大气CO2与O3浓度升高对毛竹叶片膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响

以盆栽一年生毛竹为材料,利用开顶式气室模拟大气O3和CO2浓度升高情景,分析毛竹叶片细胞膜脂过氧化、抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT、POD和APX)活性和渗透调节物质(可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白)含量的响应规律,为气候变化背景下的竹林适应性管理提供理论支撑.结果表明:(1)短期(30 d)高浓度O3(92～106 nL-L-1)胁迫能刺激毛竹叶片抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量显著提高,清除活性氧能力增强,并未出现细胞膜脂过氧化现象,即毛竹对短期高浓度O3具有较强的适应性;但长期(90 d)O3胁迫条件下,毛竹叶片抗氧化酶活性显著降低,叶片细胞膜脂过氧化程度加剧,膜结构破坏,发生严重的氧化伤害.(2)短期高浓度CO2(685～730 μmol·mol-1)处理总体上对毛竹叶片细胞膜脂过氧化和抗氧化酶系统活性影响并不明显;而长期高浓度CO2处理能一定程度上增强毛竹的抗氧化能力和渗透调节功能,减轻氧化损伤,体现了对毛竹的保护效应.(3)高浓度O3和CO2复合作用下,相对于单一高浓度O3胁迫,毛竹叶片能够维持较高的抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量,有效地调节活性氧产生与清除间的平衡,细胞膜脂过氧化程度变化不明显,说明高浓度CO2可在一定程度上缓解高浓度O3对毛竹所造成的生理伤害.     

黄条金刚竹对高浓度CO2和O3及其复合作用的生理响应

以黄条金刚竹为试材,环境背景大气为对照,应用开顶式气室(OTCs)熏蒸法模拟大气高浓度CO2(700μmol.mol-1)、O3(100nmol.mol-1)及其复合作用情景,分析叶片光合色素、膜脂过氧化及抗氧化酶等的变化规律。结果显示:(1)与对照相比,高浓度O3处理103d的黄条金刚竹叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量和叶绿素a/b、叶绿素/类胡萝卜素及SOD、POD、CAT活性均显著下降,而超氧阴离子和丙二醛含量、相对电导率、APX活性均显著升高,类胡萝卜素含量变化不明显。(2)与对照相比,同期高浓度CO2处理的叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量和叶绿素/类胡萝卜素均显著升高,而叶绿素a/b和超氧阴离子、丙二醛含量及SOD、POD、CAT、APX活性显著降低,相对电导率和类胡萝卜素含量变化不明显。(3)高浓度O3和CO2复合作用下,除叶绿素a/b和CAT活性显著下降外,其余测定指标均与对照无明显变化。研究表明:高浓度O3使黄条金刚竹叶片活性氧产生速率提高,抗氧化酶活性和光合色素含量降低,膜脂过氧化程度加剧,膜结构破坏,表现出严重的伤害效应;而高浓度CO2能降低叶片活性氧产生速率,减轻膜脂过氧化程度,提高光合色素含量,表现出保护效应;高浓度O3和CO2复合处理能使叶片维持比高浓度O3处理更高的光合色素含量和抗氧化酶活性,即高浓度CO2能在一定程度上有效地缓解高浓度O3对黄条金刚竹所造成的生理伤害。     

大气CO2浓度升高对毛竹叶片膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响

为了解竹子对大气CO2浓度升高的生理响应,为气候变化背景下的竹林适应性管理提供理论依据,运用开顶式气室(OTCs)设置了3个CO2处理浓度(环境大气、500和700μmol·mol-1),探讨了大气CO2浓度升高对毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)叶片光合色素、膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明:与环境大气比较,500μmol·mol-1浓度处理30d时对毛竹叶片光合色素、膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统影响并不明显,仅叶片CAT活性显著降低;随着处理时间的延长,对毛竹叶片膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响逐渐显现,至处理90d时,除叶片可溶性糖含量无明显变化,其他测定指标均有显著变化;700μmol·mol-1浓度处理在不同时间上对毛竹叶片膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响均较500μmol·mol-1CO2浓度处理明显,处理30d时毛竹叶片可溶性糖含量和抗氧化酶活性有明显变化,处理90d时,各项测定指标均有显著变化;研究表明大气CO2浓度升高一定程度上能增强毛竹的抗氧化能力,但光合产物的过量积累也会造成碳水化合物源-库失衡和Rubisco的再生受到反馈作用抑制。     

毛竹和四季竹对臭氧胁迫的耐受力差异

为了解竹子对大气O3浓度升高的生理响应规律及耐受O3胁迫能力的种间差异性,为气候变化背景下的竹林培育应对策略提供理论依据,运用开顶式同化箱(OTCs)开展了5个O3浓度梯度(过滤大气CF、环境大气NF、50、100和150 nl·L-1)对毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)和四季竹(Oligostachyum lubricum)叶片光合色素、可溶性蛋白、脂质过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响研究.结果表明:处理90d后,随着O3浓度的升高,毛竹和四季竹叶片叶绿素(Chl)、类胡萝卜素(Car)含量均呈下降趋势,但毛竹的降幅大于四季竹.MDA含量、POD活性呈升高趋势,毛竹的升幅大于四季竹.SOD活性毛竹呈下降趋势,而四季竹表现出先升高后降低的规律.可溶性蛋白含量毛竹和四季竹分别呈升高、降低趋势;与CF相比,低O3浓度处理(≤50 nl·L-l)并未对毛竹和四季竹造成明显伤害,而高O3浓度处理(≥100 nl·L-1)下毛竹和四季竹叶片光合色素含量和SOD活性极显著降低,MDA含量和POD活性极显著提高,导致毛竹和四季竹叶片光合色素合成受阻,叶片老化加快,膜脂过氧化程度加剧,膜结构和抗氧化系统功能遭到破坏;主成分分析表明,四季竹对O3胁迫的耐受能力明显强于毛竹.     

O3和CO2浓度升高对油松针叶抗氧化系统的影响

利用开顶箱模拟大气O3与CO2浓度升高,对油松进行了连续4个月的熏蒸实验,探讨了油松针叶抗氧化系统化系统的响应.结果表明:1)高浓度O3显著增加了油松针叶过氧化氢的积累,到处理后期过量的过氧化氢显著地抑制了抗氧化酶活性,如SOD和APX,并且抗坏血酸被耗竭,加剧了膜质过氧化,最终导致了严重氧化伤害;2)高浓度CO2处理中油松针叶抗氧化酶活性普遍低于对照,ASA含量显著高于对照,可能是高CO2浓度促进ASA合成,或者是ASA的消耗减少,到处理后期使H2O2含量比对照降低了15.5%,从而减轻了膜质过氧化产物丙二醛含量,减轻了氧化伤害;3)与O3单因素相比,在协同处理中油松针叶具有较高的抗氧化酶活性和ASA含量,说明高CO2浓度减轻了高O3对抗氧化酶活性的抑制作用,并且提高了针叶内ASA含量,增强了针叶的抗氧化能力,有效地控制了ROS的产生与清除平衡,缓解了高O3带来的氧化伤害.     

CO2和O3浓度升高及其复合作用对玉米（Zea mays L.）活性氧代谢及抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了揭示CO2和O3浓度升高及其复合作用对植物活性氧(ROS)代谢及抗氧化酶活性的影响机理,以玉米(Zea mays L.)为研究材料,利用开顶式气室(OTCs)研究了CO2和O3浓度升高及其复合作用下,玉米叶片活性氧产生速率、含量,膜脂过氧化程度,抗氧化酶活性,净光合速率及玉米籽粒产量的变化.结果表明,在整个生育期内,与对照相比,高浓度CO2((550±20)μmol · mol-1)处理下,玉米叶片净光合速率升高,O- ·2 产生速率、H2O2含量下降, MDA含量、相对电导率减小,SOD、CAT、POD活性增强,玉米百粒重和穗粒数增加;而在O3浓度为(80±10)nmol · mol-1的条件下,玉米叶片净光合速率下降,O- ·2 产生速率、H2O2含量升高,MDA含量、相对电导率增大,SOD、CAT、POD活性减弱,玉米百粒重和穗粒数降低;CO2和O3浓度升高复合((550±20)μmol · mol-1 (80±10)nmol · mol-1)处理下,玉米叶片的净光合速率、H2O2含量、SOD活性先升高后降低, MDA含量、相对电导率、CAT活性增加,POD活性减弱,而O- ·2 产生速率几乎不变化,且玉米的百粒重和穗粒数略低于对照.以上结果说明,CO2浓度升高抑制了玉米叶片活性氧的代谢速率,提高了抗氧化酶的活性,从而增强了光合作用,使玉米籽粒产量增加,对玉米表现为保护效应,而O3浓度升高促进了玉米叶片活性氧的代谢速率,降低了抗氧化酶的活性,抑制了光合作用,使玉米籽粒产量下降,对玉米表现为伤害效应.在CO2和O3浓度升高复合处理下,CO2浓度升高在一定程度上缓解了O3浓度升高对玉米的伤害效应,而O3浓度升高亦在一定程度上削弱了CO2浓度升高对玉米的保护效应.     

四季竹对大气臭氧浓度升高的生理响应

运用开顶式同化箱(OTCs)在5个O3浓度梯度(过滤大气CF、环境大气NF、50 nL·L-1、100 nL·L-1和150nL·L-1)下,研究了大气O3浓度对四季竹(Oligostachyum lubricum)叶片光合色素、脂质过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响.结果显示:在胁迫处理90 d时,随着O3浓度的升高,四季竹叶片叶绿素(Chl)、类胡萝卜素(Car)、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量呈持续下降趋势,相对电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量持续升高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性先升高后降低,过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈升高趋势.与CF相比,四季竹叶片Chl、Car和MDA含量在O3浓度为100 nL·L-1时均有显著差异,在150 nL·L-1时均有极显著差异;相对电导率、SOD和POD活性、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量在O3浓度为100 nL·L-1及以上时均有极显著差异.研究表明,大气长时间高O3浓度(100 nL·L-1及以上)胁迫对四季竹会产生明显伤害效应,致使其叶片光合色素降解或合成受阻,叶片老化加快,膜脂过氧化程度加剧,膜结构和抗氧化系统遭到破坏.     

四季竹对不同浓度NaCl胁迫的生理响应

以夏秋季优良笋用竹种四季竹盆栽苗为材料,研究了土壤中1‰~6‰浓度NaCl(干重)处理对四季竹叶片脱落率、离子渗漏率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶活性以及渗透调节物质含量的变化特征,以探讨四季竹的抗盐机理。结果表明:(1)随NaCl浓度的增大和处理时间的延长,四季竹叶片脱落率逐渐增加;四季竹在1‰~2‰NaCl浓度下的土壤中生长良好,在3‰~5‰浓度下随处理浓度的增大伤害逐渐加重,但这种伤害是可逆的,6‰是四季竹的半致死盐浓度。(2)叶片离子渗漏率随NaCl浓度的增大而显著增大,在6‰浓度处理下随处理时间的延长近直线升高,在3‰~5‰浓度下先升高后降低,而在1‰~2‰浓度处理下变化平缓且与同期对照无显著差异;叶片MDA含量随NaCl浓度的增大而增加,随处理时间的延长先增加后降低。(3)四季竹叶片SOD和POD活性在胁迫3~15 d均出现先下降后上升的过程,其有一定的锻炼适应性;叶片脯氨酸含量随NaCl处理浓度的增大而增加,其随处理时间的延长在1‰~2‰浓度处理下变化平缓,在3‰~6‰浓度处理下显著增加后减小;各浓度处理的可溶性蛋白含量随处理时间的延长先增加后减小,但均高于对照。研究发现,四季竹是较耐盐竹种,其可以通过调控自身保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量来有效缓解盐胁迫伤害,从而表现出一定的耐盐能力。     

根区亚低温胁迫下外源GABA对山定子根系抗氧化功能的影响

以当年生山定子实生苗为试材,采用温室盆栽土培试验,模拟根区亚低温(5℃)条件,设置亚低温(L)、亚低温+外源γ氨基丁酸(LG)和亚低温+氨己烯酸(LV)处理,分别于处理后0、12、24、48、96和144h后剪取白色幼嫩根系,测定山定子根系内源γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)含量、渗透调节物质含量、活性氧含量和抗氧化酶活性等指标,研究根区亚低温下GABA对山定子根系抗氧化系统的调节效应。结果显示:(1)根区亚低温下,山定子根系内源GABA含量略高于对照,渗透调节物质也不同程度积累,超氧阴离子(O_2~-·)含量、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)含量显著升高,膜脂过氧化程度加深。(2)外源施加GABA进一步促进了内源GABA的积累,明显增加根系中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸(Pro)等渗透调节物质含量,显著提高根系的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等酶活性,最终使得山定子根系中H_2O_2等的含量降低,膜脂过氧化程度缓解。(3)GABA专一性抑制剂VGB处理后的效果与外源GABA处理结果相反。研究表明,GABA代谢对山定子根系抵御亚低温胁迫引发的氧化胁迫有积极作用,外源GABA具有通过诱导内源GABA代谢提高根系抗氧化能力的生理效应。     

3种地被类观赏竹对大气臭氧浓度倍增的生理响应

运用开顶式同化箱(OTCs)模拟环境背景大气O3浓度(CK,40~45 nL.L-1)的倍增1倍(TR-1,92~106nL.L-1)和倍增2倍(TR-2,142~160 nL.L-1)情景,分析美丽箬竹、黄条金刚竹和白缟椎谷笹竹叶片脂质过氧化、抗氧化酶和渗透调节物质等生理指标的变化,以明确竹子对大气O3浓度倍增的生理响应规律及耐受O3胁迫能力的种间差异性,为园林观赏竹种选育和应用提供参考。结果表明:(1)大气O3浓度倍增45 d时,随着O3浓度的升高,3种地被类观赏竹叶片O2.-和MDA含量、相对电导率、SOD活性均表现出增大趋势。叶片POD活性、可溶性糖含量美丽箬竹呈下降趋势,而黄条金刚竹和白缟椎谷笹竹呈升高趋势。叶片可溶性蛋白含量美丽箬竹和白缟椎谷笹竹呈下降趋势,黄条金刚竹呈升高趋势。(2)大气O3浓度倍增1倍时,美丽箬竹和黄条金刚竹未表现出伤害症状,而白缟椎谷笹竹表现出明显的伤害症状;大气O3浓度倍增2倍时,3种地被类观赏竹叶片活性氧含量大量积累,抗氧化系统遭到破坏,膜脂过氧化加剧,影响正常的生理代谢和生长发育。(3)主成分分析表明,叶片MDA含量是反映地被类观赏竹耐受O3胁迫最重要的生理指标,耐受O3胁迫能力表现为美丽箬竹>黄条金刚竹>白缟椎谷笹竹。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000