Effect of organic and mineral fertilizers on N-use by wheat under different irrigation frequencies

A field trial was established in Errachidia, southern Morocco, to investigate the interaction between wheat residue management and mineral 15N-labelled ammonium sulphate, under different irrigation treatments, applied to wheat (Triticum durum var. Karim). In treatments I1, I2, I3 and I4, plots were irrigated every 10, 15, 21 and 30 days. Each plot contained three sub-plots that received three fertilization treatments: T1 received 42 kg N ha-1 of ammonium sulphate before seedling, 42 kg N ha-1 of ammonium sulphate labelled with 9.764 at % 15N excess at tillering and 84 N kg ha-1 of ammonium sulphate at flowering; T2 received 42 kg N ha-1 of ammonium sulphate labelled with 9.764 at % 15N excess at seedling, 42 kg N ha-1 at tillering and 42 kg N ha-1 at flowering; T3 received 4800 kg ha-1 of wheat residue labelled with 1.504 at % 15N excess and 42 kg N ha-1 of ammonium sulphate before seedling and 42 kg N ha-1 of ammonium sulphate at flowering. Nitrogen fertilization with 168 kg N ha-1 did no significantly increase grain and straw yields in comparison to the 126 kg N ha-1 application. The combination of the organic input and supplementary application of mineral fertilizer N has been found as a more attractive management option. For all irrigation treatments, the % recovery of N in the whole plant was higher in plants that received 15N at tillering (63%, 49% respectively for irrigation intervals between 10 and 30 d) than in plants that received 15N just after seeding (28% for irrigation each 10- and 30-d intervals). For the irrigation treatment each 10 and 15 days, the 15N was mainly recovered by the grain for all fertilization treatments, whereas for irrigation treatment each 30 days, the grain and straw recovered nearly equal amounts of fertilizer. For grain and straw of wheat, nitrogen in the plant derived from the fertilizer was low, while most of the N was derived from the soil for all irrigation and fertilization treatments. The % nitrogen in the plant derived from the fertilizer values showed no significant difference between the different plant parts. The results suggested a dominant influence of moisture availability on the fertilizer N uptake by wheat. Under dry conditions the losses of N can be allotted to denitrification and volatilisation.     

Transformations of residual 15N in a coniferous forest soil humus layer in northern Vancouver Island,British Columbia

We studied the effect of ¹⁵N labelling duration on the mineralisation and immobilisation of native and applied (residual) N in the humus layer of a Humo-Ferric Podzol. Ammonium sulphate, labelled with ¹⁵N, was applied to 1 m² plots at a rate of 200 kg N ha^–1. Fertiliser application was timed so that when samples were collected they had been labelled with ¹⁵N for 24 hours, 7 months and 31 months. In a 42-day aerobic incubation of the samples, net mineralisation of total and applied N was greatest in the 24-hr treatment followed by those from the 31-month treatment (p<0.05), indicating that immobilised ¹⁵N was more remineralisable in the samples with ¹⁵N labelled for 24 hours. The percentage of applied N found in the total N mineralised (net) ranged from 76.6 to 87.4%, 13.1 to 42.0% and 10.6 to 14.0% in samples from the 24-hr and 7- and 31-month treatments, respectively, showing reduced relative availability of residual N with increased labelling duration. The carbon mineralisation rate had the following order: 7-month > 24-hr > 31-month treatment. Net mineralisation of C and N was poorly correlated with each other (r=-0.02, p=0.89). Anaerobic incubation showed net mineralisation for the 7- and 31-month treatments but net immobilisation for the 24-hr treatment for both total and applied N, suggesting that immobilisation of inorganic N was encouraged when there was a large pool of mineral N in the soil. Both total and applied N in the extractable organic N fraction and in the N flushed after fumigation with chloroform had the following order: 24-hr > 7-month > 31-month treatment. The results confirmed that N fertiliser was being immobilised within hours after application by the humus material through the microbial population and that the immobilised N had a low mineralisation potential after one growing season.     

Potential importance of the subsoil for the P and Mg nutrition of wheat

A method is described which allowed the quantification of the potential uptake of P and Mg from the subsoil (>30cm) by spring wheat. Wheat was grown on an artificial topsoil (sand with no plant available P or Mg) which was superimposed on loess subsoils in N. Germany. The supply of P and Mg in the topsoil was varied by application of different quantities of P and Mg fertilizer. Uptake of P and Mg from the subsoil was calculated as the difference between total plant uptake (determined by plant analysis) and the quantities of P and Mg removed from the topsoil (determined by soil analysis). P uptake from the subsoil increased from 37% to 85% of total P uptake, with decreasing P supply in the topsoil. Calculations of potential supply by diffusion showed that, with a CAL-extractable P₂O₅ content in the subsoil of 9 mg 100g^-1, supply from the subsoil was only possible if the influence of root hairs was considered. The method also showed that the total demand for Mg by spring wheat could be satisfield from the supply of Mg from the subsoil of typical loess soils. Mg uptake from the subsoil decreased to 33% of total uptake with increasing Mg supply in the topsoil.     

Short-term immobilisation and crop uptake of fertiliser nitrogen applied to winter wheat: effect of date of application in spring

Previous studies on the fate of fertiliser nitrogen applied to winter wheat in temperate climates have shown that nitrogen (N) applied early, at tillering for wheat, was less efficiently taken up than N applied later in the growth cycle. We examined the extent to which the soil microbial N immobilisation varied during the wheat spring growth cycle and how microbial immobilisation and plant uptake competed for nitrogen. We set up a pulse-15N labelled field experiment in which N was applied at eight development stages from tillering (beginning of March) to anthesis (mid-June). Each application was 50 kg N ha-1 as 15N labelled urea except for the first application which was 25 kg N ha-1. The distribution of fertiliser 15N in shoots, roots, mineral and organic soil N was examined by destructive sampling 7 and 14 days after each 15N pulse. The inorganic 15N pool was almost depleted by day 14. The N uptake efficiency increased with later applications from 45% at tillering to 65% at flowering. N immobilisation was rather constant at 13–16% of N applied, whatever the date of application. The increase in plant 15N uptake resulted in an increase in the total 15N recovery in the plant-soil system (15N in soil +15N in plant), suggesting that gaseous losses were lower at the later application dates.     

A survey on the occurrence of mycotoxins in wheat and maize from western Romania

Samples of wheat (n = 25) and maize (n = 30) for animal consumption, collected in 1997 after harvest from western Romania, were analyzed by enzyme immunoassays for mycotoxin contamination. Toxins analyses included deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetylDON, 15- acetylDON, fusarenone X (FX), T-2 Toxin (T-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisin B1 (FB1), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OA), and citrinin (CT). DON and acetylDONs were the major contaminants in wheat (100%) and maize (46%). Median values for DON, 3-acetylDON, and 15-acetylDON were 880 μg kg-1, 66 μg kg- 1, and 150 μg kg-1 in wheat, and 890 μg kg-1, 180 μg kg-1, and 620 μg kg- 1 in maize, respectively. Additionally, 3,15-diacetylDON was detected in some samples by HPLC-EIA analysis. All samples were negative for FX (<150 μg kg-1). T-2 was found in wheat (n = 6) and maize (n = 1) at levels between 13 and 63 μg kg- 1. DAS (2.6 μg kg-1) was found in one maize sample. ZEA occurred in all wheat and in four maize samples, median values were 10 μg kg-1 and 250 μg kg-1, respectively. One maize sample contained FB1 (140 μg kg-1). All samples were AFB1-negative (<4 μg kg-1). OA was found in one wheat sample (37 μg kg- 1), CT was found in one maize sample (580 μg kg- 1). This first reported natural occurrence of a range of mycotoxins in Romanian feeding stuff shows that DON and acetyl DONs may be present at levels which may affect animal production. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

施肥对麦田土壤可溶性有机氮的影响

利用长期定位试验,研究施肥和小麦生长对土壤可溶性有机氮(EON)的影响。长期不同施肥土壤包括不施肥(No-F)、施用化肥(NPK)和有机肥与化肥配施(MNPK)3种。EON含量范围为7.5—29.3 kg/hm~2,No-F、NPK和MNPK土壤中EON分别占可溶性总氮的40%、56%和56%。长期有机肥与化肥配施显著提高0—15 cm土层EON含量,但对30 cm以下土层EON含量无影响。在小麦开花期,可溶性有机氮的含量及其相对含量显著高于拔节期和收获期。虽然施用氮肥对当季EON含量无显著影响,但同位素示踪微区试验表明,土壤耕层(0—15 cm)中仍有0.4%—2.8%的可溶性有机氮来源于当季施入的肥料氮。可见,化学氮肥向可溶性有机氮的转化缓慢,但农田土壤中可溶性有机氮含量与矿质态氮含量相当,发生淋溶损失的风险大。     

Decomposition of wheat straw and rye residues as affected by particle size

Effects of contact between the soil and crop residues on the processes of residue decomposition are still poorly understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of residue particle size on the decomposition of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw (C/N=270) and green rye (Secale cereale) residues (C/N=9). Residue particle size was used as a means to vary the contact between crop residues and the soil. Carbon mineralization was measured during 102 d for straw and 65 d for rye, on residues ranging in sizes from laboratory model (0.03 cm) to field-scale (10 cm). The soil was a silt (Typic Hapludalf) and the incubation was performed at 15 °C. The effects of particle size on C mineralization varied for the two residues. In the first two days of incubation, decomposition rate of rye increased with decreasing particle size but thereafter, the trend was reversed. In 65 days, 8% more C was decomposed in the 7-cm residues than in the 0.03-cm ones. For wheat straw, early decomposition (3–17 days) was faster for the small-sized particles (0.06 and 0.1 cm). Thereafter, the largest size classes (5 and 10 cm) decomposed faster. After 102 days, the very fine particles ( 0.1 cm) showed the greatest and the intermediate size classes (0.5 and 1 cm), the lowest amount of C mineralized. We hypothesized that greater availability and accessibility of N was responsible for the higher rates of decomposition observed for finely-ground wheat straw while a physical protection of finely ground residues was probably involved in the observed reverse effect for rye.     

离子注入对小麦当代形态生理影响的初步研究

采用能量为30keV的N+不同剂量(8×1017N+/cm2、10×1017N+/cm2、12×1017N+/cm2)注入小麦种子,研究了离子注入后形态生理变化。结果表明:1.离子注入后小麦的出苗率随着剂量的增加而下降,但均大于80%;2.对麦苗生长有明显的抑制作用;3.离子注入后表皮细胞结构有明显的改变;随着剂量的增加,表皮细胞损伤越来越严重。而且苗期表现和表皮细胞损伤程度是相对应的。     

Nitrogen release from eucalypt leaves and legume residues as influenced by their biochemical quality and degree of contact with soil

Large areas of short-rotation eucalypt plantations are being established in south-western Australia on land previously used for agriculture. Options for maintaining soil N supply include retention of harvest residues and legume inter-cropping. We evaluated the effects of adding the residues of five legume species and Eucalyptus globulusleaves on inorganic N dynamics in two soils (a Rhodic Ferralsol or red earth and a Haplic Podzol or grey sand) using two modes of residue application in a laboratory incubation experiment (519 days). The time course of net N immobilisation and mineralisation in both soils was strongly influenced by the type and mode of application. Eucalypt leaves caused strong N immobilisation (–7 mg N g^–1 residue-C) over the entire 519-day incubation, whereas for the legume species, N that was eventually immobilised at the start of the incubation, remineralised later to different degrees. Amongst the legumes, largest amounts of N were released from lupin residues (18 mg N g^–1 residue-C) and lowest amounts from field pea (2 mg N g^–1 residue-C). However, initial residue quality parameters were not significantly (P > 0.05) correlated with N release from the residues. Grinding and incorporating of the residues caused a much greater immobilisation of N than when residues were cut and surface applied. When ground residues were incorporated, immobilisation of N was more severe and endured for longer in the finer textured red earth than in the coarse textured grey sand. Where residues were surface applied, N dynamics were similar for both soil types. The results of this study suggest that legumes used as a mulch in eucalypt plantations are a readily available source of N for trees, and that the benefits from retention of harvest residues are more likely in maintaining soil N fertility on the long-term.     

Seasonal mycorrhizal colonization of winter wheat and its effect on wheat growth under dryland field conditions

 A field experiment was conducted to determine the seasonal patterns of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) in a dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) system and to determine wheat growth and P uptake responses to inoculation with mycorrhizal fungus. Broadcast-incorporated treatments included (1) no inoculation with mycorrhizal fungus, with and without P fertilizer, and (2) mycorrhizal fungal inoculation at a rate of 5000 spores of Glomus intraradices (Schenck and Smith), per 30 cm in each row, with and without fertilizer P. Winter wheat was seeded within a day after treatments were imposed, and roots were sampled at five growth stages to quantify AM. Shoot samples were also taken for determination of dry matter, grain yield and yield components, and N and P uptake. No AM infection was evident during the fall months following seeding, which was characterized by low soil temperature, while during the spring, the AM increased gradually. Increases in wheat grain yields by enhanced AM were of similar magnitude to the response obtained from P fertilization. However, responses differed at intermediate growth stages. At the tillering stage, P uptake was mainly increased by P fertilization but not by fungal inoculation. At harvest, enhanced AM increased P uptake regardless of whether or not fertilizer P was added. The AM symbiosis increased with rising soil temperatures in the spring, in time to enhance late-season P accumulation and grain production. Accepted: 15 July 1998     

供肥对小麦间作蚕豆群体产量及根系的调控

利用田间,池栽,盆栽等方法,对不同N,P水平下小麦间作蚕豆群体根系的时空分布及产量效应进行了研究。结果表明,供P对小麦-蚕豆间作系统有明显的增产作用,与不供P相比,田间试验中供P处理间作小麦和蚕豆分别提高了48.39%和16.69%,池栽试验中群体产量增产幅度为20.07%-43.14%。间作蚕豆经济产量增幅为58.46%-78.78%,小麦间作蚕豆多作系统2种作物根密度生长高峰期交错出现,小麦的峰值出现早于蚕豆,其中,小麦和蚕豆根干重最大值分别出现在抽穗期和成熟期,而根长的最大值分别出现在拔节期和成熟期,这在一定程度上减轻了共生期2种作物对水肥的竞争,也是此群体增产增效的原因之一,施P处理间作小麦的根重,根长和根表面积分别比不施P处理提高54.33%,48.88%和47.00%;施N处理间作小麦的根重,根长和根表面积分别比不施N的增加15.25%,11.61%和11.46%。间作小麦根重的57.61%和蚕豆的69.20%分布在0-30cm土层,随施P水平的提高,总根干重及根密度都趋于增加,且深层土壤中根系增加明显。     

Development of nitrogen mineralisation gradients through surface soil depth and their influence on surface soil pH

Following mixing of the surface soil to about 7.5 cm depth in the field, soil layers (0–2.5, 2.5–5, 5–10 and 10–15 cm) were separately incubated in the laboratory to determine the rate of development of net N mineralisation gradients through surface soil depth under fallow, wheat and subterranean clover plots. Gradients in net N mineralisation were compared with those observed in the field, and their contribution to the observed pH changes was investigated.Heterotrophic activity, and thus net N mineralisation, decreased only slightly with depth immediately after soil mixing. This pattern persisted over time in soil layers sampled from fallow plots. In contrast, within 1 growing season after soil mixing, heterotrophic activity and net N mineralisation decreased significantly with depth in soil sampled from wheat and clover plots. In 0–15 cm soil sampled from under senescing plants, 32–38% of CO₂-C produced and net N mineralised originated from the surface 2.5 cm, while 52–56% originated from the surface 5 cm of soil. This resulted from an increase of pH and organic substrate concentration within the surface 2.5 cm of soil following plant residue return. Limitations of the in situ measurement of net N mineralisation in fallow soil was identified.Laboratory incubation studies showed that since most net N mineralisation occurred within the surface 2.5 cm of soil under senescing plants, nitrification and acidification were also concentrated at this depth. Despite this, compared to fallow soil, high potential acidification rates of 0–2.5 cm soil under senescing plants were not realised in the field due to the exposure to prolonged dry periods and moist-dry cycles. As a consequence, in the field the large magnitude of surface soil pH gradient which resulted from the return of alkaline plant residues was maintained over summer and autumn.     

Evidence against associative N2 fixation as a significant N source in long-term wheat plots

In monocropped cereal systems, annual N inputs from non-fertilizer sources may be more than 30 kg ha^-1. We examined the possibility that these inputs are due to biological N₂ fixation (BNF) associated with roots or decomposing residues. Wheat was grown under greenhouse conditions in pots (34 cm long by 10 cm diameter) containing soil from a plot cropped to spring wheat since 1911 without fertilization. The roots and soil were sealed from the atmosphere and exposed to a¹⁵N₂-enriched atmosphere for three to four weeks during vegetative, reproductive or post-reproductive stages. This technique permitted detection of as little as 1 μg fixed N plant^-1 in plant material and 40 μg fixed N plant^-1 in soil. No fixation of¹⁵N₂ occurred during either of the first two labelling periods. In the final labelling period, straw returned to the soil was significantly enriched in¹⁵N, especially in a pot with a higher soil moisture content. Total BNF in this pot was 13 μg N plant^-1, or about 30 g N ha^-1. In a separate experiment with soil from the same plot, we detected BNF only when soil was amended with glucose at a high soil moisture content. Measured associative BNF was insufficient to account for observed N gains under field conditions. Lethbridge Research Centre contribution no. 3879488. Lethbridge Research Centre contribution no. 3879488.     

Hydrous and photosynthetic adaptations of common and durum wheat to saline stress

Seven varieties of bred wheat and seven varieties of durum wheat were cultivated in three different sites from the area of Errachidia (southeastern Morocco). These sites differ by the degree of salinity in the irrigation water. Results obtained showed that the reduction in leaf area is the principal strategy that makes it possible to attenuate the effects of the reduction in the availability of water under saline stress. Bread wheat, which limited the reduction in the leaf area, with the risk to undergo some hydrous problems, seems to better preserve its photosynthetic potentialities and grain productivity.     

Influence of nitrogen on the behaviour of nickel in wheat

A glasshouse experiment was conducted to study the effect of Ni on the growth and nutrients concentration in wheat (Triticum aestivum Cv. WH 291) in the presence and absence of applied N as urea. Responses to N application were observed up to 120 g N g^–1 soil. No response to Ni was observed in the dry matter yield of wheat tops (leaves + stem) in the absence of applied N while in the presence of applied N, significant yield increases were obtained at 12.5g Ni g^–1 soil. Nickel was not toxic to wheat up to 50g Ni g^–1 soil in the presence of 120g N g^–1 soil. Nitrogen and Ni concentration in wheat tops and roots increased with increasing levels of applied N and Ni, respectively. Applied Ni had an antagonistic effect on N concentration. Similarly, N reduced the Ni concentration in the wheat tissues. Positive growth responses to Ni were associated with 22 and 15g Ni g^–1 in wheat tops, in the presence of applied N at 60 and 120g N g^–1 soil, while Ni toxicity was associated with 63, 92.5 and 112.5g Ni g^–1 in wheat tops, in the absence and presence of applied N at 60 and 120g N g^–1 soil, respectively.     

水肥空间组合对冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响

以肥熟土垫旱耕人为土为供试土壤,用分层土柱试验法研究了不同土层水分、氮、磷空间组合对冬小麦不同生育时期光合特性及籽粒产量的影响.结果表明:与0～90cm土层整体湿润相比,上干下湿(0～30cm土层干旱胁迫,30～90cm土层湿润)水分处理显著降低了小麦叶片叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、净光合速率(Pn)和籽粒产量.2种水分条件下,氮磷配施处理对叶片SPAD、Pn和小麦籽粒产量的影响最为显著,其次是施磷处理,而施氮处理影响不显著.不同土层施氮在2种水分条件下各指标的变化趋势相同,均表现为0～90cm土层施氮小麦叶片SPAD、Pn及籽粒产量显著高于0～30、30～60和60～90cm土层施氮.不同土层施磷在2种水分条件下各指标的变化趋势也相同,表现为0～90cm土层施磷小麦叶片SPAD、Pn和籽粒产量与0～30cm土层施磷间差异不显著.不同土层氮磷配施在2种水分处理下表现不同:整体湿润条件下0～90cm土层施肥处理的小麦叶片SPAD、Pn及籽粒产量最高,与0～30cm土层差异不显著,但二者均显著高于30～60和60～90cm土层处理;上干下湿条件下各土层施肥处理间小麦叶片SPAD差异不显著,0～90cm土层施肥处理小麦叶片Pn和籽粒产量显著高于30～60cm土层施肥处理,30～60cm土层施肥处理显著高于60～90cm土层施肥处理和不施肥处理.表明在2种土壤水分条件下,氮磷配施时仍应施入0～30cm土层.     

播种量和施氮量对垄沟覆膜栽培冬小麦花后生理性状的影响

为协调冬小麦个体与群体间的关系,充分发挥旱作条件下垄沟栽培优势,以冬小麦品种小偃22为材料,采用二元二次正交旋转组合设计,通过田间试验研究了垄下集中施肥、垄上覆膜、膜际种植模式下播种量和施氮量对冬小麦花后生理性状的影响.结果表明:花后叶面积指数、旗叶叶绿素含量和净光合速率均随施氮量的增加而增加.灌浆前中期叶面积指数随播种量的增加呈先增后稳的趋势;灌浆后期叶面积指数随播种量的增加而降低.随播种量的增加,旗叶的叶绿素含量和净光合速率降低,单株产量呈先减少后增加的趋势.适宜的播种量可以协调个体与群体间的矛盾,而适量增施氮肥有利于花后小麦生理性状的改善和产量的提高.在供试条件下,小偃22在播种量112.5 kg hm-2与施氮量180 ～222 kg N·hm-2配置时,个体与群体的关系比较协调,花后叶面积指数较高,群体结构适宜,而且旗叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率和单茎产量较高,能获得高产.     

施加秸秆和蚯蚓活动对麦田N2O排放的影响

蚯蚓是农田生态系统的重要组成部分,对土壤的碳氮循环和N2O排放起着重要作用。为了研究接种蚯蚓（威廉腔环蚓,Metaphire guillelmi）对农田土壤特性及N2O排放通量的影响,分析蚯蚓在土壤N2O排放中的作用,于2007-2008年冬小麦生长季采用静态箱-气相色谱法,对施用秸秆（表施和混施）并接种蚯蚓后土壤N2O排放通量的变化进行了监测,结果显示接种蚯蚓增加了土壤N2O的排放量。在秸秆表施的情况下,接种蚯蚓处理N2O的排放量最大,全生育期达14.26 kg?hm-2,显著高于未接种蚯蚓处理11.59 kg?hm-2（p<0.05）。在秸秆混施时,接种蚯蚓与未接种蚯蚓的两个处理间N2O排放量在栽培后期差异不显著。接种蚯蚓处理土壤N的矿化作用加强,矿质N含量提高,铵态氮含量比较稳定,硝态氮含量显著提高,表施秸秆接种蚯蚓处理硝态氮含量比未接种处理提高了20.1% （p<0.05）,达到21.13 mg?kg-1,而混施秸秆后接种蚯蚓的硝态氮含量为21.21 mg?kg-1,较未接种处理提高了11.7%。分析表明,硝态氮含量与N2O排放密切相关,接种蚯蚓后N2O排放潜力的提高与蚯蚓活动促进土壤氮素矿化特别是硝态氮含量的增加有关,农田生态系统中蚯蚓对N2O排放的贡献主要体现在促进秸秆混入土壤,从而改变秸秆分解的微域环境,促进反硝化作用并增加N2O的排放。     

土壤水分对强筋小麦‘豫麦34’氮素同化酶活性和籽粒品质的影响

 以强筋型小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种‘豫麦34号’为材料,采用盆栽方法研究了土壤水分对氮素同化酶活性及籽粒品质的影响。结果表明：旗叶硝酸还原酶（NR）活性于花后呈下降趋势,且土壤含水量为田间持水量（FC）60%的处理活性最强,其次为40%FC,活性最低的是80%FC。旗叶和籽粒中谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性于开花15 d前均呈下降趋势,15 d后均为上升趋势,各水分处理间酶活性大小关系是：80%FC＞60%FC＞40%FC。各水分处理间旗叶和籽粒谷氨酸合成酶（GOGAT）活性的大小关系同GS。60%FC籽粒产量及品质最优,80%FC产量次之,40%FC产量最低;40%FC品质次之,80%FC品质最低。不同水分处理下籽粒蛋白质含量与叶片NR、GS 和籽粒GOGAT活性均呈正相关,与旗叶GOGAT活性呈负相关。且40%FC和80%FC下籽粒蛋白质含量只与旗叶GS活性相关性达显著水平, 60%FC下蛋白质含量则与旗叶NR和籽粒GS活性均达显著相关,与旗叶GS活性达极显著相关。     

播种量和施氮量对垄沟覆膜栽培冬小麦花后生理性状的影响

为协调冬小麦个体与群体间的关系,充分发挥旱作条件下垄沟栽培优势,以冬小麦品种小偃22为材料,采用二元二次正交旋转组合设计,通过田间试验研究了垄下集中施肥、垄上覆膜、膜际种植模式下播种量和施氮量对冬小麦花后生理性状的影响.结果表明： 花后叶面积指数、旗叶叶绿素含量和净光合速率均随施氮量的增加而增加.灌浆前中期叶面积指数随播种量的增加呈先增后稳的趋势;灌浆后期叶面积指数随播种量的增加而降低.随播种量的增加,旗叶的叶绿素含量和净光合速率降低,单株产量呈先减少后增加的趋势.适宜的播种量可以协调个体与群体间的矛盾,而适量增施氮肥有利于花后小麦生理性状的改善和产量的提高.在供试条件下,小偃22在播种量112.5 kg·hm-2与施氮量180～222 kg N·hm-2配置时,个体与群体的关系比较协调,花后叶面积指数较高,群体结构适宜,而且旗叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率和单茎产量较高,能获得高产.