金针菇自交后代生物学特性的研究

选用6个生产用金针菇菌种(白色品种菌株F10、F4、FM、F21,黄色品种菌株F29、F3)分别进行自交,对其S1代自交群体的菌丝生长速度、产量、原基发生早晚、农艺性状进行综合分析。结果表明,自交导致后代群体的平均生长速度、平均产量降低。黄色自交子代菌株平均生长速度快于白色自交子代菌株。菌丝生长速度与产量不具有相关性,产量与现原基早晚有较强相关性,相同自交系中黄色品种现原基早于白色品种,F3菌株黄色后代现原基早于白色后代。在各菌株自交子代群体中,FM菌株子代具有高产优势,F3菌株子代有短菌龄优势,F10菌株子代有较好的商品表型特征,可根据育种目标选择自交子代群体中的优势菌株加以利用。     

桦褐孔菌野生分离菌株的比较与栽培选育

通过菌丝形态比较、ISSR分析鉴定及人工驯化栽培选育,对1株野生分离菌株和4株保藏菌株进行比较。结果显示:5个菌株在菌丝形态和长势上差异显著,1号菌株(野生分离)菌丝洁白,长速最快;ISSR扩增图谱谱带差异明显,1号菌株与5号菌株在遗传相似水平85%时聚为1类,其他菌株各自聚为独立1类。驯化栽培试验结果表明:1号菌株出核较快,菌核大,产量高,较其他菌株产量差异显著。被试菌株为各自独立菌株,1号菌株经驯化适宜高产栽培,是重要珍稀野生种质资源。本研究可为野生桦褐孔菌菌株种质资源收集和为实现大规模栽培育种提供亲本资源。     

肺形侧耳‘申秀1号’的选育报告

肺形侧耳Pleurotus pulmonarius‘申秀1号’品种以‘3108’菌株为亲本采用单孢自交育种技术选育,经ISSR鉴定表明与亲本相比具有自身特异性。经多年的示范栽培表明：‘申秀1号’具有产量高（505g/500g干料）、商品性好（一级商品菇比例90%以上）、栽培周期短（冷刺激后4-5d完成采收）、菌丝培养阶段不出菇、冷刺激后出芽整齐、抗逆性强等优良特性,能够满足肺形侧耳温控设施化栽培与常规栽培的高温反季节用种需求。     

香菇数量性状的相关性分析和主成分分析

对110个香菇杂交菌株16个数量性状进行表型、遗传和环境相关性分析及主成分分析。由分析结果可知,单菇鲜重与有关单菇的其他5个性状在表型、遗传和环境等3个方面都存在极显著的正相关,与菇数存在3种极显著的负相关,与CMC酶活性、木聚糖酶活性分别呈显著和极显著遗传负相关。鲜菇总重与出菇期和原基期呈极显著的表型和遗传负相关,与菇数、两种菌丝生长速度及菌盖厚度呈极显著的遗传正相关。结果表明,在香菇育种工作中,菌丝生长速度和酶活性,可以作为对单菇性状和鲜菇总重进行选择的间接指标之一。主成分分析结果表明,16个性状可以缩减为6个主成分,按方差贡献率大小分别命名为单菇、发育、产量、酶活、原基和转色因子,6个主成分的方差累积贡献率为80.75%。在香菇育种中,可以按照育种目标对上述主成分因子或其分量进行单独选择。     

大球盖菇“山农球盖3号”品种的选育

本研究收集了国内外28株大球盖菇菌株,通过SRAP分子标记技术和耐高温递进式循环驯化选择出2株适合的实验材料,采用原生质体融合、原生质体再生技术进行耐高温菌株初选,筛选出2株性状优良的耐高温菌株（S20菌丝耐高温、产量高;R10 I级菇比例高、子实体耐高温）,收集2菌株出菇后的孢子进行单孢杂交,在高温条件下通过多次继代培养和栽培实验,最终确定出J8L4（山农球盖3号）为最优耐高温高产菌株。该菌株能连续7d在最高料温达27-34℃、最高气温达40-47℃条件下生长良好,无杂菌污染,40d出菇,其产量达到14.56kg/m ²,生物转化率为91.03%,优质菇比例为66.21%。研究结果表明,通过多层次的驯化筛选和多项育种技术的综合使用,使得所选菌株的优良性状更显著,遗传稳定性更好。     

黑龙江黑木耳优良菌株筛选研究

在2012年春季初筛和秋季复筛基础上,对选出的4个野生黑木耳菌株和5个栽培品种,以及在多个木耳基地分离获得的7个菌株进行了进一步栽培比较试验。基于菌丝生长速度、长势、拮抗试验、抗菌试验、栽培农艺性状和产量等因素,最终从16个菌株中筛选出适合黑龙江栽培的优良菌株6个,其中野生菌株2个：A14和A15;栽培菌株4个：M23、M43、M44和M46。     

木耳‘农黑1号'的选育报告

黑木耳新品种‘农黑1号'是以黑木耳‘Au5'和‘木耳黑龙3号'作为亲本菌株,通过单孢杂交配对选育而来。工厂化条件下的生产性试验结果表明：‘农黑1号'的第一潮平均鲜耳产量达到322.4g/袋,干耳产量平均为29.0g/袋,出耳率平均为93.3%,生产周期平均为71d。综合来看,‘农黑1号'具有产量高、周期短、出耳率高、一致性好等优点,可作为黑木耳工厂化栽培的优良新品种。     

猴头菌‘川猴菇1号’的选育

猴头菌新品种‘川猴菇1号’是从黑龙江海林市采集到的野生猴头菌（HT2000）经系统选育而成,适宜四川省凉山州地区及类似生态区域栽培。菌丝生长最适温度为20-25℃,出菇最适温度15-20℃,生育期45-50d,单个子实体130-170g,呈白色至黄白色,中实有弹性,生物转化率85%。     

药薯“西蒙一号”

当今食品不单以口味为主,而更注重食品的保健作用与“四化”。也就是高档食品以保健为标准,如低卡路里、无胆固醇、无添加剂、高蛋白、高纤维、多种维生素和矿物质;要求多功能化、组合化、合成化与生物化。在这方面,药用甘薯“西蒙一号”蕴藏着极大的开发潜力。药用甘薯“西蒙一号”（Simonl）是巴西联邦国立农科大学郑西蒙教授发现的一种具独特医疗保健作用的特种甘薯。1973年由日本华裔医学博士杨天和从巴西引至日本,临终前杨天和博士不忘祖国,托人于1982年把该品种从日本带到我国上海农科院。“西蒙一号”的叶片呈心脏形,叶肉肥…     

植物碳氮源浸提液对中国皱木耳“黔皱耳1号”液体培养及漆酶活性的影响

为获得适宜的野生中国皱木耳液体发酵培养基,在常规液体PDA培养基中添加一定量的植物碳氮源浸提液,通过对不同碳氮源及其添加量和正交试验筛选,结果表明培养基中同时添加植物碳源小麦5g/L和氮源麦麸10g/L的配方组合培养6d时,其菌丝球生物量干重最高[(1.158 0±0.156 6) g/100 mL],菌丝球密度高,大小均一;比CK[(0.594 8±0.054 7) g/100 mL]提高了94.69%。各配方漆酶活性9 d内的酶活大小及变化与CK相比有显著不同,植物碳氮源添加物对漆酶的产生有一定的诱导效果,不同诱导培养基下发酵产漆酶活性除玉米粉和CK基质出现先升后降的趋势外,其余均随培养时间的增加,总体呈低幅度的下降趋势。本研究将为中国皱木耳的人工栽培液体菌种生产提供一定的理论基础。     

Extending the hyphal area of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria parva co-cultured with ectomycorrhizosphere bacteria on nutrient agar plate

The members of Proteobacteria have been frequently detected from ectomycorrhizal roots; however, their function in the mycelial growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi remains uncertain. This study examined the extension of the hyphal area of Laccaria parva co-cultured with the ectomycorrhizosphere bacteria. One mycelial disk of L. parva was placed on the center of a plastic dish containing diluted modified Melin-Norkrans agar media, and each bacterial strain was incubated 2?cm away from the mycelial disk at four orthogonal directions. Several strains of Rhizobiaceae, including those closely related to Bradyrhizobium, significantly increased the extension of the hyphal areas of several strains of L. parva; however, the majority of bacteria tended to decrease them. The effects of bacteria on the hyphal growth area differed according to the combination of strains of bacteria and L. parva in several cases, indicating that the interactions between bacteria and L. parva can be specific at the strain level.     

肺形侧耳发酵培养基优化及多糖提取工艺

通过碳源、氮源单因素实验和正交实验,对野生肺形侧耳进行发酵培养基优化。选取浸提时间、浸提温度及液料比3个因素,以胞内粗多糖提取率为指标,采用正交实验设计确定菌丝体胞内多糖提取的最佳工艺。结果表明,适宜肺形侧耳深层发酵的培养基为蔗糖1.5%,麸皮5%,蛋白胨0.6%,KH₂PO₄ 0.15%,MgSO₄ 0.75%,VB₁ 0.01%。胞内多糖提取的最佳工艺为浸提时间2h,液料比50:1,浸提温度90℃,此条件下多糖提取率为34.35%。     

Response to Selection and Inbreeding Depression in a Dynamic Population for Amount of Inbreeding

A method for predicting response to selection and inbreeding depression in a dynamic population for amount of inbreeding was derived and illustrated with an example of selection under full-sib mating.     

Inbreeding levels in Northeast Brazil: Strategies for the prospecting of new genetic disorders

A new autosomal recessive genetic condition, the SPOAN syndrome (an acronym for spastic paraplegia, optic atrophy and neuropathy syndrome), was recently discovered in an isolated region of the State of Rio Grande do Norte in Northeast Brazil, in a population that was identified by the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) as belonging to the Brazilian communities with the highest rates of "deficiencies" (Neri, 2003), a term used to describe diseases, malformations, and handicaps in general. This prompted us to conduct a study of consanguinity levels in five of its municipal districts by directly interviewing their inhabitants. Information on 7,639 couples (corresponding to about 40% of the whole population of the studied districts) was obtained. The research disclosed the existence of very high frequencies of consanguineous marriages, which varied from about 9% to 32%, suggesting the presence of a direct association between genetic diseases such as the SPOAN syndrome, genetic drift and inbreeding levels. This fact calls for the introduction of educational programs for the local populations, as well as for further studies aiming to identify and characterize other genetic conditions. Epidemiological strategies developed to collect inbreeding data, with the collaboration of health systems available in the region, might be very successful in the prospecting of genetic disorders.     

基因组数据揭示肺形侧耳X1野生菌株后代单孢的特异交配型位点

肺形侧耳味道鲜美,营养丰富,深受广大消费者喜爱。它属于四极性异宗结合担子菌,但其交配型位点结构仍未被解析。本研究利用二代测序技术对肺形侧耳的基因组进行测序,通过生物信息学方法找到了肺形侧耳野生菌株X1菌株后代单核菌株的交配型位点。结果显示肺形侧耳的A交配型位点较为特异,2株原生质体单核化菌株（X1-1和X1-15）的A交配型位点结构差异较大,X1-1含一对保守的HD1和HD2基因,而X1-15除了一对HD1和HD2基因外,还含有额外的2个HD2基因和1个HD1基因。肺形侧耳的B交配型位点与其他担子菌的交配型位点相似,含有8个信息素受体基因和1个信息素前体基因。本研究揭示的肺形侧耳特异的交配型位点结构为后期的遗传育种提供了理论依据。     

肺形侧耳线粒体基因组多态性鉴定

线粒体是能量转化与ATP形成的重要场所,已有多种食用真菌的线粒体基因组被相继组装注释,但肺形侧耳的线粒体基因组鲜有报道。本研究对野生肺形侧耳X2菌株的线粒体基因组进行组装并注释,由野生菌株X2与主栽菌株JX线粒体大片段差异序列,构建分子标记来鉴别野生和主栽肺形侧耳菌株。结果显示X2的线粒体基因组为大小75 709bp的闭合环状结构,含有rRNA的大小亚基基因,25个负责携带氨基酸的tRNA基因以及14个常见蛋白编码基因,在cox1基因上含有9个内含子。内含子主要为IB型,包含LAGLIDADG_1 superfamily、GIY-YIG_Cterm superfamily保守结构域。位于菌株X2与JX内含子和基因间区上的大片段差异序列,是造成种内线粒体多态性的主要因素。根据两菌株的差异片段构建系统进化树的结果显示,内含子、rnl-trnX、trnD-atp6序列能够将两株野生菌株和其他主栽菌株区分开,可用于野生肺形侧耳种内鉴定,而且trnD-atp6效果最佳。     

Trait mean depression for second-generation inbred strawberry populations with and without parent selection

 Strawberry genotypes selected for superior fruit yield or chosen at random from first-generation self, full-sib, and half-sib populations were crossed to provide second-generation inbred progenies and composite cross-fertilized control populations. Mean yields for inbred offspring from crosses among selected parents exceeded those from the offspring of unselected parents by 87%, 23%, and 37% for self, full-sib, and half-sib populations, respectively; yields for offspring from unrelated crosses among selected parents were 54% larger than those for crosses among unselected parents. Selection for yield also resulted in significant correlated response for fruit number and plant diameter. Mean yields for second-generation half-sib and full-sib offspring from selected parents were greater than those for offspring from the unselected but non-inbred control population. This suggests that selection can be a powerful force in counteracting most of the inbreeding depression expected in cross-fertilized strawberry breeding programs. Selection treatment× inbreeding rate interactions were non-significant for all traits; thus, selection among partially inbred offspring did not have a large effect on the rate of genetic progress. Differential realized selection intensity among individuals with differing levels of homozygosity accumulated due to inbreeding is suggested as the most likely explanation for the absence of association between pedigree inbreeding coefficients and cross performance detected previously in strawberry. Received: 21 July 1996 / Accepted: 7 March 1997     

刺芹侧耳菌渣对肺形侧耳（秀珍菇）生长和营养成分的影响

以常规棉籽壳培养料为对照,用刺芹侧耳Pleurotus eryngii工厂化生产的废料（简称菌渣）代替部分棉籽壳进行格氏侧耳Pleurotus geesterani栽培试验,并测定格氏侧耳的营养成分。结果表明,供试培养料中菌丝长势均良好,随着菌渣替代比例的增加,菌丝满袋时间、原基出现时间和转潮期缩短,生长周期变短;菌渣代替比例增加,产量呈降低趋势,其中替代比例33%（1:2）和55%（1.2:1）时培养料的生物学效率与对照无显著差异,替代比例55%和78%（3.5:1）时培养料对第四潮和第五潮菇产量影响明显,显著低于对照;供试菌渣培养料栽培格氏侧耳的粗蛋白和总氨基酸含量略高于或显著高于对照,说明添加适量的菌渣栽培格氏侧耳可提高子实体的营养成分。     

Prediction of rates of inbreeding in populations undergoing index selection

For populations undergoing mass selection, previous studies have shown that the rate of inbreeding is directly related to the mean and variance of long-term contributions from ancestors to descendants, and thus prediction of the rate of inbreeding can be achieved via the prediction of long-term contributions. In this paper, it is shown that the same relationship between the rate of inbreeding and long-term contributions is found when selection is based on an index of individual and sib records (index selection) and where sib records may be influenced by a common environment. In these situations, rates of inbreeding may be considerably higher than under mass selection. An expression for the rate of inbreeding is derived for populations undergoing index selection based on variances of (one-generation) family size and incorporating the concept of long-term selective advantage. When the mating structure is hierarchical, and when half-sib records are included in the index, the correlation between parental breeding values and the index values of their offspring is higher for male parents than female parents. This introduces an important asymmetry between the contributions of male and female ancestors to the evolution of inbreeding which is not present when selection is based on individual and/or full-sib records alone. The prediction equation for index selection accounts for this asymmetry. The prediction is compared to rates of inbreeding calculated from simulation. The prediction is good when family size is small relative to the number selected. The reasons for overprediction in other situations are discussed.     

肺形侧耳变温结实相关基因Ppcsl-1的克隆及功能预测

CSL（CBF1/RBP-Jκ/suppressor of hairless/LAG-1）转录因子家族在真菌发育和细胞分化过程中扮演重要角色。前期研究已构建了肺形侧耳变温结实相关消减杂交文库,并从中筛选到一个代表csl基因部分序列的EST。通过TAIL PCR（thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR）技术克隆了该基因（Pleurotus pulmonarius csl-1,简写为 Ppcsl-1）,并利用RACE（rapid-amplification of cDNA ends）技术获得该基因的cDNA全长。Ppcsl-1 cDNA全长2 991bp,编码一个996个氨基酸组成的蛋白（命名为PpCSL-1）。进化分析显示在担子菌CSL中,PpCSL-1与糙皮侧耳Pleurotus ostreatus CSL（PoCSL）亲缘关系最近。荧光定量检测结果表明Ppcsl-1在菌丝经过5℃ 12h冷处理之后的表达量最高,表明其有可能被冷刺激诱导表达并在开启子实体形成的过程中起重要作用。