江汉水牛与摩拉水牛顶间骨形态比较研究

对摩拉水牛头骨形态特征进行研究,并对2例(1,4号)摩拉水牛头骨的顶间骨进行研究,与2例(2,3号)江汉水牛头骨的顶间骨进行形态特征比较,结果表明摩拉水牛顶间骨发达,是由完整的对骨组成.该研究进一步论证了摩拉水牛头骨的顶间骨形态结构与江汉水牛头骨的顶间骨之间存在很明显差异,摩拉水牛顶间骨比江汉水牛的顶间骨发达.     

Factors influencing the establishment of Mesocestoides corti in mice following oral inoculation of tetrathyridia

Factors which influence the establishment of tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti in mice following inoculation per os were examined. Only a proportion of the tetrathyridia penetrate the gut wall and gain access to the peritoneal cavity and liver, and most of these penetrate through the wall of the small intestine. It appears that tetrathyridia must attach to the intestinal mucosa and commence penetration immediately or they pass into the large intestine and are voided. Establishment was not influenced by strain, sex or age of host. However, the temperature at which tetrathyridia were maintained before inoculation influence their ability to penetrate the intestinal wall. Additionally it appears that tetrathyridia have to undergo a morphological change before or during, this penetration phase.     

Aspiration cytology of malignant fibrous histiocytoma after radiation therapy for carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a case report

BACKGROUND: Cytologic reports on malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) following radiation therapy for carcinoma of the uterine cervix are very rare. CASE: A 59-year-old woman presented with slowly increasing pain in the left hip joint. Eight years earlier, she had received radiotherapy at a dosage of 5,000 cGy to the whole pelvis for carcinoma of the uterine cervix. An osteolytic lesion of the pelvic bone was revealed on computed tomography, and a hard tumor was palpable in the left pelvic cavity. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) of the tumor via the left vaginal wall obtained 0.5 mL of yellow fluid consisting of markedly anaplastic and pleomorphic giant cells. Frequent multinucleation and mitoses were observed, although no atypical spindle cells were observed. Immunocytochemistry disclosed vimentin reactivity. An open biopsy of the tumor revealed the histologic and immunohistochemical features of MFH arising in the pelvic cavity. CONCLUSION: FNA of the pelvic lesion via the vaginal wall revealed an MFH in the radiation therapy field. This is one of the few reports dealing with FNA cytology of a postradiation sarcoma in the pelvic cavity.     

变色树蜥骨骼系统的解剖

用透明骨骼标本染色法制作变色树蜥的骨骼标本,并对其骨骼系统进行了全面的描述.其骨骼可分为中轴骨骼(包括头骨、脊柱、胸骨、肋骨)和附肢骨骼(包括肩带、腰带、前肢骨、后肢骨).其头骨呈梨形,眼眶完整.颈椎8枚,胸椎4枚,腰椎11枚,荐椎2枚,尾椎多于34枚.有颈肋4对,胸肋4对,腰肋11对.表现出了一系列进化特征,如前颌骨愈合成1块,额骨也愈合成1块,颧骨消失,鳞骨变小,犁骨薄弱,下颌夹板骨与齿骨、冠状骨及隅骨之间的骨缝不明显,愈合程度较高.     

Study on the ultrastructure of the peritoneal stomata in humans.

In 16 human specimens the topography and organization of stomata and mesothelial cells of the diaphragmatic, pelvic wall and anterior abdominal wall peritoneum were studied by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and the image processing technique. The mesothelial cells were organized into two discrete populations, cuboidal cells and flattened cells. The stomata were found only among cuboidal cells, either on the muscular portion or on the tendinous portion of the diaphragm. The size and shape of stomata, which were arranged in a cluster or a strip, were often irregular. The average area of a stoma on the muscular portion was 10.43 +/- 1.61 microns2, on the tendinous portion 7.93 +/- 1.67 microns2. Stomata opened to submesothelial connective tissue, under which numerous lymphatics were observed. Stomata were not discovered in the pelvic and anterior abdominal wall peritoneum. In animal experiments intraperitoneally injected trypan blue particles were rapidly removed from the peritoneal cavity through stomata of the diaphragmatic peritoneum in rabbits. It is suggested that stomata may be the main pathway for draining matter from the peritoneal cavity and that the diaphragmatic peritoneum shows the strongest absorption in all parts of the peritoneum.     

荒漠麻蜥骨骼系统的解剖及与相近科属蜥蜴骨骼特征比较

采用透明骨骼染色法,观测了荒漠麻蜥Eremias przewaskii比较完整的骨骼系统,对其各部分骨骼组成、形态和位置作了详细的描述,为麻蜥属的分类及演化提供骨骼方面的基础资料。其骨骼可分为中轴骨骼(包括头骨、脊柱、胸骨和肋骨)和附肢骨骼(包括肩带、腰带、前肢骨和后肢骨)。其头骨呈三角形,眼窝与颞窝相通,不完整。颈椎8枚,胸椎5枚,腰椎13枚,荐椎2枚,尾椎44～45枚。与已报道的蜥蜴物种骨骼特征相比较,发现其前肢腕骨部位、尺骨和桡骨远端中间具1枚骨化不完全的籽骨——介间骨;在前肢腕骨与掌骨的腹面,有2块平面不规整四方形的掌籽骨,位于连接腕骨与各掌骨的韧带中间;在后肢股骨远端的关节内侧与髌骨相对的位置存在1粒籽骨,为股腓侧豆状骨;跗骨腹面下方有1枚三角形籽骨——跗籽骨。     

Secretory vesicle formation in the secretory cavity of glandular trichomes of Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae)

The disc cell wall facing the secretory cavity in lipophilic glands of Cannabis was studied for origin and distribution of hyaline areas, secretory vesicles, fibrillar matrix and particulate material. Secretions evident as light areas in the disc cell cytoplasm pass through modified regions in the plasma membrane and appear as hyaline areas in the cell wall. Hyaline areas, surrounded with a filamentous outline, accumulate near the wall surface facing the secretory cavity where they fuse to form enlarged hyaline areas. Fibrillar matrix is related to and may originate from the dense outer layer of the plasma membrane. This matrix becomes distributed throughout the wall material and contributes in part to the composition of the surface feature of secretory vesicles. Thickening of the cell wall is associated with secretions from the disc cells that facilitates movement of hyaline areas, fibrillar matrix and other possible secretions through the wall to form secretory vesicles and intervesicular materials in the secretory cavity. The outer wall of disc cells in aggregate forms the basilar wall surface of the secretory cavity which facilitates the organization of secretory vesicles that fill the secretory cavity.     

The autonomous innervation of the buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) testis. An immunohistochemical study

The innervation pattern in the buffalo testis was determined by using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Nerves were concentrated in the tunica albuginea and septula testis, and did not show an uniform distribution. The tunica albuginea at the lateral and medial sides and at the free border of the testis is most densely innervated than at the epididymal border. At the cranial pole thick nerve bundles were observed between albugineal vessels and muscle bundles. Rare parenchymal nerves were found in perivascular position between seminiferous tubules and their occurrence is confined to lobules at the cranial and caudal testicular poles. An intense NPY immunoreactivity occurred in nerve bundles and in solitary varicose fibres. Nerves were concentrated in the tunica albuginea at the lateral and medial side and at the free border of the testis, and in the lobules at the cranial and caudal testicular poles. Sub P immunoreactivity was occasionally detected in some thicker nerve bundles and solitary fibers, in the tunica albuginea and in the wall of blood vessels, showing a similar distribution but less intensity and density than NPY immunoreactivity. TH immunoreactivity stained nerve fibers in the buffalo testis with a distribution pattern similar to that obtained with general neuronal markers. The histochemical reaction for AchE was negative, so cholinergic fibers cannot be detected in the buffalo testis. The histochemical NADPHd reaction stained rare nitrergic nerve bundles and solitary fibers. The majority of NADPHd activity was confined to the vascular endothelium, and rarely to the interstitial Leydig cells, whereas the Sertoli and germ cells did not show any reaction.     

Structure and development of sieve areas in leaf veins ofWelwitschia

Summary The sieve areas inWelwitschia are essentially similar to those of coniferous sieve cells, consisting of groups of plasmalemma-lined pores, which are joined in the middle of the wall by a median cavity. The median cavity contains membranes which apparently are connected with aggregates of endoplasmic reticulum bordering the sieve areas. The median cavity is formed through union of smaller median enlargements, the median nodules, each initially associated with a plasmodesma, during perforation of the young sieve area. Callose platelets are not associated with developing pores. All fully-developed pores were lined with callose. The sieve cells are connected with only one other cell type, the albuminous cell. On the sieve-cell side of the wall these connections are similar to sievearea pores, on the albuminous-cell side to plasmodesmata. These connections are also characterized by median enlargements.This work was supported in part by a grant from the South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research and in part by the U.S. National Science Foundation (GB 31417).     

CELL WALL CHEMISTRY AND FINE STRUCTURE IN LEPTOIDS OF DENDROLIGOTRICHUM (BRYOPHYTA): THE END WALL

Leptoids (sieve elements) of Dendroligotrichum are characterized by a highly oblique end wall which is composed of cellulose (birefringent; IKI-H₂SO₄-positive), polyuronides (toluidine blue-positive), pectins (hydroxylamine-positive) and natural aldehydes (silver hexamine and silver proteinate-positive). Cytochemically the end wall appears identical to the unevenly thickened lateral wall. Electron cytochemical localization of aldehydes with silver proteinate reveals two distinct wall layers in comparison to the 3-layered lateral wall. Plasmodesmata are present in the end wall with a frequency of 15-20 per μm². A characteristic feature of end wall plasmodesmata is an expanded median cavity which is 0.12-0.15 μm in diameter. Frequently an electron-dense substance, whose chemical nature and origin are unknown, occludes the plasmodesmata.     

Rate of transport and development of preimplantation embryo in the superovulated buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

This study was designed to ascertain the rate of transport and development of preimplantation embryo in the superovulated buffalo in order to determine the optimum time for their nonsurgical collection. Eighteen Murrah-type buffalo were superovulated with 600 mg NIH-FSH-P1. Luteolysis was induced by administration of PGF2 alpha at 72 (PG + 72) and 84 h (PG + 84) after initiating gonadotrophin treatment and fixed-time AI was done beginning at 36 h post PG + 72 administration and at 12-h intervals thereafter, upto 72 h. Six control buffalo received treatment similar to experimental group except that in place of FSH they received normal saline. For embryo collection, experimental animals were humanely killed at 6-h intervals corresponding to 156 (n = 2), 162 (n = 2), 168 (n = 2), 174 (n = 3), 180 (n = 3), 186 (n = 3) and 192 h(n = 3) after PG + 72 treatment, whereas the control animals were humanely killed at 156 (n = 2), 174 (n = 2) and 192 h (n = 2). Superovulated buffalo had higher number of ovulations than untreated controls (8.78 +/- 5.00 vs 0.67 +/- 0.51) and total ova/embryos recovered was 4.11 +/- 2.46 and 0.67 +/- 0.51, respectively. The high estradiol-17 beta (E2) levels with its prolonged rise may, by leading to reverse peristalsis in the oviduct with a consequent loss of some embryos in the peritoneal cavity, be one of the reasons for our inability to recover nearly 84/158 ova/embryos in the superovulated buffalo. In superovulated animals, nearly all the ova/embryos reached the uterus between 168 and 174 h post PG + 72 treatment or about 134 h (circa 5.5 d) after the onset of superovulatory estrus, suggesting that the ideal time for non-surgical embryo collection in the buffalo is between Days 7 to 8 after PG + 72 treatment or Days 5.5 to 6.0 of the superovulated cycle (estrus = Day 0). Embryo development of superovulated buffalo showed considerable variation as various stages of embryos (8 cell to expanded blastocyst) were recovered from the same donor buffalo, and the rate of development appeared to be 24 to 36 h faster than in cattle.     

In vivo pelvimetry in buffaloes (Bos bubalus)

The comparison of external and internal, pelvimetry measurement was performed on 79, buffalo heifers, and a high, positive correlation (r=0.90) between the two methods was revealed. The pelvic area of the buffalo heifers increased progressively with the advancing age and with the increase in body weight. The convenience with which external pelvimetry could be performed, the simplicity of the equipment which was used and the accuracy of the method would certainly favor the application of external pelvimetry for routine use.     

The tadpole of Hypsiboas leptolineatus (Braun and Braun, 1977), a species in the Hypsiboas polytaenius clade (Anura; Hylidae).

The larval morphology of Hypsiboas leptolineatus was studied. The tadpole has an ovoid body in lateral view, wider than deep; snout rounded with dorsal reniform nostrils; spiracle sinistral with lateral wall attached to body; anal tube dextral; tail fins convex with acuminate tip; oral disc ventral; labial tooth row formula is 2(2)/3(1); moderately developed beaks with serrated jaw sheaths. These external oral features are compared with those of the known tadpoles in the Hypsiboas polytaenius clade. The oral cavity was studied using an electron microscope. Life history aspects are commented.     

Olfactory metamorphosis in the Coastal Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus)

This study examined the gross morphology and ultrastructure of the olfactory organ of larvae, neotenic adults, and terrestrial adults of the Coastal Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus). The olfactory organ of all aquatic animals (larvae and neotenes) is similar in structure, forming a tube extending from the external naris to the choana. A nonsensory vestibule leads into the main olfactory cavity. The epithelium of the main olfactory cavity is thrown into a series of transverse valleys and ridges, with at least six dorsal and nine ventral valleys lined with olfactory epithelium, and separated by ridges of respiratory epithelium. The ridges enlarge with growth, forming large flaps extending into the lumen in neotenes. The vomeronasal organ is a diverticulum off the ventrolateral side of the main olfactory cavity. In terrestrial animals, by contrast, the vestibule has been lost. The main olfactory cavity has become much broader and dorsoventrally compressed. The prominent transverse ridges are lost, although small diagonal ridges of respiratory epithelium are found in the lateral region of the ventral olfactory epithelium. The posterior and posteromedial wall of the main olfactory cavity is composed of respiratory epithelium, in contrast to the olfactory epithelium found here in aquatic forms. The vomeronasal organ remains similar to that in large larvae, but is now connected to the mouth by a groove that extends back through the choana onto the palate. Bowman's glands are present in the main olfactory cavity at all stages, but are most abundant and best developed in terrestrial adults. They are lacking in the lateral olfactory epithelium of the main olfactory cavity. At the ultrastructural level, in aquatic animals receptor cells of the main olfactory cavity can have cilia, short microvilli, a mix of the two, or long microvilli. Supporting cells are of two types: secretory supporting cells with small, electron-dense secretory granules, and ciliated supporting cells. Receptor cells of the vomeronasal organ are exclusively microvillar, but supporting cells are secretory or ciliated, as in the main olfactory cavity. After metamorphosis two distinct types of sensory epithelium occur in the main olfactory cavity. The predominant epithelium, covering most of the roof and the medial part of the floor, is characterized by supporting cells with large, electron-lucent vesicles. The epithelium on the lateral floor of the main olfactory cavity, by contrast, resembles that of aquatic animals. Both types have both microvillar and ciliated receptor cells. No important changes are noted in cell types of the vomeronasal organ after metamorphosis. A literature survey suggests that some features of the metamorphic changes described here are characteristic of all salamanders, while others appear unique to D. tenebrosus.     

细尾高原鳅和东方高原鳅不同组织器官黑色素的分布和比较

采用组织学方法比较研究细尾高原鳅和东方高原鳅组织器官的黑色素分布特征。结果显示: 两种高原鳅头部皮肤、背部皮肤、体侧皮肤、腹膜肾脏层、脊髓腔壁层、腹膜壁层、围心腔壁层、脑颅腔壁层和眼睛均分布有黑色素;腹部皮肤、肝脏浆膜、脾脏被膜和性腺被膜未发现黑色素。皮肤中黑色素分布在真皮层和皮下组织,其他组织器官中黑色素分布在内膜层或壁层。黑色素主要分布在背侧,体侧则分布稀疏,呈现对称分布。背部和体侧皮肤有斑块处较无斑块处黑色素数量多,分布密集;无斑块处仅是部分聚集,或形成间断分布的黑色素块。同一种高原鳅不同组织器官黑色素分布不同,分布面积百分比和黑色素层厚度有显著性差异,但两种高原鳅同一组织器官黑色素分布特征相似。两种高原鳅组织器官中黑色素的分布与其接受的紫外辐射强度有关,是对高原强紫外辐射环境的适应。     

Laparoscopic intrauterine insemination in the bitch

A technique for laparoscopic intrauterine insemination in bitches is described. During natural estrus, 5 beagle bitches were inseminated and S others were naturally mated (control group) twice at a 48-h interval on Days 3 and S (n = 4) or Days 4 and 6 (n = 6) after the increase in plasma progesterone considered to be indicative of the day of the preovulatory LH peak. All the inseminations were with fresh semen and under general anesthesia. The technique involved the introductions of 1) a Verres needle to insufflate the abdominal cavity by direct punction on the middle line 1 cm over the umbilicus, 2) a laparoscope to visualize the abdominal cavity by a 1 cm puncture on the middle line 1 cm under the umbilicus, 3) a forceps used to manipulate the uterus by a 0.5 cm puncture at 2 to 3 cm lateral to the mammary glands, and 4) an 18-g catheter used to puncture the uterus on the middle line between the 3rd and 5th mammary gland. The uterine body was grasped by the forceps and elevated against the ventral abdominal wall. The 18-g catheter was then inserted through the abdominal wall directly into the uterine lumen, and 1.0 ml of fresh semen containing 250 to 480 x 10(6) spermatozoa/ml was injected. The inseminations resulted in pregnancies in all animals. Litter size was similar in the artificially inseminated and naturally mated bitches (5 +/- 1.8 and 4.8 +/- 1.6 pups per litter, respectively). Bitches in the artificially inseminated group delivered at 65.2 +/- 0.8 d and in the natural mated group at 65.4 +/- 0.5 d after the LH peak. In conclusion, this paper gives the first results of intrauterine laparoscopic insemination in bitches, indicating interesting perspectives for this technique in dog's reproduction.     

细尾高原鳅和东方高原鳅不同组织器官黑色素的分布和比较

采用组织学方法比较研究细尾高原鳅和东方高原鳅组织器官的黑色素分布特征。结果显示: 两种高原鳅头部皮肤、背部皮肤、体侧皮肤、腹膜肾脏层、脊髓腔壁层、腹膜壁层、围心腔壁层、脑颅腔壁层和眼睛均分布有黑色素;腹部皮肤、肝脏浆膜、脾脏被膜和性腺被膜未发现黑色素。皮肤中黑色素分布在真皮层和皮下组织,其他组织器官中黑色素分布在内膜层或壁层。黑色素主要分布在背侧,体侧则分布稀疏,呈现对称分布。背部和体侧皮肤有斑块处较无斑块处黑色素数量多,分布密集;无斑块处仅是部分聚集,或形成间断分布的黑色素块。同一种高原鳅不同组织器官黑色素分布不同,分布面积百分比和黑色素层厚度有显著性差异,但两种高原鳅同一组织器官黑色素分布特征相似。两种高原鳅组织器官中黑色素的分布与其接受的紫外辐射强度有关,是对高原强紫外辐射环境的适应。     

Conjugation in the yeast Saccharomycopsis capsularis Schi?nning.

Cells of the yeast Saccharomycopsis capsularis fused in pairs after disolving of part of the cross wall between them near the lateral wall. After nuclear migrations through the opening, the cross wall was closed again and the cells at both sides became asci. The wall of the ascospores developed from a prospore wall. Between the two unit membranes a very thin dark layer broadened to the dark layer of the wall and after that, the light inner layer developed. Immature spores in the strain studied had a ledge which disappeared during maturation.     

Molecular characterization of coding sequences and analysis of Toll-like receptor 3 mRNA expression in water buffalo (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bubalus bubalis</Emphasis>) and nilgai (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Boselaphus tragocamelus</Emphasis>)

Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), an antiviral innate immunity receptor recognizes double-stranded RNA, preferably of viral origin and induces type I interferon production, which causes maturation of phagocytes and subsequent release of chemical mediators from phagocytes against some viral infections. The present study has characterized TLR3 complementary DNA (cDNA) in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus). TLR3 coding sequences of both buffalo and nilgai were amplified from cultured dendritic cell cDNA and cloned in pGEMT-easy vector for characterization by restriction endonucleases and nucleotide sequencing. Sequence analysis reveals that 2,715-bp-long TLR3 open reading frame encoding 904 amino acids in buffalo as well as nilgai is similar to that of cattle. Buffalo TLR3 has 98.6 and 97.9% identity at nucleotide level with nilgai and cattle, respectively. Likewise, buffalo TLR3 amino acids share 96.7% identity with cattle and 97.8% with nilgai. Non-synonymous substitutions exceeding synonymous substitutions indicate evolution of this receptor through positive selection among these three ruminant species. Buffalo and nilgai appear to have diverged from a common ancestor in phylogenetic analysis. Predicted protein structures of buffalo and nilgai TLR3 from deduced amino acid sequences indicate that the buffalo and nilgai TLR3 ectodomain may be more efficient in ligand binding than that of cattle. Furthermore, TLR3 messenger RNA expression in tissues as quantified by real-time PCR was found higher in nilgai than buffalo. Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

试验感染水牛体内枯氏住肉孢子虫内生发育的超微结构

通过人工感染试验在电镜下对一种住肉孢子虫在水牛体内的发育进行了研究。结果揭示在血管内皮细胞中的裂殖生殖和在肌细胞内的包囊发育过程与枯氏住肉孢子虫的一致,裂殖体、裂殖子、包囊壁和囊内母细胞、缓殖子的超微结构亦与枯氏住肉孢子虫的相同。首次通过试验感染的发育史研究证明,流行于我国湖南水牛的一种小包囊属于枯氏住肉孢子虫,水牛是黄牛枯氏住肉孢子虫的新宿主。