Chrysochromulina camella sp. nov. and C. cymbium sp. nov., two new relatives of C. strobilus Parke and Manton

Summary Two new species related to C. strobilus are described and illustrated by means of light and electron microscopy. Certain features of the haptonema and scales resemble those of C. strobilus. Aspects of the origin of scales from the Golgi system are illustrated in C. camella and some unusual features are discussed.     

Potential toxicity of the freshwater Chrysochromulina species C. parva (Prymnesiophyceae)

A mass development of Chrysochromulina parva Lackey — 614 000 cells per ml, associated with fish mortality, is reported from a small Danish lake. None of the analyses performed showed any reason for the fish kill. Even oxygen conditions were favourable. Thus toxins from the Chrysochromulina might be responsible for the fish kill. If true, this would be the first record of toxicity in a freshwater Chrysochromulina.     

Fine structure and light microscopy of a new species of Chrysochromulina (C. acantha)

Summary A new marine species of Chrysochromulina, characterized by distinctive spined and spineless scales is described. The value of the new species for the experimental study of haptonema movements is outlined and a brief comparison is made with four other previously named species with spined scales.     

草地贪夜蛾和其它五种重要鳞翅目害虫蛹的形态特征比较

【目的】田间草地贪夜蛾Spodopterafrugiperda(J.E.Smith)蛹与斜纹夜蛾Spodopteralitura Fabricius、甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)、粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)、棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)和亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis 5种重要鳞翅目害虫蛹容易混淆。明确草地贪夜蛾与其它5种重要的鳞翅目害虫蛹的形态差异,为田间鳞翅目害虫蛹的准确鉴别和田间调查提供依据。【方法】采用体式显微镜拍照观察并分析草地贪夜蛾蛹、斜纹夜蛾蛹、甜菜夜蛾蛹、粘虫蛹、棉铃虫蛹和亚洲玉米螟蛹的外部形态特征,根据相关特征差异编制了区分草地贪夜蛾与此5种鳞翅目害虫的检索表和快速区分表。【结果】草地贪夜蛾蛹主要特征为中足末端到达下颚末端之前,触角末端到达中足末端之前;中胸背板前缘略直;第4-7腹节背面前缘着生多行粗点刻;腹部末端臀棘上着生1对基部分开呈八字形的刺。草地贪夜蛾蛹腹部末端臀棘部位与其它5种害虫均不相同,辅以附肢位置、中胸背板前缘线和腹部点刻等特征可以准确将其与斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、粘虫、棉铃虫和亚洲玉米螟的蛹区分。斜纹夜蛾中胸背板前缘线和臀棘上的刺与草地贪夜蛾有异;甜菜夜蛾下颚与中足位置及臀棘上的刺与草地贪夜蛾有异;粘虫腹部点刻和臀棘上的刺与草地贪夜蛾有异;棉铃虫触角末端位置和腹部末端的刺与草地贪夜蛾有异;亚洲玉米螟腹足遗迹和臀棘上的刺与草地贪夜蛾有异。【结论】根据蛹的结构特征,可以区分草地贪夜蛾与斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、粘虫、棉铃虫和亚洲玉米螟等害虫的蛹。     

5种半蒴苣苔属植物光合特性的比较

对半蒴苣苔属( Hemiboea C. B. Clarke)植物半蒴苣苔( H. henryi C. B. Clarke)、贵州半蒴苣苔( H. cavaleriei H. Lév.)、疏脉半蒴苣苔( H. cavaleriei var. paucinervis W. T. Wang et Z. Y. Li ex Z. Y. Li)、华南半蒴苣苔( H. follicularis C. B. Clarke)和红苞半蒴苣苔( H. rubribracteata Z. Y. Li et Yan Liu)叶片的光合特性进行了分析和比较。结果表明：5种植物的光合参数及其日变化曲线、光响应参数〔(包括最大净光合速率( Pmax )、表观量子效率(AQY)、光补偿点(LCP)和光饱和点(LSP)〕、CO2响应参数〔包括CO2饱和净光合速率(CSPn)、羧化效率(CE)、CO2补偿点( CCP)和CO2饱和点( CSP)〕均有较大差异。半蒴苣苔、疏脉半蒴苣苔和红苞半蒴苣苔的净光合速率( Pn)日变化曲线均呈“单峰型”,而贵州半蒴苣苔和华南半蒴苣苔的Pn日变化曲线均呈“双峰型”且“午休”现象明显;贵州半蒴苣苔和疏脉半蒴苣苔的气孔导度( Gs)和蒸腾速率( Tr)日变化曲线均呈“单峰型”,而其他3种植物的Gs和Tr日变化曲线均类似“双峰型”;5种植物的胞间CO2浓度( Ci)日变化均呈先降后升的趋势;此外,5种植物的Pn与Gs均呈显著正相关、与Tr均呈正相关、与Ci均呈负相关。5种植物的光响应曲线和CO2响应曲线均有差异,但在光合有效辐射( PAR)低于200μmol·m-2·s-1或环境CO2浓度( Ce)低于800μmol·mol-1的条件下,它们的Pn均随PAR或Ce的升高急剧增加。5种植物中,贵州半蒴苣苔的Pmax最高,疏脉半蒴苣苔的CSPn最高;贵州半蒴苣苔的LCP最高(55.74μmol·m-2·s-1),其他4种的LCP均小于10μmol·m-2·s-1;5种植物的LSP均介于600~800μmol·m-2·s-1之间,CCP介于50~150μmol·mol-1之间,而CSP均在1000μmol·mol-1以上。研究结果揭示：供试5种植物均为阴生植物,但因产地生境及遗传特性差异使它们各自适应不同的光照条件,因而,在引种栽培过程中应根据各种类的光合特性采取适当的遮阳措施。     

Comparison of copper binding components in dog serum with those in other species.

The copper content of dog serum and its distribution to copper binding proteins was compared with that of rat and mouse. Total serum Cu concentrations of dogs and mice were one third those of the rat. Plasma ceruloplasmin, determined by azide-inhibitable oxidase activity with two substrates, was 8-fold less in the dog and 9- to 20-fold less in the mouse than in the rat, and, in both dogs and mice, there was 70-75% less ceruloplasmin Cu, determined by atomic absorption after gel filtration. In the dog, the largest proportion of total and exchangeable serum Cu was with the transcuprein fraction. Only one third as much Cu was with albumin in the dog (and mouse) versus the rat, and this was released much more readily through dialysis. In dogs and mice, the exchangeable (nonceruloplasmin) serum copper pool was half the size of that in rats and humans. Especially in the mouse (but also in rats and dogs), a small proportion of the exchangeable pool appeared bound to ferroxidase II. We conclude that the dog may rely more on transcuprein and low molecular weight complexes and less on albumin and ceruloplasmin for transport of copper to cells.     

Comparison of the cell envelope proteins of Micrococcus cryophilus with those of Neisseria dnd Branhamella species.

In an attempt to elucidate the relation between Micrococcus cryophilus, Neisseria caviae, Neisseria ovis, and Branhamella catarrhalis, fractions derived from outer membranes of a strain of each organism were examined for protein composition by SDS - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Micrococcus cryophilus outer membrane protein showed extensive similarities to that of N. ovis and contained a heat-modifiable protein which behaved almost identically with the corresponding bands previously shown to exist in N. caviae and N. ovis. Branhamella catarrhalis protein was distinctly different from those of M. cryophilus and the two 'false neisserias' N. caviae and N. ovis.     

Temporal changes in height and diameter growth for two Nothofagus species in New Zealand

Abstract. We examined whether the growth dynamics of two species can explain their coexistence. In particular, we examined New Zealand forests dominated by Nothofagus fusca and N. menziesii to determine whether both species can reach the canopy in tree-fall gaps. Stems in a gap and other stems (in pairs: one of each species, close together) were destructively sampled and aged at their bases and at heights of 1.4 m and 3 m, and at 2 m intervals thereafter as high as possible. For additional pairs of adjacent, similarly sized stems, one of each species, ring widths were analyzed for responsiveness to environmental changes. In general the faster growth rates of N. fusca were sufficient to balance the greater abundance of N. menziesii in the understory, such that both species were able to reach the canopy. Stems of both species grew at similar rates for decades. Both species were able to tolerate some periods of suppression and to respond to opportunities (climatic or due to mild disturbances).     

Biophysical and serological characteristics of some New Zealand bovine enteroviruses.

Five previously reported New Zealand bovine enteroviruses are further characterised with regard to their biophysical and serological properties. Characteristics studied included heat stability, buoyant density, virus replication, plaque production and thin section electron microscopy. Serological tests indicated the isolates belonged to two different serogroups which showed only limited relationships with U.S. serotypes BES 1, 3 and 4. A correlation was noted between 2(alpha-hydroxybenzyl) benzimidazole sensitivity, heat stability and the serogroup of the isolates.     

Comparison of Montana and Alaska isolates of Echinococcus multilocularis in gerbils with observations on the cyst growth, hook characteristics, and host response.

To assess its biological distinctness, an isolate of Echinococcus multilocularis from Montana was compared with an isolate from Alaska in gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) by means of intraperitoneal inoculations with protoscoleces. The cysts formed by the Montana isolate were entire, hyaline, and translucent, whereas those produced by the Alaska isolate were granular, yellowish, and opaque. Vesicles of the Montana isolate were larger, produced protoscoleces more slowly but in greater numbers, and required a longer period to develop surfacial germ cell protrusions, which were of smaller size. Also delayed was invasion of the laminate layer by granulocytes and macrophages, and a longer time was required for the appearance of pulmonary metastases. The 2 isolates differed also in characteristics of rostellar hooks, those from the Montana isolate being fewer and larger, often with accessory hooks.     

New species and records of Laboulbeniales from the subantarctic islands of New Zealand

Until now Rhachomyces kenodactyli Balazuc & W. Rossi has been the only species of Laboulbeniales known to occur on Coleoptera in the Bounty, Antipodes, Auckland, Campbell and Snares Islands, which lie 48° to 35° S. Four new species (Diphymyces depressus, Diphymyces leschenii, Laboulbenia subantarctica and Laboulbenia loxomeri) and five new records for the subantarctic (Cucujomyces phycophilus, Diphymyces penicillifer, Laboulbenia sp. 1, Rhachomyces sp. 1 and Teratomyces sp. 1) are reported, increasing the known number of taxa tenfold. An expanded geographic range for Rhachomyces kenodactyli is reported. A relatively high percentage (12%) of known beetle species in the subantarctic serve as hosts for Laboulbeniales. This host utilization rate is higher than that in tropical and north temperate regions. The high proportion of intertidal coleopteran taxa in the subantarctic fauna probably accounts for the greater number of host species utilized. Fungi on intertidal beetles (Omaliinae [Staphylinidae], Oopterus [Carabidae] and Kenodactylus audouini [Carabidae]) are known from many host individuals and collections, while those on terrestrial species are known from few, and in some cases, a single collection or host. The sporadic occurrence of some species encountered increases the likelihood that a few species of Laboulbeniales on Coleoptera probably remain undiscovered in the region.     

New genera and species of Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera) from New Zealand

Abstract

New genera Isothraulus, Arachnocolus, and Penniketellus are established for three species of leptophlebiid mayfly from New Zealand. Each genus is monotypic and endemic to New Zealand. Isothraulus and Arachnocolus are known only from the northern North Island, and Penniketellus is known only from the Arthur's Pass area of the central South Island. The male and female imago, nymph, and egg of Isothraulus abditus n.sp., the male imago, male subimago, and nymph of Arachnocolus phillipsi n.sp., and the male and female imago, female subimago, and egg of Penniketellus insolitus n.sp. are described. The relationships of each genus and the ecology of nymphs of each species are discussed.     

New species of rhigonematid and thelastomatid nematodes from indigenous New Zealand millipedes

Abstract

Seven new species of nematode are described from the hind-gut of several different millipedes indigenous to New Zealand: Heth hamatus n. sp. from Spirobollelus antipodarus and Icosidemus hochstetteri from Auckland, Erythrodemus echinopogon from Seddonville, and Eumasligonus sp. from Aickens, and Avenue Scenic Reserve; Thelastoma moko n. sp. from coastal specimens of Eumastigonus sp.; Thelastoma rigo n. sp. from montane specimens of Eumastigonus sp.; Dudekemia prolifica n. sp. from Spirobellelus antipodarus; Dudekemia alpinensis n. sp. from the montane Eumastigonus sp.; Dudekemia kaorinus n. sp. from Eumastigonus kaorinus from Hardys Creek; and Dudekemia hirsutus n. sp. from Erythrodemus echinopogon from Seddonville.

The family Rhigonematidae is reviewed.     

Pup growth of the New Zealand fur seal Arctocephalus forsteri on the Open Bay Islands, New Zealand

Growth of New Zealand fur seal pups was investigated at Taumaka, Open Bay Islands, New Zealand, from November 1974 to September 1976. Pups were weighed and curvilinear length, axillary girth and foreflipper length measured at about ages 55, 190, 235 and 290 days. Males are significantly heavier and larger than females at each age, wtih the exception of axillary girth at 235 days. Pups born during the austral summer of 1974–5 were smaller overall than were pups born during the following summer. This difference was so great that males aged 140 days in 1976 were larger and heavier than males aged 235 days in 1975. Circumstantial evidence suggests that the difference in growth rates of pups born during the two years may have been a consequence, either directly or indirectly, of environmental temperatures. Pups born during the warmer season (1974–5) had the slower growth.