GPC3对肝癌细胞糖酵解的调控作用研究

目的:探讨GPC3(glypican 3)在肝癌细胞糖酵解中的调控作用。方法:采用si RNA(small interfering RNA)干扰肝癌细胞中GPC3的表达后,采用q PCR(quantitative PCR)与Western blot实验检测肿瘤糖酵解关键调控分子Glut1(glucose transporter-1)、HK2(hexokinase 2)与LDH-A(Lactate Dehydrogenase A)的表达,通过检测培养液中葡萄糖的减少量分析GPC3对细胞葡萄糖摄取情况,通过检测培养液中乳酸含量与PH值分析GPC3对细胞乳酸产生的影响,通过检测细胞的氧耗速率,分析GPC3对线粒体氧化磷酸化功能的影响。结果:干扰肝癌细胞中GPC3的表达可抑制糖酵解关键调控分子Glut1、HK2与LDH-A表达,降低肝癌细胞葡萄糖摄取速率和细胞氧耗速率,且细胞培养液PH升高,乳酸产生减少。结论:肝癌细胞中GPC3高表达通过上调糖酵解关键调控分子Glut1、HK2与LDH-A表达而促进肝癌细胞糖酵解效应,同时抑制线粒体氧化磷酸化活性。这些结果进一步提示糖代谢重编程可能是GPC3促进肝癌增殖与转移的重要机制。     

瓦氏效应——哺乳动物生殖过程中的有氧糖酵解

糖代谢是生物体赖以生存的基本生化过程之一.哺乳动物体内不同细胞对葡萄糖的利用方式不同.摄氧充足时,细胞通过氧化磷酸化在线粒体中进行有氧呼吸;缺氧的细胞则选择抑制氧化磷酸化,通过糖酵解产生乳酸.但有些细胞在有氧条件下也能进行糖酵解,从而产生大量的乳酸,这种糖酵解途径称为瓦氏效应.以前认为瓦氏效应主要存在于肿瘤细胞中,但近来发现在哺乳动物的生殖过程中也存在瓦氏效应.本文综述了哺乳动物生殖发育过程的瓦氏效应及其与一些生殖疾病的关系.     

肿瘤糖酵解相关microRNA的研究进展

肿瘤细胞与正常细胞的最大区别在于代谢方式的不同,即使在氧供充足的条件下,前者也主要以无氧糖酵解的形式获取能量,以此来为自身的快速生长及增殖提供充足的能量及原料,此效应即为Warburg效应。microRNA(miRNA)是一类存在于细胞内的微小非编码RNA,主要作用是调控基因的表达。随着对其研究的深入,miRNA在肿瘤形成及发展中的作用逐渐被发掘,目前发现miRNA对肿瘤细胞糖酵解过程具有一定的调控作用。本文重在阐述目前有关miRNA在肿瘤代谢方面的研究进展。     

非编码RNA在肿瘤细胞糖代谢中的调控作用

非编码RNA(non-coding RNA,ncRNA)是一类不具有蛋白质编码潜能的RNA,可分为管家ncRNA和调控性ncRNA。微RNA(microRNA,miRNA)是研究得比较清楚的一类调控性ncRNA,不仅可调控细胞分化、增殖和凋亡,还可通过调节糖酵解途径中的限速酶［如己糖激酶(hexokinase,HK)、磷酸果糖激酶(phosphofructokinase, PFK)和丙酮酸激酶(pyruvate kinase, PK)］来调控肿瘤细胞的糖代谢。长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA, lncRNA)是另一类近年来引起重视的调控性ncRNA,它们可通过调节癌基因c Myc、葡糖转运蛋白(glucose transporter, GLUT)、HK和缺氧诱导因子等来调控肿瘤细胞的糖代谢。深入了解miRNA和lncRNA等调控性ncRNA调控肿瘤细胞糖代谢的机制不仅可以使我们更加深入地了解肿瘤的发生机制,而且可能为肿瘤的预防、诊断和治疗提供新方向。     

细胞糖代谢方式改变与肿瘤转移的相关性

肿瘤转移是引起肿瘤相关死亡的主要原因,肿瘤细胞的代谢异常在肿瘤转移中扮演重要角色。肿瘤的糖代谢以“Warburg效应”为显著特征,即细胞在有氧条件下也以糖酵解为主要糖代谢途径提供能量。而这种现象在转移性肿瘤细胞中更为突出,表现为葡萄糖的大量摄取、高糖酵解速率和核酸合成速率等,这为肿瘤细胞的快速生长和增殖提供了重要的能量和物质基础。对于肿瘤转移过程中相关代谢改变的研究,将为最终揭示肿瘤转移的机制打下基础。本文综述肿瘤细胞糖代谢中糖酵解、线粒体有氧代谢及磷酸戊糖途径中的变化与肿瘤转移发生的相关性,其结果为进一步从调控肿瘤代谢角度发现新的肿瘤转移控制手段提供了启示。     

过表达2型丙酮酸激酶通过下调p53稳定性促进线粒体融合

正肿瘤细胞的代谢状态转变是有别于正常细胞的标志。大多数肿瘤细胞在有氧条件下仍表现出活跃的葡萄糖摄取及糖酵解,这种现象被称为Warburg效应。在这一过程中,丙酮酸激酶作为糖酵解的最后一步激酶,可以催化丙酮酸为乳酸并产生ATP。2型丙酮酸激酶(PKM2)高表达于胚胎组织及肿瘤细胞中。     

microRNA——新的髓系白血病致病因子及临床标物

微RNA(MicroRNA,miRNA)是一类长18～25 nt的非编码RNA,主要通过与靶基因mRNA3'UTR上的互补区域结合后在转录后水平(RNA切割或翻译抑制)负性调控靶基因的表达.现已发现,miRNA参与了多种正常细胞过程以及肿瘤发生的调控.miRNA也在造血链系分化和相关白血病中发挥重要作用.急性髓系白血病...     

乳酸脱氢酶和Warburg效应的研究进展北大核心CSCD

糖代谢过程的关键限速酶乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)可提升糖酵解速率和促使局部形成酸性微环境。研究发现LDH与恶性肿瘤关系密切,LDH通过Warburg效应调节乳酸产生,而适当的酸性调控则对LDH形成负反馈调节回路。肿瘤细胞的LDH-A基因异常激活常伴随着LDH-B基因的异常失活,LDH-A的异常激活及丙酮酸脱氢酶的失活,可进一步促使丙酮酸转化为乳酸,后者不仅仅作为代谢产物,而且是肿瘤细胞的主要能量来源。     

LncRNA D5在卵巢癌组织中的表达及其功能研究

目的:探讨LncRNA D5在卵巢癌组织中的表达及其对卵巢癌细胞糖代谢的影响和与卵巢癌患者预后的关系。方法:采用实时定量聚合酶链反应法(q RT-PCR)测定62例卵巢癌患者组织LncRNA D5表达,Kaplan-Meier生存分析其表达与患者预后的关系,设计合成LncRNA D5/p EX-2真核过表达质粒,分别在卵巢癌细胞SKOV3、A2780中进行转染,实验分为空白对照组及转染组,48 h后测定卵巢癌细胞SKOV3、A2780的葡萄糖摄取能力、糖酵解速率、氧耗以及乳酸排除率。结果:LncRNA D5在良性卵巢肿瘤或正常卵巢组织中表达比较均一,其在卵巢癌中的表达与良性卵巢肿瘤或正常卵巢组织相比,具有显著差异(P0.05)。LncRNA D5表达下调的卵巢癌患者总生存期和无瘤生存期均较LncRNA D5表达上调的卵巢癌患者明显缩短(P0.05)。通过转染上调A2780、SKOV3中的LncRNA D5,细胞的葡萄糖摄取能力、糖酵解速率以及乳酸排出显著上调,而细胞的氧消耗明显下降(P0.05)。结论:LncRNA D5在卵巢癌中表达异常,与卵巢癌患者的预后不良相关,LncRNA D5对卵巢癌细胞的糖酵解能力具有一定的调控作用。     

乳酸脱氢酶和Warburg效应的研究进展

糖代谢过程的关键限速酶乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)可提升糖酵解速率和促使局部形成酸性微环境。研究发现LDH与恶性肿瘤关系密切,LDH通过Warburg效应调节乳酸产生,而适当的酸性调控则对LDH形成负反馈调节回路。肿瘤细胞的LDH-A基因异常激活常伴随着LDH-B基因的异常失活,LDH-A的异常激活及丙酮酸脱氢酶的失活,可进一步促使丙酮酸转化为乳酸,后者不仅仅作为代谢产物,而且是肿瘤细胞的主要能量来源。     

Modeling cancer glycolysis

Most cancer cells exhibit an accelerated glycolysis rate compared to normal cells. This metabolic change is associated with the over-expression of all the pathway enzymes and transporters (as induced by HIF-1α and other oncogenes), and with the expression of hexokinase (HK) and phosphofructokinase type 1 (PFK-1) isoenzymes with different regulatory properties. Hence, a control distribution of tumor glycolysis, modified from that observed in normal cells, can be expected. To define the control distribution and to understand the underlying control mechanisms, kinetic models of glycolysis of rodent AS-30D hepatoma and human cervix HeLa cells were constructed with experimental data obtained here for each pathway step (enzyme kinetics; steady-state pathway metabolite concentrations and fluxes). The models predicted with high accuracy the fluxes and metabolite concentrations found in living cancer cells under physiological O(2) and glucose concentrations as well as under hypoxic and hypoglycemic conditions prevailing during tumor progression. The results indicated that HK≥HPI>GLUT in AS-30D whereas glycogen degradation≥GLUT>HK in HeLa were the main flux- and ATP concentration-control steps. Modeling also revealed that, in order to diminish the glycolytic flux or the ATP concentration by 50%, it was required to decrease GLUT or HK or HPI by 76% (AS-30D), and GLUT or glycogen degradation by 87-99% (HeLa), or decreasing simultaneously the mentioned steps by 47%. Thus, these proteins are proposed to be the foremost therapeutic targets because their simultaneous inhibition will have greater antagonistic effects on tumor energy metabolism than inhibition of all other glycolytic, non-controlling, enzymes.     

Genome-wide profiling identified a set of miRNAs that are differentially expressed in glioblastoma stem cells and normal neural stem cells

A major challenge in cancer research field is to define molecular features that distinguish cancer stem cells from normal stem cells. In this study, we compared microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles in human glioblastoma stem cells and normal neural stem cells using combined microarray and deep sequencing analyses. These studies allowed us to identify a set of 10 miRNAs that are considerably up-regulated or down-regulated in glioblastoma stem cells. Among them, 5 miRNAs were further confirmed to have altered expression in three independent lines of glioblastoma stem cells by real-time RT-PCR analysis. Moreover, two of the miRNAs with increased expression in glioblastoma stem cells also exhibited elevated expression in glioblastoma patient tissues examined, while two miRNAs with decreased expression in glioblastoma stem cells displayed reduced expression in tumor tissues. Furthermore, we identified two oncogenes, NRAS and PIM3, as downstream targets of miR-124, one of the down-regulated miRNAs; and a tumor suppressor, CSMD1, as a downstream target of miR-10a and miR-10b, two of the up-regulated miRNAs. In summary, this study led to the identification of a set of miRNAs that are differentially expressed in glioblastoma stem cells and normal neural stem cells. Characterizing the role of these miRNAs in glioblastoma stem cells may lead to the development of miRNA-based therapies that specifically target tumor stem cells, but spare normal stem cells.     

Glycometabolism regulates hepatitis C virus release

HCV cell-culture system uses hepatoma-derived cell lines for efficient virus propagation. Tumor cells cultured in glucose undergo active aerobic glycolysis, but switch to oxidative phosphorylation for energy production when cultured in galactose. Here, we investigated whether modulation of glycolysis in hepatocytes affects HCV infection. We showed HCV release, but not entry, genome replication or virion assembly, is significantly blocked when cells are cultured in galactose, leading to accumulation of intracellular infectious virions within multivesicular body (MVB). Blockade of the MVB-lysosome fusion or treatment with pro-inflammatory cytokines promotes HCV release in galactose. Furthermore, we found this glycometabolic regulation of HCV release is mediated by MAPK-p38 phosphorylation. Finally, we showed HCV cell-to-cell transmission is not affected by glycometabolism, suggesting that HCV cell-to-supernatant release and cell-to-cell transmission are two mechanistically distinct pathways. In summary, we demonstrated glycometabolism regulates the efficiency and route of HCV release. We proposed HCV may exploit the metabolic state in hepatocytes to favor its spread through the cell-to-cell transmission in vivo to evade immune response.     

Competitive interactions of cancer cells and normal cells via secretory microRNAs

Normal epithelial cells regulate the secretion of autocrine and paracrine factors that prevent aberrant growth of neighboring cells, leading to healthy development and normal metabolism. One reason for tumor initiation is considered to be a failure of this homeostatic cell competitive system. Here we identify tumor-suppressive microRNAs (miRNAs) secreted by normal cells as anti-proliferative signal entities. Culture supernatant of normal epithelial prostate PNT-2 cells attenuated proliferation of PC-3M-luc cells, prostate cancer cells. Global analysis of miRNA expression signature revealed that a variety of tumor-suppressive miRNAs are released from PNT-2 cells. Of these miRNAs, secretory miR-143 could induce growth inhibition exclusively in cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that secretory tumor-suppressive miRNAs can act as a death signal in a cell competitive process. This study provides a novel insight into a tumor initiation mechanism.     

Control of Glycolytic Flux by AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in Tumor Cells Adapted to Low pH

Tumor cells grow in nutrient- and oxygen-deprived microenvironments and adapt to the suboptimal growth conditions by altering their metabolic pathways. This adaptation process commonly results in a tumor phenotype that displays a high rate of aerobic glycolysis and aggressive tumor characteristics. The glucose regulatory molecule, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), is a bifunctional enzyme that is central to glycolytic flux and is downstream of the metabolic stress sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which has been suggested to modulate glycolysis and possibly activate isoforms of PFKFB, specifically PFKFB3 expressed in tumor cells. Our results demonstrated that long-term low pH exposure induced AMPK activation, which resulted in the up-regulation of PFKFB3 and an increase in its serine residue phosphorylation. Pharmacologic activation of AMPK resulted in an increase in PFKFB3 as well as an increase in glucose consumption, whereas in contrast, inhibition of AMPK resulted in the down-regulation of PFKFB3 and decreased glycolysis. PFKFB3 overexpression in DB-1 tumor cells induced a high rate of glycolysis and inhibited oxygen consumption, confirming its role in controlling glycolytic flux. These results show that low pH is a physiological stress that can promote a glycolytic phenotype commonly associated with tumorigenesis. The implications are that the tumor microenviroment contributes to tumor growth and treatment resistance.     

Molecular intricacies of aerobic glycolysis in cancer: current insights into the classic metabolic phenotype

Aerobic glycolysis is the process of oxidation of glucose into pyruvate followed by lactate production under normoxic condition. Distinctive from its anaerobic counterpart (i.e. glycolysis that occurs under hypoxia), aerobic glycolysis is frequently witnessed in cancers, popularly known as the “Warburg effect”, and it is one of the earliest known evidences of metabolic alteration in neoplasms. Intracellularly, aerobic glycolysis circumvents mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos), facilitating an increased rate of glucose hydrolysis. This in turn enables cancer cells to successfully compete with normal cells for glucose uptake in order to maintain uninterrupted growth. In addition, evading OxPhos mitigates excessive generation/accumulation of reactive oxygen species that otherwise may be deleterious to cells. Emerging data indicate that aerobic glycolysis in cancer also promotes glutaminolysis to satisfy the precursor requirements of certain biosynthetic processes (e.g. nucleic acids). Next, the metabolic intermediates of aerobic glycolysis also feed the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) to facilitate macromolecular biosynthesis necessary for cancer cell growth and proliferation. Extracellularly, the extrusion of the end-product of aerobic glycolysis, i.e. lactate, alters the tumor microenvironment, and impacts cancer-associated cells. Collectively, accumulating data unequivocally demonstrate that aerobic glycolysis implicates myriad of molecular and functional processes to support cancer progression. This review, in the light of recent research, dissects the molecular intricacies of its regulation, and also deliberates the emerging paradigms to target aerobic glycolysis in cancer therapy.     

A glycolytic marker test for individualizing the selection of chemical compounds for antitumor activity]

Based on literature data on effects of various preparations on the glycolysis in tumor and normal cells, a glycolytic molecular biochemical marker is proposed to screen chemical substances as potential antitumor drugs. A glycolytic specificity was noted in tumor cells which was regarded as a criterion for distinction of tumor cells from normal ones and among various histotypes of tumor cells as well as for the selective sensitivity of tumor cells to a substance. 17 of 38 substances tested were observed to inhibit glycolysis in tumor cells. The testing chemical substances for an antitumor activity with application of the glycolytic marker is recommended. A possibility is discussed of applying the marker for testing potential antitumor drugs, their individualization, and genetic typing.