46,XY女性性反转患者SRY基因启动子区一个新的点突变及其功能分析

通过ＤＮＡ序列测定在一名４６,ＸＹ女性反转患ＳＲＹ基因启动子区发现了一个新的突变：ｎｔ－８１Ｇ－Ａ。该突变不见于正常男性,因此不是ＤＮＡ多态性。为了检测这一点突变对ＳＲＹ基因表达功能的影响,构建了分别由正常或突变的人ＳＲＹ基因启动子区片段调控氯霉素乙酰转移酶报告基因表达的两个质粒,寡核苷酸探针杂交证实该启动子片段正常或携带有Ｇ－Ａ突变。     

一例性反转畸形SRY基因片段的扩增、克隆和核苷酸序列分析

在哺乳动物中,位于Ｙ染色体上的指导雄性性别分化的基因被命名为睾丸决定因子（Ｔｅｓｔｉｓ－ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｉｎｇｆａｃｔｏｒ,ＴＤＦ）１９９０年６月分离获得的ＳＲＹ基因（Ｓｅｘ－ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｉｎｇｒｅｇｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅＹ）被认为是ＴＤＦ基因最好的候选者［１－４］。ＳＲＹ基因为单拷贝,位于Ｙ染色体短臂末端１Ａ１Ａ区,靠近假常染色体配对区（ＰＡＰＲ）的交界处,其部分顺序编码８０个保守性氨基酸组成的多肽。本实验使用与ＳＲＹ基因相应的引物,利用ＰＣＲ技术以一例性反转畸形病人的基因组ＤＮＡ为模板分离ＳＲＹ基因保守区顺序,并将特异扩增出的此ＳＲＹ基因片段重组到质粒ｐＵＣ１２中,得到含有ＳＲＹ基因片段的克隆。经测序表明其ＳＲＹ基因保守顺序上有Ｔ→Ｃ（Ｓｅｒ→Ｐｒｏ）突变。ＳＲＹ基因的存在及其突变可能是导致性反转畸形发病的原因。     

CS3纤毛抗原表达调控机理的研究

ＣＳ３是某些肠毒素大肠杆菌菌体表面上的多聚物,它能使病原菌粘附于宿主的小肠上皮细胞上,是致病的重要因素．为了探索ＣＳ３菌毛抗原基因的表达调控机制,根据ＣＳ３亚基结构基因的核苷酸序列分析表明,在其翻译起始位点的上游存在着ｒｂｓ位点及原核启动子的－１０区和－３５区ＤＮＡ序列．采用基因重组技术将ＣＳ３结构基因上游１２０ｂｐ的ＤＮＡ片段亚克隆进缺乏启动子而只含报告基因ｌａｃＺ的质粒ｐＣＢ２６７中．凝胶滞留和启动报告基因表达的实验证明了ＣＳ３亚基结构基因具有自身的启动子（Ｐｓ）．将该启动子上游区域不同长度的核苷酸片段克隆进ｐＣＢ２６７中,报告基因表达结果表明ＣＳ３结构基因的表达受其上游区域的抑制．核苷酸序列分析发现,在Ｐｓ－３５区上游５５０ｂｐ和８４０ｂｐ处各存在一个富Ａ－Ｔ簇．结合原核启动子的一般作用规律推知,ＣＳ３的表达可能受ＤＮＡ结合蛋白型的正向调节因子的作用．用ＣＦＡ／１菌毛抗原基因的正向调节基因ｃｆａＤ对ＣＳ３基因进行的互补表达试验表明ｃｆａＤ基因不仅可消除上游区对Ｐｓ的抑制,而且可大幅度地提高Ｐｓ的启动能力．在分析表达调控的基础上获得ＣＳ３重组高效表达．同时提出了其表达调控模型．     

GL—7—ACA酰化酶在大肠杆菌中的分泌表达

利用来自假单胞菌的ＧＬ－７－ＡＣＡ酰化酶的信号肽和表达元件基因片段构建了ＧＬ－０７－ＡＣＡ酰化酶的分泌型高表达质粒ｐＴｒｃＣＡ１Ｓ和ｐＫＫＣＡ１Ｓ,其中ｐＴｒｃＣＡ１Ｓ为ＩＰＴＧ诱导型质粒,ｐＫＫＣＡ１Ｓ为组成型质粒。ｐＴｒｃＣＡ１Ｓ和ｐＫＫＣＡ１Ｓ转入受体菌ＴＧ１中都可高表达ＧＬ－７－ＡＣＡ酰化酶基因并将表达产物转运到周质空间,完整细胞酰楷酶比活力分别为２３．９单位每克菌体和１８．３单位每克菌体     

大熊猫SRY基因的PCR扩增和克隆

本文采用人ＳＲＹ基因的一对引物,通过ＰＣＲ扩增获得了雄性大熊猫ＳＲＹ基因片段。表明大熊猫存在与人ＳＲＹ基因同源的相应基因,将ＰＣＲ产物与载体ｐＵＣ－Ｅｃｏ－Ｔ连接后,用以转化ＪＭ１０９菌,经过与人ＳＲＹ基因探针菌落杂交筛选获得了大熊猫ＳＲＹ苈在克隆,命名为ｐＡＭＹ０．６,其插入片段为相应于人ＳＲＹ基因保守区在内的一段约６０９ｂｐＤＮＡ。此外,还制作和比较分析了人和大熊猫基因片段的限制酶图谱。     

重组人蛋白激酶CK2β亚基cDNA的克隆与测序

蛋白激酶ＣＫ２是一种存在的信使非依赖性丝／苏氨酸蛋白激酶．它是由两个催化亚基（α或α′）和两个调节亚基（β）组成的不均一四聚体．用反转录ＰＣＲ从ＨＬ－６０细胞中获得了人蛋白激酶ＣＫ２β亚基编码区ｃＤＮＡ,将ＮｄｅⅠ／ＨｉｎｄⅢ双酶切ＰＣＲ产物连接到表达载体ｐＴ７－７的ＮｄｅⅠ／ＨｉｎｄⅢ双酶切位点中．转化感受态细菌ＤＨ５α获得转化子,阳性筛选率为７２％．限制性酶切分析结果表明,插入片段和重组质粒的大小与理论推测值相符．随机挑选４个阳性质粒测定其插入片段ＤＮＡ序列,结果显示有２个含有正确插入的人蛋白激酶ＣＫ２βｃＤＮＡ,命名为ｐＴＣＫＢ．其余２个克隆分别存在１个和２个点突变,即在其编码区ｃｏｎｄｏｎ１４８的ＴＣＡ→ＴＴＡ,结果Ｓｅｒ→Ｌｅｕ;另一个则在Ｃｏｎｄｏｎ１４３ＧＴＧ→ＡＴＧ,Ｖａｌ→Ｍｅｔ;Ｃｏｎｄｏｎ１７０ＧＴＧ→ＧＣＧ,Ｖａｌ→Ａｌａ．重组质粒（ｐＴＣＫＢ）克隆的成功,将为在原核细胞中表达蛋白激酶ＣＫ２β亚基以及利用ＣＫ２βｃＤＮＡ作为探针进行深入研究打下基础．并为利用ｐＴ７－７表达载体构建其他重组质粒建立了一套成功的方法     

枯草杆菌启动子—信号肽序列的克隆及序列分析

利用含红霉素抗生基因和缺启动子－信号肽序列的氨苄青霉素抗性基因的双功能质粒ｐＧＰＢ１４为探针载体,克隆了枯草杆菌的启动子－信号肽序列并对克隆的片段进行序列分析。枯草杆菌染色体ＤＮＡ经Ｓａｕ３Ａ酶解后与ＢａｎＨＩ酶切的质粒ｐＧＰＢ１４连接,转化大肠杆菌Ｃ６００,筛选抗氨苄青霉素及抗红霉素的转化子,从双抗性转化子中提取重组质粒并经酶切分析,显示克隆的ＤＮＡ片段在０．２７－１．５ｋｂ之间。用Ｓａｎｇｅｒ     

细胞松驰素B促微丝解聚对DNA合成的作用

利用微丝（ｍｉｃｒｏｆｉｌａｍｅｎｔ,ＭＦ）解聚药物细胞松驰素Ｂ（ｃｙｔｏｃｈａｌａｓｉｎＢ,ＣＢ）处理Ｇ_０期小鼠Ｃ_３Ｈ_（１０）Ｔ_（１／２）成纤维细胞,对Ｇ_０至Ｓ期ＤＮＡ合成,胸腺嘧啶核苷激酶（ｔｈｙｍｉｄｉｎｅｋｉｎａｓｅ,ＴＫ）活性、ＴＫ基因表达、钙调素（ｃａｌｍｏｄｕｌｉｎ,ＣａＭ）水平和一些细胞周期早期基因的表达进行了观察,Ｇ_０期细胞经３ｍｇ／ＬＣＢ处理２ｈ,促ＭＦ解聚增强了血清对Ｓ期细胞ＴＫ活性、ＴＫ基因表达和ＤＮＡ合成的刺激作用,并促进细胞提前进入Ｓ期．血清刺激Ｇ_０期细胞进入晚Ｇ_１期和Ｓ期时,ＣａＭ水平明显升高,而ＣＢ预处理则使ＣａＭ含量进一步增加,特别是ＣＢ处理促使Ｓ期ＣａＭ增加向核内转移．ＣＢ处理明显增强血清对ｃ－ｊｕｎ、ｃ－ｆｏｓ和ｃ－ｍｙｃ基因表达的刺激作用,而ＰＫＣ抑制剂Ｈ_７则抑制ＣＢ处理对这些基因转录的刺激作用,说明ＣＢ使Ｇ_０期细胞ＭＦ解聚刺激ｃ－ｊｕｎ、ｃ－ｆｏｓ和ｃ－ｍｙｃ的转录活性与ＰＫＣ的作用有关．结果表明Ｇ_０至Ｓ期早期ＭＦ的重组可促进细胞进入Ｓ期,增强ＤＮＡ合成．     

人ApoE转基因小鼠与TGE_（7－2） TGE_（7－3）转基因鼠系的建立

用含小鼠金属硫蛋白（ＭＴ－１）基因启动子与突变的人ＡｐｏＥ７基因的６．０ＫｂＤＮＡ片段作为目的基因制备转基因小鼠,利用显微注射法将目的基因导入４４１枚受精卵,移植于２０只假孕鼠,其中１５只受孕,共产仔鼠８０只,经ａ－３２Ｐ斑点杂交与Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交法鉴定出两只整合有人ＡｐｏＥ基因的转基因雌鼠,其拷贝数分别为２和５。将两只首建鼠（雌性Ｆｏ代）与正常雄鼠交配,建立Ｆ１代转基因鼠系ＴＧＥ７－２和ＴＧＥ７－３,为进一步从整体上研究ＡｐｏＥ在脂质代谢中的作用以及ＡｐｏＥ与动脉粥样硬化和Ａｌｚｈｅｉｍｅｒ’ｓ病的关系创造条件。     

丙肝病毒融合抗原基因NS3-C定点整合入衣藻叶绿体基因组的研究

用ＰＣＲ 方法从丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ） ｃＤＮＡ 文库中克隆了两段ＤＮＡ 片段,即ＨＣＶ 基因组非结构ＮＳ３区抗原基因（约０．７ ｋｂ）和核心抗原Ｃ区抗原基因（约０．６ ｋｂ）的ｃＤＮＡ 片段。在两段ｃＤＮＡ 间加入连接肽Ｓｅｒ－ Ｐｒｏ－ Ｇｌｙ－ Ｓｅｒ 的密码子序列,构建成融合抗原基因ＮＳ３－ Ｃ。将该融合基因与衣藻叶绿体基因ａｔｐＡ 的启动子和ｒｂｃＬ 基因的３′末端连接,得到丙肝病毒融合抗原基因ＮＳ３－ Ｃ表达盒,再将该表达盒与选择标记基因ａａｄＡ 表达盒和衣藻叶绿体基因组同源片段连接,构建成衣藻叶绿体转化载体ｐＳＳ６。基因枪法转化衣藻叶绿体,经壮观霉素筛选获得转化再生的单藻落,对转基因衣藻的ＰＣＲ 和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ 杂交分析表明,融合抗原基因ＮＳ３－ Ｃ已整合到衣藻叶绿体基因组中。     

No evidence of mutations in four candidate genes for male sex determination/differentiation in sex-reversed XY females with campomelic dysplasia.

Campomelic dysplasia (Cd) occurs combined with sex reversal resulting in XY females. The recent identification of candidate genes for sex determination/differentiation and of a sex determining region on the human Y chromosome prompted the authors to study these genes for mutations in patients with Cd and sex reversal. In a total of five cases, no evidence for a mutation in the genes SRY, ZFY, ZFX, MEA and some anonymous Y-linked sequences was found. In addition to Southern analysis, gene expression of ZFY, ZFX and MEA was found to be normal as well. It is concluded that sex reversal in this condition is due to mutation in a so far unidentified gene which may act secondary to the testis-determining factor (TDF).     

Limitation in use of heterologous reporter genes for gene promoter analysis. Silencer activity associated with the cloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene

Various heterologous reporter genes have been widely used for the functional characterization of gene promoters. Many such studies often found weak to very strong silencer activities to be associated with specific parts of the basal promoter or further upstream regions. In this study, we carried out a systematic study on human blood coagulation factor IX (hFIX) and anti-coagulant protein C (hPC) genes, previously shown to have silencer activities associated with their 5'-flanking regions containing promoter sequences. With newly constructed chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter vectors carrying hFIX or hPC gene promoter sequences, we confirmed the strong silencer activities associated with the regions nt -1895 through nt -416 of the hFIX gene or with the region nt -802 through nt -82 of the hPC gene. However, no such silencer activities associated with the specific regions were found when autologous hFIX cDNA, hFIX minigenes, or hPC minigenes were used as reporters in the expression vector system. Relative levels of CAT, hFIX, and hPC proteins produced in the transient assays correlated well with their mRNA levels. Human FIX minigene constructs containing a simian virus 40 (SV40) 3'-untranslated region (UTR) taken from the CAT reporter gene showed no silencer activity, indicating that SV40 3'-UTR sequence of the CAT reporter gene does not contribute to the silencer activity. Expression vectors constructed with the beta-galactosidase gene under the control of hFIX gene promoter sequences also showed no silencer activity associated with the region nt -1895 through nt -416. These findings indicate that silencer activities associated with specific regions of promoter sequences as analyzed with CAT reporter genes may represent artifacts specific to the CAT reporter genes. Our findings strongly suggest a need for re-examination of promoter characterizations of many eukaryotic genes, which have been studied to date with CAT reporter genes.     

46,XY女性性反转患者SRY基因的两个新突变类型

Y染色体上的性别决定区域——SRY基因作为睾丸决定因子,可以调控男性性别发育过程。SRY基因是一种转录因子,属于带有高迁移率族蛋白家族,该家族成员包含能与DNA结合的HMG盒基序。已知SRY基因的缺失和点突变是造成XY女性性反转的病因之一。通过筛查10位中国46,XY女性性反转病人SRY基因的开放阅读框区域,探寻新的突变类型。用标准方法从外周血中抽提gDNA,通过聚合酶链式反应扩增SRY基因中部的609bp的DNA片段。扩增后的PCR片段被克隆到pUCm-T载体中,在ABI377-3自动测序仪上完成测序。运用限制性内切酶酶切分析的方法验证DNA测序的结果。结果表明,在两个患者的SRY基因中分别发现了新的核苷酸点突变,并都导致氨基酸替代。一个突变发生在SRY基因的5’端HMG盒外的核苷酸第113位腺嘌呤(A)被鸟嘌呤(G)取代,并导致谷氨酸被甘氨酸替换;另一个突变是第387位核苷酸发生T被A替换,该突变引起第129位的酪氨酸变成终止密码,她父亲的SRY序列被证明是正常的野生型。通过查询文献和人类基因突变数据库(HGMD),这两个突变都是以前未见报道过的新型SRY基因突变,并使因核苷酸替换引起SRY基因突变总数增加到45。     

The human sex-determining gene SRY is a direct target of WT1

The product of the Wilms' tumor gene, WT1, is essential for male sex determination and differentiation in mammals. In addition to causing Wilms' tumor, mutations in WT1 often cause two distinct but overlapping urogenital defects in men, Denys-Drash syndrome and Frasier syndrome. In this study we investigated the regulation of the sex determination gene SRY by WT1. Our results showed that WT1 up-regulates the SRY gene through the proximal early growth response gene-1-like DNA-binding sequences in the core promoter. Mutant WT1 proteins in Denys-Drash syndrome patients were unable to activate this promoter. These mutants did not act in a dominant negative manner, as expected over the wild-type WT1 in this promoter. We also found that WT1 could transactivate the endogenous SRY gene. These observations, together with the overlapping expression patterns of WT1 and SRY in human gonads, led us to propose that WT1 regulates SRY in the initial sex determination process in humans and activates a cascade of genes ultimately leading to the complete organogenesis of the testis.     

A novel missense mutation (S18N) in the 5′ non-HMG box region of the SRY gene in a patient with partial gonadal dysgenesis and his normal male relatives

Mutations in the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome (the SRY gene) have been reported in low frequency in patients with 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis. We investigated 21 Brazilian 46,XY sex-reversed patients, who presented either complete or partial gonadal dysgenesis or embryonic testicular regression syndrome. Using Southern blotting, polymerase chain reaction, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and direct sequencing, we analyzed deletions and point mutations in the SRY gene. We found a missense mutation at codon 18 upstream of the 5′ border of the HMG box of the SRY gene in one patient with partial gonadal dysgenesis. This variant sequence was also found in DNA obtained from blood and sperm cells of his father and in blood cells of his normal brother. The S18N mutation was not found in 50 normal males, ruling out the possibility of a common polymorphism. We identified a novel familial missense mutation (S18N) in the 5’ non-HMG box of the SRY gene in 1 of 21 patients with 46,XY sex reversal. Received: 6 May 1997 / Accepted: 2 October 1997