一株白芍内生放线菌的分离、活性及系统发育分析

目的:分离白芍中拮抗农作物致病菌和人类常见病原菌的内生放线菌,并进行系统发育分析。方法:采用3种分离培养基,从白芍根部分离内生放线菌;通过滤纸片法筛选具有拮抗活性的菌株,观察菌丝形态,并进行16S rDNA序列系统发育分析。结果:从白芍中分离得到16株内生放线菌,其中从FYSCA培养基中分离到9株;16株内生放线菌中有6株具有拮抗作用,菌株S-BS033004对5种病原菌有拮抗活性,尤其是对棉花黄萎病菌和小孢拟盘多毛孢菌和耐青霉素类金黄色葡萄球菌的拮抗作用显著,抑菌圈≥20mm。经16S rDNA系统发育分析表明该菌株与Streptomyces anulatus NBRC13369T等6株链霉菌模式菌株亲缘关系较近,相似性均为99.7%。结论:白芍内生放线菌S-BS033004是一株杀菌谱较广的链霉菌,具有很好的开发潜力。     

拮抗放线菌B-20的种类鉴定及其16S rDNA序列分析

对分离自东北蔬菜保护地土壤的1株拮抗放线菌菌株B-20进行了形态特征、培养特征、生理生化、细胞壁组分分析及16S rDNA序列分析。基内菌丝无横隔、不断裂,气生菌丝多分枝;孢子丝波曲至螺旋形,孢子椭圆形,表面光滑。细胞壁化学组分Ⅰ型。以16s rDNA序列为基础构建了包括13株相关种属细菌在内的系统发育树。根据多相分类鉴定结果表明,放线菌B-20的上述特征与淡紫灰链霉菌(Streptomyces lavendulae)的高度一致。二者的16S rDNA序列的相似性达到了99%。因此,可将链霉菌B-20定名为淡紫灰链霉菌B-20 (S.lavendulae B-20)。     

人参病原菌拮抗放线菌的分离筛选与鉴定

采用平板对峙法、生长速率测定法等对人参根际分离得到的4株放线菌的抑菌活性进行了研究,并通过形态学特征观察、生理生化测定和16S rDNA序列分析进行分类鉴定。结果表明,4株放线菌对人参常见病病原真菌的抑菌效果明显。其中,FX-10对毁灭柱孢菌、灰葡萄孢菌和FX-61对人参核盘菌的抑制率分别达到91.28%、91.8%和90.07%。FX-10、FX-61、FX-137对人参的5种病原菌和FX-139对人参的7种病原菌有抑制作用,并且抑菌效果稳定。通过形态、生理生化和分子生物学鉴定,FX-139为酒红土褐链霉菌(Streptomyces vinaceus-drappus),FX-10为黑浅灰链霉菌(Streptomyces nigrogriseolus),FX-137为酒红链霉菌(Streptomyces vinaceus),FX-61为链霉属的灰褐类群。     

水霉拮抗放线菌的分离、筛选与鉴定

目的:以珍珠健康养殖水体底泥为材料分离放线菌,筛选对水产动物水霉病病原菌有抗菌活性的放线菌。方法:采用稀释涂布法,选用萘啶酮酸和放线菌酮双抗平板分离获得放线菌;以黄颡鱼和湘云鲫鱼卵水霉病原菌为靶标菌,采用琼脂块法测试所分离菌株抗水霉菌活性及其稳定性;对拮抗活性强的放线菌采用形态观察和16S r DNA序列分析进行分类鉴定。结果:从分离获得的27株放线菌中筛选出3株对水霉病原菌有拮抗活性的菌株QF1、DNC17和QHV2,其中QHV2抗菌活性与稳定性最好;形态学观察与16S r DNA序列分析结果表明QF1、DNC17和QHV2均属于链霉菌属(Streptomycete sp.),分别鉴定为Streptomyces diastatochromogenes、Streptomyces variabilis和Streptomyces collinus。结论:3株放线菌对水霉病原菌具有较好的拮抗活性,具有开发成抗水霉药物的潜在价值。     

一株产蓝色素链霉菌18-A-5的鉴定与系统发育分析

从原始热带雨林土壤中,分离到一株产蓝色色素菌株18-A-5,对其进行了系统分类学研究。形态学特征观察表明,在高氏合成一号培养基上初产蓝绿色色素,日久为深蓝色,基内菌丝蓝色,气生菌丝灰白色,产灰色孢子,孢子丝直或柔曲,形成长孢子链,孢子圆柱形。其DNA的G＋C摩尔分数为62.4%,16S rDNA序列分析结果(GenBank登陆号为EU054353),18-A-5与生靛链霉菌Streptomyces indigoferus ATCC23924^T 、草绿色链霉菌Streptomyces herbaricolor ATCC23924^T具有极高的同源性,达100％,聚类分析表明,18-A-5与生靛链霉菌Streptomyces indigoferus、草绿色链霉菌Streptomyces herbaricolor两株菌聚类在一起,分支置信度为74%。结合生理生化特性、细胞壁化学组成分析、脂肪酸分析等将菌株18-A-5定名为草绿色链霉菌Streptomyces herbaricolor。并对该蓝绿色可溶性色素性质进行了耐酸碱性、热稳定性、抗菌谱等初步分析。     

广西沿海地区红树林根系土壤中放线菌的分离与鉴定

本研究通过分离纯培养,从广西北海及防城港红树林根系土壤中分离出放线菌并提取其总DNA,用放线菌通用引物对获得菌株的16S rDNA进行PCR扩增,对获得的扩增产物进行DNA序列测定及菌株鉴定.研究结果表明,从红树林根系土壤样品中分离出15株典型放线菌菌株.16S rDNA测序比对鉴定结果显示,15株典型放线菌菌株中有12株属于链霉菌属(Streptomyces),是常见菌属;3株属于拟诺卡氏菌属(Nocardiopsis),为稀有放线菌.本研究分离纯化获得15株典型放线菌,初步揭示了广西沿海地区红树林土壤中放线菌的多样性.     

泥河湾大长梁遗址和马圈沟Ⅰ文化层放线菌的分离及系统发育分析

为分析泥河湾盆地大长梁遗址和马圈沟Ⅰ文化层中可培养放线菌的物种多样性,本实验通过平板稀释涂布法对该区域土样进行放线菌的物种分离,得到197株放线菌纯培养物。采用链霉菌属特异引物对放线菌纯培养物进行初步鉴定,确定143株放线菌归属于链霉菌属。对未被鉴定的54株放线菌进行16S rDNA全序列测定并分析其系统发育关系。最终,将197株放线菌归属于放线菌纲下的5个亚目,6个科,10个属。其中,马圈沟Ⅰ文化层的分离菌株12-9与Nocardioides albus KCTC 9186T之间的16S rDNA序列相似性是93.73%,可能是一个潜在新属;大长梁遗址的分离菌株18-64与Haloglycomyces albus YIM 92370T的16S rDNA序列相似性是93.64%,可能是一个潜在新属。     

假橐吾内生菌分离及其拮抗菌的筛选与鉴定

从菊科植物假橐吾(Ligulariopsis shichuana Y.L.Chen)中分离得到110株内生真菌和26株内生放线菌,依照形态培养特征对菌株进行初步分类鉴定,采用琼脂块法进行拮抗菌株筛选,并对拮抗性最好的2株内生放线菌进行分子鉴定.结果表明:(1)经初步鉴定,将分离到的假橐吾内生真菌合并为86种,分为10个属,其中交链孢霉属和丝核菌属占优势(分别为41.9%和16.3%);内生放线菌分为3个属,其中链霉菌属占优势(92.3%).(2)抗菌活性试验表明,有31株内生真菌分别对细菌、植物病原真菌具有显著抑制作用,全部内生放线菌对靶标菌有抗性,其中菌株wz57和wz01拮抗性最强.(3)根据16S rDNA序列比对结果,菌株wz57和wz01与链霉菌属(Streptomyces griseoplanus)相似性最高,分别达到99.3%和99.5%,初步归为Streptomyces griseoplanus.     

原始热带雨林鹦歌岭土壤抗MRSA放线菌的分离与筛选

鹦歌岭是位于海南省乐东县的原始热带雨林,从鹦歌岭土壤中分离与筛选抗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的放线菌。采用平板稀释法分离,以MRSA作为受试菌株,测试抗菌活性,对具有抗菌活性的菌株进行16S rDNA序列测定。采用滤纸片法,测定菌株发酵粗提液对MRSA抑菌活性,并用高效液相色谱仪检测粗提液的活性物质。从鹦歌岭土壤中共分离到168株放线菌,其中10株具有较强的抗MRSA活性,发酵液粗提物抑菌圈直径在8 mm-25 mm之间;16S rDNA序列比对发现,10株菌均与链霉菌属(Streptomyces)的相似性达99%以上,初步确定是链霉菌属的放线菌。通过对比10株菌发酵液HPLC指纹图谱,发现菌株7、5和9-1的发酵液次级代谢产物丰富,活性测试表明,10株放线菌对MRSA的生长均有明显的抑制作用。     

自溶高温放线菌的生物学特性及16S,rDNA序列分析研究

从云南各地土样及温泉水样中分离到多株高温放线菌。对其中的自溶高温放线菌的形态,生理生化特性、细胞化学组分、同功酶谱及16S rDNA序列进行了研究,结果表明它们与非自溶放线菌在上述各方面存在着明显差异分别属于高温放线菌属（Thermoactinomyces)和链霉菌属（Streptomyces)。同时发现培养基成分、温度、空气湿度对菌体自溶均有显著影响,特别是水分对链霉菌的自溶起着关键作用。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism