Measurements of the microwave power absorbed by a plasma during second harmonic ECR heating in the L-2M stellarator

Comparative measurements of the absorbed microwave power are performed using the diamagnetic diagnostics and a multichannel diagnostics receiving the second harmonic electron cyclotron emission from the plasma. The specific features of the experiments and the results obtained are discussed.     

Toroidal inhomogeneity of plasma density fluctuations during ECR plasma heating in the L-2M stellarator

Correlation between short-wavelength (k_⊥ ≈ 20–30 cm^–1) and long-wavelength (k_⊥ ≈ 1–2 cm^–1) plasma density fluctuations in two poloidal cross sections of the stellarator chamber separated by 1/14 or 5/14 of the torus perimeter was studied using collective scattering of radiation of two 75-GHz gyrotrons and radiation of a 37-GHz Doppler reflectometer at an ECR heating power density of 1.6–3.2 MW/m³. It is found that excitation of turbulent fluctuations is bursty in character and that fluctuations excited in different L-2M cross sections are uncorrelated. It is shown that the energy of turbulent fluctuations is modulated by a low frequency of 5–20 kHz. An idea is put forward that anomalous transport is toroidally inhomogeneous.     

ECR heating of a dense plasma by helicon waves

Eigenmodes of an axisymmetric plasma column that is uniform along the magnetic field are investigated. It is shown that, as the plasma density increases, eigenmodes with frequencies close to the electron gyrofrequency tend to localize at the plasma periphery. This effect is likely to restrict the electron density at which the plasma can be heated by means of such modes. A theory is developed for the excitation of the eigenmodes of a plasma column in a weakly nonuniform magnetic field by an external antenna.     

Deviation of the electron energy distribution function from maxwellian during ECR heating in the L-2M stellarator in regimes with a high specific heating power

In the previous experiments on ECR heating of a low-density plasma with n _e =(0.3?0.5)×10¹⁹ m^?3 in the L-2M stellarator, the electron temperature profile measured from the intensity of electron cyclotron emission was found to be asymmetric about the magnetic axis and the electron temperature measured by this diagnostics turned out to be higher than that expected from diamagnetic measurements. To find out the character of distortion of the electron energy distribution function, the soft X-ray spectrum was measured in regimes with large values of the specific heating power η (1.5 MW per 10¹⁹ particles). Under these conditions, the X-ray spectrum plotted on a semilogarithmic scale has no linear segments in the photon energy range from 1.5 to 12 keV. This indicates that the electron distribution function is non-Maxwellian over the entire energy range under study.     

Stability and variations of plasma parameters in the L-2M stellarator during excitation of the induction current in the regime of ECR plasma heating

Results are presented from experimental studies of variations in the plasma parameters during the excitation of a multiaxis magnetic configuration by the induction current (up to 17 kA) in the basic magnetic configuration of the L-2M stellarator in the regime of ECR heating at a microwave power of ～200 kW (～1 MW m^?3) and an average plasma density of (1–2) × 10¹⁹ m^?3. The current direction was chosen to reduce the net rotational transform (the so-called “negative“ current). The current was high enough for the rotational transform to change its sign inside the plasma column. Computer simulations of the L-2M magnetic structure showed that the surface with a zero rotational transform is topologically unstable and gives rise to magnetic islands, i.e., to a multiaxis magnetic configuration. Magnetic measurements showed that, at negative currents above 10 kA, intense bursts of MHD oscillations with a clearly defined toroidal mode number n = 0 were observed in the frequency range of several kilohertz. Unfortunately, the experimental data are insufficient to draw the final conclusion on the transverse structure of these oscillations. The radial temperature profiles along the stellarator major radius in the equatorial plane were studied. It is found that the electron temperature decreases by a factor of 1.3 in the plasma core (r/a ≤ 0.6) and that the temperature jump is retained near the boundary. A change in turbulent fluctuations of the plasma density during the excitation of a negative current was studied using wave scattering diagnostics. It is found that the probability density function of the increments of fluctuations in the plasma core differs from a Gaussian distribution. The measured distribution is heavy-tailed and broadens in the presence of the current. It is found that the spectrum of turbulent fluctuations and their Doppler shift near the plasma boundary are nonuniform in the radial direction. This may be attributed to the shear of the poloidal velocity. The experimental results indicate that the formation of regions with a zero rotational transform in the plasma core somewhat intensifies plasma transport.     

Spatial distribution of the RF power absorbed in a helicon plasma source

The spatial distributions of the RF power absorbed by plasma electrons in an ion source operating in the helicon mode (ω _ci < ω < ω _ce < ω _pe ) are studied numerically by using a simplified model of an RF plasma source in an external uniform magnetic field. The parameters of the source used in numerical simulations are determined by the necessity of the simultaneous excitation of two types of waves, helicons and Trivelpiece-Gould modes, for which the corresponding transparency diagrams are used. The numerical simulations are carried out for two values of the working gas (helium) pressure and two values of the discharge chamber length under the assumption that symmetric modes are excited. The parameters of the source correspond to those of the injector of the nuclear scanning microprobe operating at the Institute of Applied Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. It is assumed that the mechanism of RF power absorption is based on the acceleration of plasma electrons in the field of a Trivelpiece-Gould mode, which is interrupted by pair collisions of plasma electrons with neutral atoms and ions of the working gas. The simulation results show that the total absorbed RF power at a fixed plasma density depends in a resonant manner on the magnetic field. The resonance is found to become smoother with increasing working gas pressure. The distributions of the absorbed RF power in the discharge chamber are presented. The achievable density of the extracted current is estimated using the Bohm criterion.     

ECR heating power modulation as a means to ease the overcoming of the radiation barrier in fusion devices

A method is proposed to ease the overcoming of the impurity radiation barrier during current drive in tokamaks, as well as in alternative fusion and plasmochemical systems with ECR plasma heating. The method is based on the fact that the dependence of the ionization rate on the electron temperature is strongly nonlinear and the dependence of the recombination rate on the latter is weaker. The result is that, during temperature oscillations, the effective temperature for ionization-recombination processes is higher than that in a steady state, so the ionization equilibrium is shifted and strongly emitting ions are stripped more rapidly. Thereby, ECR plasma heating in the initial discharge stage can be made more efficient by modulating the heating power at a low frequency. The evolution of the electron temperature in a homogeneous hydrogen plasma with a carbon impurity and in small ISX-scale tokamaks is simulated numerically, as well as the evolution of the electron and ion temperatures and of the current during discharge startup in the ITER device. Numerical simulations of the effect of modulation of the ECR heating power on the rate of heating of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon plasmas were also carried out. The assumption of coronal equilibrium is not used. It is shown that the low-frequency modulation of the heating power can substantially ease the overcoming of the radiation barrier.     

Distribution of the absorbed ECRH power among the electrons in a plasma heated by an extraordinary wave

A study is made of the one-dimensional linear problem of the absorption of the energy of an extraordinary wave propagating along a nonuniform magnetic field by a plasma in the ECR region. The plasma electrons are assumed to be nonrelativistic and are described by a collisionless kinetic equation. The distribution of the absorbed power among the electrons and the distribution of the self-consistent field over the confinement system are obtained. The conditions under which the ECRH power is distributed uniformly among the bulk electrons are determined. The limits of applicability of the locally nonuniform magnetic field approximation are established. The solutions derived are compared with the solution to an analogous problem with the collisional absorption mechanism.     

Electron paramagnetic resonance measurements of absorbed dose in teeth from citizens of Ozyorsk

In 1945, within the frame of the Uranium Project for the production of nuclear weapons, the Mayak nuclear facilities were constructed at the Lake Irtyash in the Southern Urals, Russia. The nuclear workers of the Mayak Production Association (MPA), who lived in the city of Ozyorsk, are the focus of epidemiological studies for the assessment of health risks due to protracted exposure to ionising radiation. Electron paramagnetic resonance measurements of absorbed dose in tooth enamel have already been used in the past, in an effort to validate occupational external doses that were evaluated in the Mayak Worker Dosimetry System. In the present study, 229 teeth of Ozyorsk citizens not employed at MPA were investigated for the assessment of external background exposure in Ozyorsk. The annually absorbed dose in tooth enamel from natural background radiation was estimated to be (0.7 ± 0.3) mGy. For citizens living in Ozyorsk during the time of routine noble gas releases of the MPA, which peaked in 1953, the average excess absorbed dose in enamel above natural background was (36 ± 29) mGy, which is consistent with the gamma dose obtained by model calculations. In addition, there were indications of possible accidental gaseous MPA releases that affected the population of Ozyorsk, during the early and late MPA operation periods, before 1951 and after 1960.     

Additional ECR heating of a radially inhomogeneous plasma via the absorption of satellite harmonics of the surface flute modes in a rippled magnetic field

A theoretical study is made of the possibility of additional heating of a radially inhomogeneous plasma in confinement systems with a rippled magnetic field via the absorption of satellite harmonics of the surface flute modes with frequencies below the electron gyrofrequency in the local resonance region, ε₁ (r ₁) = [2πc/(ωL)]², where ε₁ is the diagonal element of the plasma dielectric tensor in the hydrodynamic approximation, L is the period of a constant external rippled magnetic field, and the radical coordinate r ₁ determines the position of the local resonance. It is found that the high-frequency power absorbed near the local resonance is proportional to the square of the ripple amplitude of the external magnetic field. The mechanism proposed is shown to ensure the absorption of the energy of surface flute modes and, thereby, the heating of a radially inhomogeneous plasma.     

Influence of the pulsating electric field on the ECR heating in a nonuniform magnetic field

According to a computer simulation, the randomized pulsating electric field can strongly influence the ECR plasma heating in a nonuniform magnetic field. It has been found out that the electron energy spectrum is shifted to the high energy region. The obtained effect is intended to be used in the ECR sources for effective X-ray generation.     

Jump in transport coefficients in discharges with ECR heating in the T-10 tokamak

Abstrac Transient processes after off-axis ECR heating in the T-10 tokamak is switched on or off are analyzed. It is found that the transient processes have the following two characteristic features. First, transport coefficients undergo a jump, thereby driving the evolution of the initial steady-state distributions of the plasma parameters. Second, the evolution of the original configuration is accompanied by ECR heating of the plasma. A mathematical model is proposed that takes into account the jump in transport coefficients over the entire cross section of the plasma column and adequately describes this transient process. An analysis of the experimental data confirms the validity of the model equations formulated here. It is shown that, without invoking the jump in transport coefficients after off-axis ECR heating is switched on or off, it is impossible to describe the experimentally observed opposite-sign changes in the electron temperature at the center of the plasma column and in the ECR heating region. __________ Translated from Fizika Plazmy, Vol. 28, No. 5, 2002, pp. 403–418. Original Russian Text Copyright ? 2002 by Andreev, Dnestrovskij, Razumova, Sushkov.     

Golgi membranes are absorbed into and reemerge from the ER during mitosis

Quantitative imaging and photobleaching were used to measure ER/Golgi recycling of GFP-tagged Golgi proteins in interphase cells and to monitor the dissolution and reformation of the Golgi during mitosis. In interphase, recycling occurred every 1.5 hr, and blocking ER egress trapped cycling Golgi enzymes in the ER with loss of Golgi structure. In mitosis, when ER export stops, Golgi proteins redistributed into the ER as shown by quantitative imaging in vivo and immuno-EM. Comparison of the mobilities of Golgi proteins and lipids ruled out the persistence of a separate mitotic Golgi vesicle population and supported the idea that all Golgi components are absorbed into the ER. Moreover, reassembly of the Golgi complex after mitosis failed to occur when ER export was blocked. These results demonstrate that in mitosis the Golgi disperses and reforms through the intermediary of the ER, exploiting constitutive recycling pathways. They thus define a novel paradigm for Golgi genesis and inheritance.     

Determination of the plasma velocity in an imploding wire array from magnetic field measurements by a gradient probe

A method for measuring the gradient of the magnetic field in the plasma of an imploding wire array is described. Results from measurements of the magnitude and gradient of the magnetic field in a tungsten wire array on the Angara-5-1 facility at currents of ∼3 MA are presented. A novel method for calculating the velocity of the current-carrying plasma in the framework of MHD equations from data on the magnitude and gradient of the magnetic field at a certain point inside the array is proposed. It is demonstrated that a gradient magnetic probe can be used to investigate the plasma current sheath in plasma focus facilities.     

Determination of sex from arm bone measurements

Discriminant function analysis has been applied to numerous dimensions of the cranial and postcranial skeleton for sex determination of U.S. blacks and whites and is extended here to five measurements of the arm and wrist. These include maximum lengths of the long arm bones in addition to two measurements that reflect wrist breadth. Our results indicate that whites are more accurately classified than blacks, but seven of the 31 possible measurement combinations common to both groups yield functions with sex prediction accuracies comparable to most, but not all, functions based on other parts of the skeleton.     

Determination of maximal aerobic power during upper-body exercise

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate four protocols for their effectiveness in eliciting maximal aerobic power (peak VO2) during arm-crank exercise. Comparisons were made 1) between a continuous (CON) and an intermittent (INT) protocol (both employed a crank rate of 50 rpm) and 2) among the CON protocols employing crank rates of 30, 50, or 70 rpm. For the first group of experiments no significant (P greater than 0.05) differences were found between the CON and INT protocols for peak VO2, maximal pulmonary ventilation (VEmax), maximal heart rate (HRmax), or maximal blood lactate (LAmax) responses. For the second group of experiments, the CON-50 was compared with the CON-30 and CON-70 protocols. In comparison to the CON-50, significantly higher peak VO2 (+10%) and VEmax (+14%) responses were elicited by the CON-70 protocol, whereas significantly lower peak VO2 (-11%), VEmax (-23%), HRmax (-8%), and LAmax (-29%) responses were elicited by the CON-30 protocol. Of the arm-crank protocols examined the combination of a continuous design and a crank rate of 70 rpm provided the most effective protocol to elicit peak VO2 values.     

Heat transport from the region of local electron heating in a plasma

The initial stage of the one-dimensional expansion of a hot electron cloud into a “warm” plasma (i.e., into a plasma with a finite electron temperature) is studied with allowance for plasma turbulence. It is shown that, in a nonturbulent plasma or in a plasma with sufficiently weak turbulence, counterstreaming warm plasma flows interpenetrate one another; in this process, the plasma flows are accelerated and form beams escaping from the heating region. A stronger turbulence gives rise to electron heat waves that also propagate away from the heating region.