<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hymenobacter sedentarius</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from a soil

A novel Gram-negative and red-pinkish bacterium designated DG5B^T was isolated from a dry soil. Cells were rods that were catalase- and oxidase-positive, and non-motile. The strain was found to grow at temperatures from 10 to 30°C (optimum 25°C) and pH 6.0–8.0, (optimum pH 7) on R2A broth. 16S rRNA gene sequence (1,452 bp) analysis of this strain identified it as a member of the genus Hymenobacter that belongs to the class Cytophagia. The highest gene sequence similarities were with Hymenobacter arizonensis OR362-8^T (98.3%), Hymenobacter humi DG31A^T (97.6%), and Hymenobacter glaciei VUG-A130^T (96.6%). Strain DG5B^T exhibited <70% DNA-DNA relatedness with H. arizonensis (34.7 ± 7.0%; reciprocally, 29.7 ± 1.2%) and H. humi (39.4 ± 4.3%; reciprocally, 39.5 ± 3.3%) as a different genomic species, and its genomic DNA G+C content was 59.8%. Strain DG5B^T had the following chemotaxonomic characteristics: the major fatty acids are iso-C_15:0, anteiso-C_15:0, C_16:1ω5c, and summed feature 3 (C_16:1ω7c / C_16:1ω6c); polar lipid profile contained phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), unknown aminophospholipid (APL), unknown glycolipids (GL), unknown phospholipids (PL), and unknown polar lipids (L); the major quinone is MK-7. The absorbance peak of pigment is at 481.0 nm. Strain DG5B^T showed low-level resistance to gamma-ray irradiation. Phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genotypic properties indicated that isolate DG5B^T represents a novel species within the genus Hymenobacter for which the name Hymenobacter sedentarius sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DG5B^T (=KCTC 32524^T =JCM 19636^T).     

Microwave electrode discharge in nitrogen: Structure and characteristics of the electrode region

The parameters of the electrode region of an electrode microwave discharge in nitrogen are studied by emission spectroscopy. The radial and axial distributions of the intensities of the bands of the second (N₂(C ³Π _u → B ³Π _g )) and first (N₂(B ³Π _g → A ³Σ _u ⁺ )) positive systems of molecular nitrogen and the first negative system of nitrogen ions (N ₂ ⁺ (B ²Σ _u ⁺ → X ²Σ _g ⁺ )), the radial profiles of the electric field E and the electron density N _e , and the absolute populations of the vibrational levels v _C = 0–4 of the C ³Π _u excited state of N₂ and the vibrational level v _Bi = 0 of the B ²Σ _u ⁺ excited state of a molecular nitrogen ion are determined. The population temperature of the first vibrational level T _V of the ground electronic state X ¹Σ _g ⁺ of N₂ and the excitation temperature T _C of the C ³Π _u state in the electrode region of the discharge are measured. The radius of the spherical region and the spatially integrated plasma emission spectra are studied as functions of the incident microwave power and gas pressure. A method for determining the electron density and the microwave field strength from the plasma emission characteristics is described in detail.     

Effects of interaction of <Emphasis Type="Italic">alc</Emphasis> (alcobaca) keeping-life gene with elevated fruit pigmentation genes

Results of research on the study of the effects of the interaction between the keeping-life gene alc with the elevated fruit pigmentation genes hp, dg, B ^og, and B ^c are presented. It is shown that use of the gene recombinations alc/alc//hp/hp//B ^og/B ^og(B ^c/B ^c) and alc/alc//dg/dg is the most effective means of creating highly commercial, long keeping life varieties of tomato with saturated-red coloring of the fruit.     

Study of the oxidation of alkanes in their mixtures with oxygen and air under the action of a pulsed volume nanosecond discharge

The slow oxidation of alkanes (from methane to hexane) in their stoichiometric mixtures with oxygen or air under the action of nanosecond pulsed discharges was investigated. The discharges were excited in a tube of diameter 5 cm and length of 20 cm by 25-ns voltage pulses with an amplitude of 10 kV and a repetition rate of 40 Hz. The initial pressure in the mixture was varied in the range 0.76–10.1 torr. The current, the electric field strength, and the power deposited in a discharge were measured with a nanosecond time resolution. In time-resolved and time-integrated measurements, the intensities of the following bands were determined: CO ₂ ⁺ (B²Σ → X²Π, δv=0), CH(A²Δ, v′=0 → X²Π, v″=0), OH(A²Σ, v′=0 → X²Π, v″=0), CO(B¹Σ, v′=0 → A¹Π, v″=2), NO(A²Σ → X²Π, δv=3), N₂(C³Π, v′=1 → B³Π, v″=7), N₂(B³Π, v′=6 → A³Σ, v″=3), and N ₂ ⁺ (B²Σ, v′=0 → X²Σ, v″=2). The methane concentration was measured from the absorption of He-Ne laser radiation. Based on the results of optical measurements, the times of the complete oxidation of hydrocarbons were determined.     

A putative <Emphasis Type="Italic">NEM1</Emphasis> homologue regulates lipid droplet biogenesis <Emphasis Type="Italic">via PAH1</Emphasis> in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tetrahymena thermophila</Emphasis>

Nuclear envelope morphology protein 1 (NEM1) along with a phosphatidate phosphatase (PAH1) regulates lipid homeostasis and membrane biogenesis in yeast and mammals. We investigated four putative NEM1 homologues (TtNEM1A, TtNEM1B, TtNEM1C and TtNEM1D) in the Tetrahymena thermophila genome. Disruption of TtNEM1B, TtNEM1C or TtNEM1D did not compromise normal cell growth. In contrast, we were unable to generate knockout strain of TtNEM1A under the same conditions, indicating that TtNEM1A is essential for Tetrahymena growth. Interestingly, loss of TtNEM1B but not TtNEM1C or TtNEM1D caused a reduction in lipid droplet number. Similar to yeast and mammals, TtNem1B of Tetrahymena exerts its function via Pah1, since we found that PAH1 overexpression rescued loss of Nem1 function. However, unlike NEM1 in other organisms, TtNEM1B does not regulate ER/nuclear morphology. Similarly, neither TtNEM1C nor TtNEM1D is required to maintain normal ER morphology. While Tetrahymena PAH1 was shown to functionally replace yeast PAH1 earlier, we observed that Tetrahymena NEM1 homologues did not functionally replace yeast NEM1. Overall, our results suggest the presence of a conserved cascade for regulation of lipid homeostasis and membrane biogenesis in Tetrahymena. Our results also suggest a Nem1-independent function of Pah1 in the regulation of ER morphology in Tetrahymena.     

Association analysis of alcohol metabolizing enzymes <Emphasis Type="Italic">ADH1B,ADH7, CYP2E1</Emphasis> gene polymorphism with risk for coronary atherosclerosis

The allele and genotype distribution of two alcohol dehydrogenase genes ADH1B (exon 3 polymorphism A/G (47His)), ADH7 (intron 5 polymorphism G/C) and cytochrome P450 2E1 gene (CYP2E1; 5′-flanking region G/C and intron 6 T/A polymorphisms) were examined in Russian (Tomsk, n = 125) healthy population and in coronary atherosclerosis patients (CA, n = 92). The genotype frequencies followed the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and the alleles were in linkage equilibrium or gametic equilibrium in the control sample. Only two CYP2E1 gene polymorphisms were in linkage disequilibrium. The frequencies of the derived alleles at ADH1B ^* G (+MslI) allele, CYP2E1 ^* C2 (+PstI) allele and CYP2E1 ^* C (-DraI) allele were 8.48 ± 1.86, 1.20 ± 0.69, and 10.00 ± 1.90%, respectively. The ADH7 gene polymorphism showed a high level of heterozygosity; the frequency of the ADH7 ^* C (-StyI) allele was 44.58 ± 3.21%. A significantly higher frequency of CYP2E1 PstI C2 allele has been revealed in the CA group (P = 0.043; OR = 4.23; 95% CI 1.03–20.01). The tendency to significant effect of A1A2 genotype in ADH1B MslI polymorphism was observed for systolic blood pressure in the control group (P = 0.068). The statistically significant two-way interaction effects of ADH7 StyI and CYP2E1 DraI on diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.029) and on the serum high density lipoprotein level (P = 0.042) were also revealed. Association of A1A2 genotype in ADH1B MslI polymorphism with reduced amount in a serum of a very low density lipoprotein level (P = 0.045) have also been shown. This may result from multifunctional activity of alcohol metabolizing enzymes and their involvement in many metabolic and free radical reactions in the body.     

Localization of magnetized electrons in current filaments as a fundamental cause of Coulomb explosion

Mechanisms for generating current filaments in a dense plasma under the action of focused laser pulses and in a Z-pinch configuration are discussed. The main properties of current filaments with a zero and nonzero electron vorticity Ω _e =B?(c/e)?×p _e that originate at magnetic fields in the range 4πn _e m _e c²?B²?4πn _i m _i c² are investigated under the conditions of Coulomb explosion at currents below the ion Alfvén current. A study is made of the equilibrium configurations of nonquasineutral current filaments in a purely longitudinal (B_z) and a purely azimuthal (B_θ) magnetic field and also in a more general case of a helical magnetic field, having two components, under conditions such that the charge separation occurs on a spatial scale on the order of the magnetic Debye radius r_B ? |B|/(4πen_e. It is shown that strong electric fields generated in the current filaments are comparable in magnitude to the atomic field and are capable of accelerating ions to energies of several tens of megaelectronvolts. The ion dynamics in strong electric fields of the filaments is calculated numerically and is shown to lead to the formation of collisionless shock waves on time scales on the order of several inverse ion plasma frequencies ω _pi ^?1 . The possible formation of current filaments on different spatiotemporal scales is considered.     

Photosynthetic activity of the phytoplankton in the reservoirs of the Volga River

The parameters of the photosynthetic activity per unit of the phytoplankton biomass have been studied for the reservoirs of the Volga River. The wide range of variability is accompanied by most of the values of A/B ratio laying within 0.5–3 mg O₂/(mg · day); the P/B ratio in the photic layer varies as 0.5–3 day^–1 and in the whole water column varies as 1 day^-1. The maximal values have been observed for the reservoirs located in the Upper Volga River. The turnover period of the phytoplankton biomass in the photic zone of the studied reservoirs was 0.2–1.6 day, or in2.1–3.8 times higher than for the whole water column from the surface down to the bottom. The seasonal variability of the A/B and P/B ratios in each reservoir had more pronounced individual variability than the variability observed for the whole cascade during the summer season. The A/B and P/B ratios decrease significantly in the oligotrophic waters to the eutrophic; these ratios have an indicator value.     

Toxin Gene Contents and Activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus thuringiensis</Emphasis> Strains Against Two Sugarcane Borer Species, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Diatraea saccharalis</Emphasis> (F.) and <Emphasis Type="Italic">D. flavipennella</Emphasis> (Box)

Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) bears essential characteristics in the control of insect pests, such as its unique mode of action, which confers specificity and selectivity. This study assessed cry gene contents from Bt strains and their entomotoxicity against Diatraea saccharalis (F.) and Diatraea flavipennella (Box) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bioassays with Bt strains were performed against neonates to evaluate their lethal and sublethal activities and were further analyzed by PCR, using primers to identify toxin genes. For D. saccharalis and D. flavipennella, 16 and 18 strains showed over 30% larval mortality in the 7th day, respectively. The LC₅₀ values of strains for D. saccharalis varied from 0.08 × 10⁵ (LIIT-0105) to 4104 × 10⁵ (LIIT-2707) spores + crystals mL^?1. For D. flavipennella, the LC₅₀ values of strains varied from 0.40 × 10⁵ (LIIT-2707) to 542 × 10⁵ (LIIT-2109) spores + crystals mL^?1. For the LIIT-0105 strain, which was the most toxic to D. saccharalis, the genes cry1Aa, cry1Ab, cry1Ac, cry1B, cry1C, cry1D, cry1F, cry1I, cry2Aa, cry2Ab, cry8, and cry9C were detected, whereas for the strain LIIT-2707, which was the most toxic to D. flavipennella, detected genes were cry1Aa, cry1Ab, cry1Ac, cry1B, cry1D, cry1F, cry1I, cry2Aa, cry2Ab, and cry9. The toxicity data and toxin gene content in these strains of Bt suggest a great variability of activity with potential to be used in the development of novel biopesticides or as source of resistance genes that can be expressed in plants to control pests.     

A Planar Source of Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Jet

In a single-barrier discharge with voltage sharpening and low gas consumption (up to 1 L/min), plane atmospheric pressure plasma jets with a width of up to 3 cm and length of up to 4 cm in air are formed in the slit geometry of the discharge zone. The energy, temperature, and spectral characteristics of the obtained jets have been measured. The radiation spectrum contains intense maxima corresponding to vibrational transitions of the second positive system of molecular nitrogen N₂ (C³Π _u → B³Π _g ) and comparatively weak transition lines of the first positive system of the N ₂ ⁺ ion (B²Σ _u ⁺ → X²Σ _g ). By an example of inactivation of the Staphylococcus aureus culture (strain ATCC 209), it is shown that plasma is a source of chemically active particles providing the inactivation of microorganisms.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hymenobacter agri</Emphasis> sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from soil

A bacterial isolate was recovered from a soil sample collected in Jeollabuk-do Province, South Korea, and subjected to polyphasic taxonomic assessment. Cells of the isolate, designated strain S1-2-1-2-1^T, were observed to be rod-shaped, pink in color, and Gram-stain negative. The strain was able to grow at temperature range from 10 to 30 °C, with an optimum of 25 °C, and growth occurred at pH 6–8. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain S1-2-1-2-1^T belongs to the genus Hymenobacter, with closely related type strains being Hymenobacter daeguensis 16F3Y-2^T (95.8% similarity), Hymenobacter rubidus DG7B^T (95.8%), Hymenobacter soli PB^T (95.7%), Hymenobacter terrenus MIMtkLc17^T (95.6%), Hymenobacter terrae DG7A^T (95.3%), and Hymenobacter saemangeumensis GSR0100^T (95.2%). The genomic DNA G+C content of strain S1-2-1-2-1^T was 63.0 mol%. The main polar lipid of this strain was phosphatidylethanolamine, the predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone-7, and the major fatty acids were C_15:0 iso (27.3%), summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c/C_16:1 ω6c) (16.5%), C_15:0 anteiso (15.3%), and C_16:0 (14.7%), supporting the affiliation of this strain with the genus Hymenobacter. The results of this polyphasic analysis allowed for the genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain S1-2-1-2-1^T from recognized Hymenobacter species. On the basis of its phenotypic properties, genotypic distinctiveness, and chemotaxonomic features, strain S1-2-1-2-1^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter agri sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S1-2-1-2-1^T (=KCTC 52739^T?=?JCM 32194^T).     

Autocrine Survival Factors of a Cytotoxic CTLL-2 Cell Line

Cell survival in multicellular organisms is controlled by numerous cytokines, growth factors, and autocrine survival factors. Autocrine survival factors remain the least studied. The aim of this work was to study the autocrine factors which control survival of a CTLL-2 cytotoxic cell line: isolation and characterization of biologic activity along with physicochemical features of the active molecules have been performed. The conditioned medium of CTLL-2 cells containing autocrine factors was separated by gel filtration into four fractions: A, B, C, and D (according to the order of their efflux from the column). The biological activity of the fractions was tested by the MTT assay with the low density 5 days culture as a cell survival model. The testing of the ability of the fractions to support the cell survival in culture has shown that fractions A and B were active, whereas fractions C and D were not. The presence of a peptide of the molecular mass of 1157 Da in active fractions A and B has been detected by MALDI-TOF-mass-spectrometry. Considerable amount of lactate in fractions A and B, which flowed out from the column along with the peptide, has been detected with an enzymatic lactic acid assay. The lactate concentration in fraction A was 3.72 ± 0.11 mM and it was 0.83 ± 0.06 mM in fraction B. The obtained data suggest that fractions A and B contain supramolecular complexes of the peptide (M 1157 Da) with different lactate content. The peptide in a free form has not been found in the CTLL-2 cell conditioned medium.     

Community and hospital acquired methicillin resistant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Staphylococcus aureus</Emphasis> efficiently retain the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Van A</Emphasis> determinant

Dissemination of vancomycin resistance from hospital to community strains is a serious threat to public health. Our study aimed to provide evidence for transmission of Van A type resistance from the hospital to the community. Wild-type community and hospital associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains were studied in vitro and in a model that mimicked a natural environment to ascertain their ability to acquire and maintain the vancomycin resistance determinant (Van A gene) from vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis. Fitness was assessed and the cost of Van A acquisition and retention was estimated. In vitro mating experiments were carried out using a filter mating technique and a model of a natural water body environment. Transfer of resistance was carried out in two different conditions: restricted and favorable. Transconjugants were confirmed by E test and PCR using specific primer sets. Growth kinetics and fitness measurements were done by spectrometric analysis. Using the in vitro filter mating technique, high transfer frequencies that ranged from 0.7 × 10^–3(0.0006) to 3.1 × 10^–4(0.00011) were recorded, with the highest transfer frequencies for CA MRSA (thermosensitively homogenous) (0.7 × 10^–3), and 1.2 × 10^–4 to 2.4 × 10^–6 in the model. HA MRSA (homogenous) showed a greater capacity (3.6 × 10^–4) to receive the Van A gene, while CA MRSA showed a reduced ability to maintain the gene after serial subcultures. CA and HA thermosensitively heterogeneous MRSA transconjugants exhibited higher growth rates. The present study provides evidence for the enhanced ability of CA and HA MRSA clones to acquire and maintain Van A type resistance.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Halomonas tibetensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from saline lakes on Tibetan Plateau

Strains pyc13^T and ZGT13 were isolated from Lake Pengyan and Lake Zigetang on Tibetan Plateau, respectively. Both strains were Gram-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, nonmotile, and nonflagellated bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains pyc13^T and ZGT13 belong to the genus Halomonas, with Halomonas alkalicola 56-L4-10aEn^T as their closest neighbor, showing 97.4% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. The predominant respiratory quinone of both strains was Q-9, with Q-8 as a minor component. The major fatty acids of both strains were C_18:1ω6c/C_18:1ω7c, C_16:1ω6c/C_16:1ω7c, C_16:0, and C_12:0 3OH. The polar lipids of both strains consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, glycolipid, phospholipids of unknown structure containing glucosamine, and unidentified phospholipids. The DNA G + C content of pyc13^T and ZGT13 were 62.6 and 63.4 mol%, respectively. The DNA-DNA hybridization values of strain pyc13^T were 34, 41, 61, 35, and 35% with the reference strains H. alkalicola 56-L4-10aEn^T, H. sediminicola CPS11^T, H. mongoliensis Z-7009^T, H. ventosae Al12^T, and H. fontilapidosi 5CR^T, respectively. Phenotypic, biochemical, genotypic, and DNA-DNA hybridization data showed that strains pyc13^T and ZGT13 represent a new species within the genus Halomonas, for which the name H. tibetensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is pyc13^T (= CGMCC 1.15949^T = KCTC 52660^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hymenobacter terrigena</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from soil

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rodshaped, aerobic bacterial strain, designated S1-2-2-5^T, was isolated from the Jeollabuk-do province, Republic of Korea, and was characterized taxonomically using a polyphasic approach. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain S1-2-2-5^T belonged to the family Cytophagaceae in phylum Bacteroidetes, and was most closely related to Hymenobacter terrae DG7A^T (98.2%), Hymenobacter rubidus DG7B^T (98.0%), Hymenobacter soli PB17^T (97.7%), Hymenobacter daeguensis 16F3Y-2^T (97.2%) and Hymenobacter saemangeumensis GSR0100^T (97.0%). The G + C content of the genomic DNA of strain S1-2-2-5^T was 59.4 mol%. The detection of menaquinone MK-7 as the predominant respiratory quinone, a fatty acid profile with summed feature 3 (C_16:1ω7c/C_16:1ω6c; 32.0%), C_15:0 iso (19.0%), and C_15:0 anteiso (15.0%) as the major components, and a polar lipid profile with phosphatidylethanolamine as the major component supported the affiliation of strain S1-2-2-5^T to the genus Hymenobacter. The DNA-DNA relatedness between strain S1-2-2-5^T and H. terrae KCTC 32554^T, H. rubidus KCTC 32553^T, H. soli KCTC 12607^T, H. daeguensis KCTC 52537^T, and H. saemangeumensis KACC 16452^T were 49.5, 48.2, 34.1, 28.1, and 31.8% respectively, clearly showing that the isolate is not related to them at the species level. Strain S1-2-2-5^T could be clearly differentiated from its closest neighbors on the basis of its phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic features. Therefore, strain S1-2-2-5^T represents a novel species of the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter terrigena sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S1-2-2-5^T (= KCTC 52737^T = JCM 32195^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Viridibacterium curvum</Emphasis> gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from freshwater

A Gram stain-negative, yellowish green-pigmented, facultatively anaerobic, motile, curved rod-shaped bacterium designated as strain JJ016^T was isolated from an artificial lake in South Korea, and characterized using a polyphasic approach. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain JJ016^T indicated that the isolate belonged to the family Rhodocyclaceae and exhibited 95.0% identity to Uliginosibacterium gangwonense 5YN10-9^T. The major cellular fatty acids of the novel strain were summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω6c and/or C_16:1 ω7c), C_16:0, C_14:0, and summed feature 8 (C_18:1 ω7c and/or C_18:1 ω6c). The DNA G+C content of strain JJ016^T was 61.9 mol%. The major respiratory quinone and major polar lipid of strain JJ016^T were ubiquinone-8 and phosphatidylethanolamine, respectively. Based on the morphological and physiological properties and the biochemical evidence presented, we concluded that strain JJ016^T represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Rhodocyclaceae, for which the name Viridibacterium curvum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JJ016^T (=KACC 16899^T =JCM 18715^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gallaecimonas mangrovi</Emphasis> sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from mangrove sediment

A Gram-stain negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, strictly aerobic bacterium HK-28^T was isolated from a mangrove sediment sample in Haikou city, Hainan Province, China. Strain HK-28^T was able to grow at 10–45 °C (optimum 25–30 °C), pH 5.0–8.5 (optimum 6.0–7.0) and 0.5–12.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 1.0–3.0%, w/v). The major cellular fatty acids were C_16:0, Summed Feature 8 (C_18:1 ω7c and/or C_18:1 ω6c), Summed Feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c), C_17:0, C_12:0 3-OH and C_17:1ω8c. Ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) was the predominant respiratory quinone. The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminophospholipids, four unidentified phospholipids, two unidentified glycolipid, an unidentified glycophospholipid, an unidentified aminolipid and an unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content was 50.2 mol%. Accoroding to 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, strain HK-28^T shared 97.1 and 96.7% sequence similarities to the validly named species Gallaecimonas xiamenensis MCCC 1A01354^T and Gallaecimonas pentaromativorans MCCC 1A06435^T, respectively, and shared lower sequence similarities (<?92.0%) to all other genera. Phylogenetic analysis showed strain HK-28^T was clustered with G. pentaromativorans MCCC 1A06435^T and G. xiamenensis MCCC 1A01354^T. Strain HK-28^T showed low DNA–DNA relatedness with G. xiamenensis MCCC 1A01354^T (28.3?±?1.5%) and G. pentaromativorans MCCC 1A06435^T (25.2?±?2.4%). On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic characteristics, strain HK-28^T is considered to represent a novel species in the genus Gallaecimonas, for which the name Gallaecimonas mangrovi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HK-28^T (=?KCTC 62177^T?=?MCCC 1K03441).     

Isolation and characterisation of non-anaerobic butanol-producing symbiotic system TSH06

Butanol-producing microorganisms are all obligate anaerobes. In this study, a unique symbiotic system TSH06 was isolated to be capable of producing butanol under non-anaerobic condition. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) revealed that two strains coexist in TSH06. The two strains were identical to Clostridium acetobutylicum and Bacillus cereus, respectively. They were isolated individually and named as C. acetobutylicum TSH1 and B. cereus TSH2. C. acetobutylicum TSH1 is a butanol-producing, obligate anaerobic strain. Facultative anaerobic B. cereus TSH2 did not possess the ability of butanol production; however, it offered C. acetobutylicum TSH1 the viability under non-anaerobic condition. Moreover, B. cereus TSH2 enhanced butanol yield and speed of fermentation. TSH06 produced 12.97 g/L butanol and 15.39 g/L total solvent under non-anaerobic condition, which is 25 and 24 %, respectively, higher than those of C. acetobutylicum TSH1. In addition, TSH06 produced butanol faster under non-anaerobic condition than under anaerobic condition. Butanol accounted for more than 80 % of total solvent, which is higher than the known report. TSH06 was stable during passage. In all, TSH06 is a promising candidate for industrialisation of biobutanol with high yield, high butanol proportion, easy-handling and time-saving system. These results demonstrated the potential advantage of symbiosis. This study also provides a promising strategy for butanol fermentation.     

Description of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hymenobacter daejeonensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from grass soil,based on multilocus sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, <Emphasis Type="Italic">gyr</Emphasis>B and <Emphasis Type="Italic">tuf</Emphasis> genes

A polyphasic taxonomic study was carried out on strains PB105^T and PB108 isolated from a grass soil in Korea. The cells of the strains were Gram-stain negative, non-spore-forming, non-motile, and rod-shaped. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence studies showed a clear affiliation of these strains with Bacteroidetes, which showed high pairwise sequence similarities with Hymenobacter algoricola VUG-A23a^T (99.2%), Hymenobacter fastidiosus VUG-A124a^T (97.4%), and Hymenobacter daecheongensis Dae14^T (96.9%). The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strains formed a clear phylogenetic lineage with the genus Hymenobacter. The major fatty acids were identified as C_15:0 iso, C_15:0 anteiso, C_16:1 ω5c, C_15:0 iso 3-OH, C_17:0 iso 3-OH, summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω6c and/or C_16:1 ω7c/t), and summed feature 4 (C_17:1 anteiso B and/or C_17:1 iso I). The major cellular polar lipids were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminolipid, and two unidentified lipids. The respiratory quinone was identified as MK-7 and the genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 64.5 mol% for strain PB105^T and 64.1 mol% for strain PB108. DNA–DNA hybridization value of type strain PB105^T with H. algoricola VUG-A23a^T was 32.3% (reciprocal 39.2). Based on the combined genotypic and phenotypic data, we propose that strains PB105^T and PB108 represent a novel species of the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter daejeonensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PB105^T (=?KCTC 52579^T?=?JCM 31885^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Limnobacter humi</Emphasis> sp. nov., a thiosulfate-oxidizing,heterotrophic bacterium isolated from humus soil,and emended description of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Limnobacter</Emphasis> Spring <Emphasis Type="Italic">et al.</Emphasis> 2001

Three Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, chemolithoheterotrophic bacterial strains, designated UCM-30, UCM-33, and UCM-39^T, were isolated in South Korea. Based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences, the three isolated strains were found to be similar to Limnobacter thiooxidans CS-K2^T (97.41–97.68%), Limnobacter litoralis KP1-19^T (95.55–95.76%), and various genera belonging to the class Betaproteobacteria (90.34–93.34%). DNA-DNA hybridization showed 79.3–83.9% similarity between the genomic DNA of UCM-39^T, UCM-30, and UCM-33, while the sequence similarity between UCM-39^T and L. thiooxidans KACC 13837T or L. litoralis LMG 24869T was 23.7% and 18.6%, respectively. The DNA G+C content of UCM 39T was 59.7 mol%, the major ubiquinone was Q-8, and the optimal oxidation rate was observed at 10 mM thiosulfate. The major fatty acids (≥ 10%) were summed features 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c) and 8 (C_18:1 ω7c and/or C_18:1 ω6c), and C_16:0. The major polar lipids (diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol) were found in all members of genus Limnobacter. Based on phenotypic, physiological, and phylogenetic analyses, the UCM-39T strain was found to be significantly distinct to represent a novel species affiliated to the genus Limnobacter. We propose to name it Limnobacter humi sp. nov. with the type strain UCM-39^T (=KACC 18574^T =NBRC 111650^T).