分子标记技术在苹果育种中的应用

DNA分子标记是现代分子生物学发展出来的一类重要的遗传标记,已广泛应用于遗传图谱的构建、种质资源的管理和鉴定、基因的定位与克隆等。综述了分子标记在苹果育种中的应用。     

DNA分子标记在药用植物中的应用

对DNA分子标记技术在药用植物鉴定、中药质量标准化、遗传图谱构建和近缘物种进化关系等方面的研究进展进行了综述,并展望了分子标记技术在药用植物研究中的发展前景。     

微卫星DNA在分子遗传标记研究中的应用

随着种群遗传学的发展 ,分子遗传标记特别是微卫星标记已经成为研究种群遗传的有力工具。本文就微卫星遗传标记的研究背景、技术应用以及优势与不足等方面进行了综述。     

分子标记在作物育种中的应用

近20年来发展了多种分子标记,使作物育种学家有可能直接根据基因型而不只是表现型进行选择,在作物育种的各个方面具有重要的利用价值。本文简要综述了分子标记在作物育种方面的有关应用。主要内容有：（1）分子图谱构建与基因定位;（2）DNA指纹库的建立;（3）标记辅助选择;（4）F1杂种优势分析;（5）基于图谱克隆基因。     

DNA分子标记在果树遗传育种研究中的应用

DNA分子标记是随着分子生物学技术的发展出现的一类重要的遗传标记,近年来发展非常迅速,已在果树遗传育种研究的各个方面得到广泛的应用。介绍了几种DNA分子标记技术的原理,综述了DNA分子标记在果树种质资源研究、分子遗传图谱构建、基因定位、分子辅助选择等方面的应用,并对其在果树上的应用前景和存在问题进行了评述。     

RAD-seq技术在基因组研究中的现状及展望

Restriction-site associated DNA sequencing(RAD-seq)技术是在二代测序基础上发展起来的一项基于全基因组酶切位点的简化基因组测序技术。该方法技术流程简单, 不受有无参考基因组的限制, 可大大简化基因组的复杂性, 减少实验费用, 通过一次测序就可以获得数以万计的多态性标记。目前, RAD-seq技术已成功应用于超高密度遗传图谱的构建、重要性状的精细定位、辅助基因组序列组装、群体基因组学以及系统发生学等基因组研究热点领域。文章主要介绍了RAD-seq的技术原理、技术发展及其在基因组研究中的广泛应用。鉴于RAD-seq方法的独特性, 该技术必将在复杂基因组研究领域具有广泛的应用前景。     

DNA分子标记在柑桔中的应用

ＤＮＡ分子标记是最为理想的遗传标记 ,依其多态性检出所用的分子生物学技术 ,大致可分为Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｍ杂交技术为核心的分子标记和ＰＣＲ技术为核心的分子标记。前者的代表性技术有ＲＥＬＰ(ｒｅｓｔｒｉｃｔｉｏｎｆｒａｇｍｅｎｔｌｅｎｇｔｈｐｏｌｙｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ)和ＤＮＡ指纹技术 (ＤＮＡｆｉｎｇｅｒｐｒｉｎｔｉｎｇｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓ)。后者的代表性技术有ＲＡＰＤ(ｒａｎｄｏｍａｍｐｌｉｆｉｅｄｐｏｌｙｍｏｒｐｈｉｃＤＮＡ)、ＳＣＡＲ(ｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｃｈａｒａｃ ｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃａｍｐｌｉｆｉｅｄｒｅｇｉｏｎ)…     

DNA分子标记在番茄遗传育种研究中的应用

本文综述了DNA分子标记在番茄遗传图谱构建、番茄种质资源研究与品种纯度的鉴定、番茄基因分子标记研究及番茄基因图位克隆方面的应用研究进展。 Abstract:This paper reviewed the recent advance of the application of DNA molecular marker in various aspects of tomato breeding including genetic map construction,germplasm research and purity control of cultivars,identification markers linked to important genes and map-based gene cloning.     

分子标记及其在植物遗传育种中的应用

遗传标记可以说是生物群体中可识别的遗传多态性的一种表现形式。随着遗传研究特别是遗传作图的不断深入,遗传标记已从传统的以等位基因的表型识别为基础的形态标记、以染色体的结构和数目为特征的细胞学标记,及具有组织、发育及物种特异性的同工酶标记,拓展到目前已广泛应用的以ＤＮＡ多态性为基础的分子标记技术。现代分子标记技术的出现和发展为植物遗传育种研究的许多领域注入了新的活力。本文着重就目前植物遗传育种中所应用的一些主要分子标记技术及其应用作一概述。１　常用的分子标记技术自８０年代初有人提出用ＲＦＬＰ作为遗传…     

葫芦科瓜类作物分子标记辅助育种研究进展

综述了几种常用分子标记在葫芦科瓜类作物遗传图谱构建、重要性状基因定位、遗传多样性及亲缘关系分析、分子标记辅助选择及在葫芦科遗传育种中的应用,对目前葫芦科遗传育种中应用分子标记技术存在的问题和解决方案进行了探讨,并对葫芦科分子标记辅助育种的前景做了展望。     

Genetic consequences of postglacial range expansion in two codistributed rodents (genus Dipodomys) depend on ecology and genetic locus

How does range expansion affect genetic diversity in species with different ecologies, and do different types of genetic markers lead to different conclusions? We addressed these questions by assessing the genetic consequences of postglacial range expansion using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear restriction site‐associated DNA (RAD) sequencing in two congeneric and codistributed rodents with different ecological characteristics: the desert kangaroo rat (Dipodomys deserti), a sand specialist, and the Merriam's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami), a substrate generalist. For each species, we compared genetic variation between populations that retained stable distributions throughout glacial periods and those inferred to have expanded since the last glacial maximum. Our results suggest that expanded populations of both species experienced a loss of private mtDNA haplotypes and differentiation among populations, as well as a loss of nuclear single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) private alleles and polymorphic loci. However, only D. deserti experienced a loss of nucleotide diversity (both mtDNA and nuclear) and nuclear heterozygosity. For all indices of diversity and differentiation that showed reduced values in the expanded areas, D. deserti populations experienced a greater degree of loss than did D. merriami populations. Additionally, patterns of loss in genetic diversity in expanded populations were substantially less extreme (by two orders of magnitude in some cases) for nuclear SNPs in both species compared to that observed for mitochondrial data. Our results demonstrate that ecological characteristics may play a role in determining genetic variation associated with range expansions, yet mtDNA diversity loss is not necessarily accompanied by a matched magnitude of loss in nuclear diversity.     

RAD in the realm of next-generation sequencing technologies

The first North American RAD Sequencing and Genomics Symposium, sponsored by Floragenex (http://www.floragenex.com/radmeeting/), took place in Portland, Oregon (USA) on 19 April 2011. This symposium was convened to promote and discuss the use of restriction-site-associated DNA (RAD) sequencing technologies. RAD sequencing is one of several strategies recently developed to increase the power of data generated via short-read sequencing technologies by reducing their complexity (Baird et al. 2008; Huang et al. 2009; Andolfatto et al. 2011; Elshire et al. 2011). RAD sequencing, as a form of genotyping by sequencing, has been effectively applied in genetic mapping and quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses in a range of organisms including nonmodel, genetically highly heterogeneous organisms (Table 1; Baird et al. 2008; Baxter et al. 2011; Chutimanitsakun et al. 2011; Pfender et al. 2011). RAD sequencing has recently found applications in phylogeography (Emerson et al. 2010) and population genomics (Hohenlohe et al. 2010). Considering the diversity of talks presented during this meeting, more developments are to be expected in the very near future.     

Congruent species delimitation of two controversial gold‐thread nanmu tree species based on morphological and restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing data

Species delimitation is fundamental to conservation and sustainable use of economically important forest tree species. However, the delimitation of two highly valued gold‐thread nanmu species (Phoebe bournei (Hemsl.) Yang and P. zhennan S. K. Lee & F. N. Wei) has been confusing and debated. To address this problem, we integrated morphology and restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing (RAD‐seq) to define their species boundaries. We obtained consistent results from the two datasets, supporting two distinct lineages corresponding to P. bournei and P. zhennan. In P. bournei, higher order leaf venation is more prominent, petioles are thicker, and leaf apex angle is narrower, compared to P. zhennan. Both datasets also revealed that the former putative P. bournei populations from northeastern Guizhou belong to P. zhennan. The two species are now distinct in distributions except in the Wuling Mountains, where they overlap. Phoebe bournei occurs mainly in central Fujian, southern Jiangxi, the Nanling Mountains, and the Wuling Mountains, whereas P. zhennan is found in the adjoining eastern regions of the Qionglai Mountains, the southern Sichuan hills, and the Wuling Mountains. The re‐delimitation of P. bournei and P. zhennan and clarification of their ranges provide a better scientific basis guiding the conservation and sustainable utilization of these tree species.     

ISSR分子标记在棉花遗传育种上的应用

ISSR是一种近些年发展起来的基于微卫星序列的新型分子标记。阐述了ISSR的基本原理、特点及其在棉花遗传多样性与亲缘关系分析、种质鉴定、遗传图谱构建、基因定位及标记辅助选择育种等方面的应用和进展。     

Sequencing improves our ability to study threatened migratory species: Genetic population assignment in California's Central Valley Chinook salmon

Effective conservation and management of migratory species requires accurate identification of unique populations, even as they mix along their migratory corridors. While telemetry has historically been used to study migratory animal movement and habitat use patterns, genomic tools are emerging as a superior alternative in many ways, allowing large‐scale application at reduced costs. Here, we demonstrate the usefulness of genomic resources for identifying single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that allow fast and accurate identification of the imperiled Chinook salmon in the Great Central Valley of California. We show that 80 well‐chosen loci, drawn from a pool of over 11,500 SNPs developed from restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing, can accurately identify Chinook salmon runs and select populations within run. No other SNP panel for Central Valley Chinook salmon has been able to achieve the high accuracy of assignment we show here. This panel will greatly improve our ability to study and manage this ecologically, economically, and socially important species and demonstrates the great utility of using genomics to study migratory species.     

Genome Wide Sampling Sequencing for SNP Genotyping: Methods,Challenges and Future Development

Genetic polymorphisms, particularly single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), have been widely used to advance quantitative, functional and evolutionary genomics. Ideally, all genetic variants among individuals should be discovered when next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies and platforms are used for whole genome sequencing or resequencing. In order to improve the cost-effectiveness of the process, however, the research community has mainly focused on developing genome-wide sampling sequencing (GWSS) methods, a collection of reduced genome complexity sequencing, reduced genome representation sequencing and selective genome target sequencing. Here we review the major steps involved in library preparation, the types of adapters used for ligation and the primers designed for amplification of ligated products for sequencing. Unfortunately, currently available GWSS methods have their drawbacks, such as inconsistency in the number of reads per sample library, the number of sites/targets per individual, and the number of reads per site/target, all of which result in missing data. Suggestions are proposed here to improve library construction, genotype calling accuracy, genome-wide marker density and read mapping rate. In brief, optimized GWSS library preparation should generate a unique set of target sites with dense distribution along chromosomes and even coverage per site across all individuals.     

基于简化基因组技术的云南蓝果树群体遗传分析

极小种群野生植物云南蓝果树是国家和云南省实施极小种群野生植物保护工程的代表性物种。为有效保护其遗传资源,本研究通过二代测序技术,对其进行简化基因组测序,开发一批特异性高的单核苷酸多态性标记,分析现存群体的遗传结构和遗传多样性。经过遗传变异检测,本次研究中共获得SNP位点98 498个,通过样品最低测序深度>2,样品缺失率<0.5,次要基因型频率（MAF）>0.05筛选以后,得到有效SNP位点6 309个。基于过滤后的SNP,运用生物信息学分析方法,对云南蓝果树完成了群体的遗传分析,其中：系统进化树分析将云南蓝果树划分为3大类,研究分析了云南蓝果树各分类的私人等位基因数目（Private）、平均观测杂合度（H_o）、平均期望杂合度（H_e）、核苷酸多样性（π）和平均近交系数（F_IS）5个遗传多样性参数;群体结构和主成分分析进一步证明了,云南蓝果树现存植株之间亲缘关系较远,遗传多样性差异较大,具有很高的遗传资源保存价值。本研究结果将为基于遗传管理的云南蓝果树就地保护、遗传资源保存和种群重建等保护工程提供科学依据。     

Genomic signatures of population bottleneck and recovery in Northwest Atlantic pinnipeds

Population increases over the past several decades provide natural settings in which to study the evolutionary processes that occur during bottleneck, growth, and spatial expansion. We used parallel natural experiments of historical decline and subsequent recovery in two sympatric pinniped species in the Northwest Atlantic, the gray seal (Halichoerus grypus atlantica) and harbor seal (Phoca vitulina vitulina), to study the impact of recent demographic change in genomic diversity. Using restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing, we assessed genomic diversity at over 8,700 polymorphic gray seal loci and 3,700 polymorphic harbor seal loci in samples from multiple cohorts collected throughout recovery over the past half‐century. Despite significant differences in the degree of genetic diversity assessed in the two species, we found signatures of historical bottlenecks in the contemporary genomes of both gray and harbor seals. We evaluated temporal trends in diversity across cohorts, as well as compared samples from sites at both the center and edge of a recent gray seal range expansion, but found no significant change in genomewide diversity following recovery. We did, however, find that the variance and degree of allele frequency change measured over the past several decades were significantly different from neutral expectations of drift under population growth. These two cases of well‐described demographic history provide opportunities for critical evaluation of current approaches to simulating and understanding the genetic effects of historical demographic change in natural populations.