和h值(色相)均存在极显著差异,a^*值、b^*值以及彩度C^*值的表型变异系数分别为35.1%、52.5%和29.8%;以L^*、a^*和b^*值度量花色,通过聚类分析将16株聚为3类,红色系、粉红色系和白色系。楸树27株的花枝长度、花序长度、花大小差异极显著,16株的花色也具有明显的差别,依据L^*、a^*和b^*值进行聚类分析,当欧氏距离为15时可将16株聚为3类:红色系、粉红色系和白色系。     

Colorimetry for the Stain Technologist. III. The Specification of Color Difference

This paper illustrates the calculation of color differences, involving luminance as well as chromaticity components. Color differences have been calculated for a large number of stained histological objects. Four different color difference formulae have been used, namely, those associated with the FMC 2, U*V*W*, L*u*v* and L^*a^*b^* systems. Comparison has first been made between various hematological substrates after staining with two different azure B-eosin Y stains. Next, comparison is made for the same substrates after staining with one of the azure B stains and a methylene blue-eosin Y stain. Pairwise comparison is also made of various substrates from the epithelium of the uterine cervix after Papanicolaou staining. Finally, pairwise comparison documents color differences accompanying maturation for the erythroid and myeloid cell lines in azure B-eosin Y stained bone marrow. The limitations of current color difference formulae are discussed.     

Crystal growth in aqueous hydrofluoric acid and (HF)x · pyridine solutions: syntheses and crystal structures of [Ni(H2O)6][MF6] (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) and Ni3(py)12F6 · 7H2O

The syntheses and structures of [Ni(H₂O)₆]²⁺[MF₆]²⁻ (M = Ti,Zr,Hf) and Ni₃(py)₁₂F₆·7H₂O are reported. The former three compounds are isostructural, crystallizing in the trigonal space group (No. 148) with Z = 3. The lattice parameters are a = 9.489(4), C = 9.764(7) Å, with V = 761(1) ų for Ti; a = 9.727(2), C = 10.051(3) Å, with V = 823.6(6) ų for Zr; and a = 9.724(3), C = 10.028(4)Å, with V = 821.2(8)ų for Hf. The structures consist of discrete [Ni(H₂O)₆]²⁺ and [MF₆]²⁻ octahedra joined by O---HF hydrogen bond Large single crystals were grown in an aqueous hydrofluoric acid solution. Ni₃(py)₁₂F₆·7H₂O crystallizes in the monoclinic space group I2/a (No. 15) with Z = 4. The lattice parameters are a = 16.117(4), B = 8.529(3), C = 46.220(7) Å, β = 92.46(2)°, and V = 6348(5) ų. The structure consists of discrete Ni(py)₄F₂ octahedra linked through H---O---HF and H---O---HO hydrogen bonding interactions. Single c were grown from a (HF)_x·pyridine/pyridine/water solution.     

Ferrocenyl-derived face-capping ligands: syntheses and molecular structures of [(FcTt)Cu]4 and [FcTt]2M (M = Fe, Co, Ni; FcTt = ferrocenyltris((methylthio)methyl)borate)

The synthesis and characterization of a ferrocenyl-derived tridentate ligand, ferrocenyltris((methylthio)methyl)borate (FcTtP⁻), and its representative metal complexes, [(FcTt)Cu]₄ and [FcTt]₂M (M = Fe, Co and Ni), are reported. The M = Fe complex exhibits spin-crossover behavior with a μ_eff = 1.19 μ_B at 25°C. The low-spin Co(II) derivative (1.88 μ_B) exhibits a characteristic axial electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum, g_av = 2.13, A = 53 G and A_¦ = 43 G. The [FcTt]₂M complexes display reversible two-electron redox processes assigned to ligand-centered events about 200 mV negative of the ferrocene-ferrocenium couple. [(FcTt)Cu]₄ and [FcTt]₂Ni have been characterized by X-ray diffraction. X-ray data for [(FcTt)Cu]₄: monoclinic space group C2/c, with a = 24.3747(3) Å, b = 20.0857(2) Å, c = 17.2747(4) Å, β = 95.843(1)°, V = 8413.5(3) ų, and Z = 4; [FcTt]₂Ni: monoclinic space group C2/c, with a = 12.6220(3) Å, b = 11.6002(3) Å, c = 25.0125(7) Å, β = 94.067(1)°, V = 3653.1(2) ų, and Z = 4.     

The monofunctionalized 1,4,7-triazacyclononane derivatives 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N-acetate (L) and N-(2-hydroxybenzyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (HL) and their complexes with vanadium(IV)/(V). Localized and delocalized electronic structures in compounds containing the mixed valent [OV---O---VO] core

The synthesis of the tetradentate pendant arm macrocycles 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N-acetate (L¹) and N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (HL²) and their coordination chemistry with vanadium(IV) and (V) are reported. The following mononuclear species have been prepared and characterized by UV-Vis, IR spectroscopy: [L¹V^IVO(NCS)] (1), [L¹VO₂]·H₂O (2), [L²VO(NCS)] (3), [L²VO(NCS)]Cl (4), and [L²VO₂] (5). In addition, the dinuclear, mixed valent complexes [L₂¹V₂O₃]Br (6), [L₂²V₂O₃](ClO₄)·0.5acetone (7), and the homovalent complex [L₂²V₂O₃](ClO₄)₂ (8) have been synthesized. Complexes 2, 3, 6 and 7 have been characterized by single crystal X-ray crystallography. Crystal data: 2, space group P2₁c,a=9.944(4),b=6.701(3),c=18.207(8)Å, β=102.88(3)°, V=1182.7 ų, Z=4, D_calc=1.51 g cm⁻³, R=0.049 based on 4760 reflections; 3, space group Pbca, A=11.003(6), b=14.295(7), C=20.21(1) Å, V=3178.8 ų, Z=8, D_calc=1,50 g cm⁻³, R=0.057 based on 1049 reflections; 6, space Pbcn, a=12.922(3), B=13.852(3), C=12.739(3) Å, V=2280.3 ų, Z=4, D_calc=1,75 g cm⁻³, R=0.047 based on 1172 reflections; 7, space group C2/c, A=23.553(9), B=13.497(5), C=20.951(8) Å, β=90.03(3)°, V=6660.2 ų, Z=8, D_calc=1.49 g cm⁻³, R=0.053 based on 3698 reflections. Complexes 6 and 7 are mixed valent V(IV)/(V) complexes containing the [OV---O---VO]³⁺ core. In the solid state 6 belongs to class III (delocalized) and 7 to class I (localized) according to the Robin and Day classification of mixed valent compounds. A rationale for these differing electronic structures is given.     

Tricarbonyl(1,10-phenanthroline) (imidazole) rhenium(I): a powerful photooxidant for investigations of electron tunneling in proteins

The structure of [Re(CO)₃(phen)(im)]₂SO₄·4H₂O has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The yellow crystals are orthorhombic, space group Pccn (No. 56), with a=17.456(6), B=18.194(5), C=12.646(4) Å, R=0.063 for F_o²>0, R=0.032 for F_o²>3σ. The compound, which also has been characterized by IR, ¹H NMR, and UV---Vis spectroscopies, exhibits room temperature luminescence in aqueous solution (τ=120 ns) as well as reversible oxidation and reduction in acetonitrile solution (1.85 and −1.30 V versus SCE). The redox properties of the excited state of the complex (E⁰(Re^+*/0 = 1.2; E⁰(Re^2+/+*) = −0.7 V) are being exploited in studies of laser-induced electron tunneling in Re(CO)₃(phen)(histidine)-modified proteins.     

Biochemical and biophysical studies on cytochrome aa3 VIII. Effect of cyanide on the catalytic activity

1. 1. Cyanide inhibits the catalytic activity of cytochrome aa₃ in both polarographic and spectrophotometric assay systems with an apparent velocity constant of 4·10³ M⁻¹·s⁻¹ and a K_i that varies from 0.1 to 1.0 μM at 22 °C, pH 7·3.

2. 2. When cyanide is added to the ascorbate-cytochrome c-cytochromeaa₃−O₂ system a biphasic reduction of cytochrome c occurs corresponding to an initial K_i of 0.8 μM and a final K_i of about 0.1 μM for the cytochrome aa₃−cyanide reaction.

3. 3. The inhibited species (a²+a₃³⁺HCN) is formed when a²⁺a₃³⁺ reacts with HCN, when a²⁺a₃²⁺HCN reacts with oxygen, or when a³⁺a₃³⁺HCN (cyano-cytochrome aa₃) is reduced. Cyanide dissociates from a²⁺a₃³⁺HCN at a rate of 2·10⁻³ s⁻¹ at 22 °C, pH 7.3.

4. 4. The results are interpreted in terms of a scheme in which one mole of cyanide binds more tightly and more rapidly to a²⁺a₃³⁺ than to a³⁺a₃³⁺.

Synthesis and problematic crystal structures of [Al(CH3CN)6][MCl6]3(CH3CN)3 (M=Ta, Nb or Sb)

Compounds of formula [Al(CH₃CN)₆][MCl₆]₃(CH₃CN)₃ (M=Ta (1); Nb (2); Sb (3)) have been synthesized from the reactions of MCl₅ and AlCl₃ in acetonitrile and characterized by X-ray crystallography. Complex 1 crystallizes in the tetragonal space group P4/mbm with a = B = 10.408(2), C = 7.670(3) Å, V = 830.9(4) ų and Z = 2/3. Complex 2 crystallizes in the tetragonal space group P4/mnc with a = B = 330(a), C = 15.320(3) ų V = 1634.8(4) ų and Z = 4/3. Complex 3 also crystallizes in the tetragonal space group P4/mnc with a = B = 10.313(1), C = 15.238(2) Å, V = 1621.0(1) ų and Z = 4/3. The non-integer Z values for complexes 1–3 result unusual problems of disorder and/or twinning in these crystal structures due to their high symmetry. The M---Cl distances range from 2.329(3) Å in the Ta complex to 2.355(1) Å in the Sb complex, while the Al---N distances are similar in all three complexes, ranging from 1.92(1) to 1.97(1) Å, respectively. Complexes 1–3 are the first structurally characterized complexes that contain a (hexaacetonitrile)aluminum(III) cation.     

Calcium-induced formation of chlorophyll b and light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complex in cucumber cotyledons in the dark

Dark-grown cucumber seedlings were exposed to intermittent light (2 min light and 98 min dark) and then cotyledons were incubated with 50 mM CaCl₂ in the dark. Chlorophyll (Chl) a was selectively accumulated under intermittent light and Chl b was accumulated during the subsequent dark incubation with CaCl₂. The change in chlorophyll-protein complexes during Chl b accumulation induced by CaCl₂ in the dark was investigated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Chlorophyll-protein complex I and free chlorophyll were major chlorophyll-containing bands of the cotyledons intermittently illuminated 10 times. When these cotyledons were incubated with CaCl₂ in the dark, the light-harvesting Chl a/b-protein complex was formed. When the number of intermittent illumination periods was extended to 55, small amounts of Chl b and light-harvesting Chl a/b-protein complex were recognized at the end of intermittent light treatment, and these two pigments were further increased during the subsequent incubation of the cotyledons with CaCl₂ in the dark compared to water controls.     

利用随机效应模型模拟东北三省胡桃楸地位指数

通过精确模拟东北三省胡桃楸多形地位指数混合效应模型,为胡桃楸立地质量评价提供科学依据,本研究在辽宁、吉林和黑龙江三省23个典型区域内,采用样圆法布设样地197块,测定样地内胡桃楸树高-年龄数据,共得到数据1537组,同时将立地因子进行划分和赋值,应用方差分析和模型拟合进行计算。结果表明: 坡位是影响胡桃楸优势木生长最显著的因素,其次为土壤深度、坡度和坡向等;对8种常见基础模型进行拟合与分析,发现逻辑斯蒂模型H=a/[1+exp(b+cA)]为最优基础模型(R²=0.70),平均绝对误差(MAE)为2.52;对4种主要影响因素进行随机组合,得到随机组合因素最优地位指数模型M_8.15,其R²=0.90,提高了基础模型的拟合精度;采用K均值聚类分组法进一步将初始的立地类型划分为6个立地类型组,按6个立地类型组建立的非线性混合效应模型M_final,即H=(20.1837+u_i)/[1+exp (1.7352-0.0961A)]+ε_ij,其R²=0.92,AIC=912.65,模型的拟合度和精确度显著提高,可以用于东北三省复杂立地类型下胡桃楸立地质量的准确评价。