Mitotic protoplasts and their infection with tobacco mosaic virus RNA encapsulated in liposomes

M-phase and S-phase protoplasts were prepared from tobacco cells in suspension culture after a high degree of synchronization using aphidicolin, a specific inhibitor for eukaryotic DNA polymerase. When TMV-RNA was introduced into these protoplasts mediated by REV liposomes, 37% of M-phase and 26% of S-phase protoplasts were infected as determined by the fluorescent antibody technique. After the 24 hr interval between the introduction of TMV-RNA into protoplasts and the determination of infection, half of the infected mitotic protoplasts formed dumbell-shaped daughter cells. The significance of synchronized protoplasts in genetic engineering of plant cells is discussed in reference to the delivery of DNA into the nucleus.Abbreviation LS medium, Linsmaier and Skoog medium - PEG polyethylene glycol - REV reversephase evaporation vesicles - TMV tobacco mosaic virus     

An improved method for electroporation in plant protoplasts: infection of tobacco protoplasts by tobacco mosaic virus particles

Conditions of electroporation were optimized for introduction of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) particles into tobacco mesophyll protoplasts (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Petit Havana SR1). Compared with conditions for TMV-RNA uptake, a longer electric pulse was necessary at the same voltage to induce TMV particle entry. Up to 80–90% of the protoplasts were infected with TMV particles after exposure to a 10 msec pulse at 200 V (0.67 KV/cm) in a 0.5 M mannitol solution. Protoplast viability was slightly lower than for controls which did not undergo electroporation. The presence of buffer in the mannitol solution reduced the net voltage in the solution which resulted in a significant decrease of the level of infection. These results suggest that the membrane pores resulting from an electrical pulse were wide enough for TMV particles (300 × 18 nm) to enter protoplasts.     

用不同方法把烟草花叶病毒RNA基因导入植物原生质体的研究

应用电激法和聚乙二醇法以及脂质体协调的上述两种方法对烟草和青菜原生质体进行烟草花叶病毒ＴＭＶ－ＲＮＡ的导入试验,并应用酶标免疫技术、电镜观察、半叶接种和十二烷基磺酸钠－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ）等方法对在原生质体中增殖的ＴＭＶ进行鉴定。实验证明,虽然电激法和聚乙二醇法均能有效地将外源病毒基因导入植物原生质体,但经阳离子脂质体处理后的ＴＭＶ－ＲＮＡ,其转染效率可提高１０倍以上。ＴＭＶ在原生质体转染４８小时后达到复制高峰。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ显示,原生质体转染４８小时后,除出现ＴＭＶ外壳蛋白明显条带外,尚有１条分子量在５０～５５ｋｄ蛋白质条带也明显增强。这些研究结果对植物遗传工程和抗病毒基因有种研究提供重要的数据和基础。     

Electroporation-mediated infection of tobacco leaf protoplasts with tobacco mosaic virus RNA and cucumber mosaic virus RNA

Conditions were established for the introduction of both tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) RNAs into tobacco mesophyll protoplasts by electroporation. The proportion of infected protoplasts was quantified by staining with viral coat protein-specific antibodies conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate. Approximately 30–40% of the protoplasts survived electroporation. Under optimal conditions, up to 75% of these were infected with TMV-RNA. Successful infection was demonstrated in 19 out of 20 experiments. Optimal infection was achieved with several direct current pulses of 90 sec at a field strength of 5 to 10 kV/cm. Changing the position of the protoplasts within the chamber between electric pulses was essential for achievement of high rates of infection. Optimal viral RNA concentration was about 10 g/ml in a solution of 0.5 M mannitol without buffer salts.     

A Messenger RNA for Tobacco Mosaic Virus Coat Protein in Infected Tobacco Mesophyll Protoplasts

The low molecular weight tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-specific RNA component (LMC) was demonstrated in tobacco mesophyll protoplasts by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of ¹⁴C-uridine-labelled RNA from infected protoplasts. Free and membrane-bound polysomes were isolated from infected protoplasts, and RNA extracted from them was analyzed. TMV-specific RNA species including full-length viral RNA, its replicative intermediate, and LMC were found in both free and membrane-bound polysomes, but were present in free polysomes in much larger amounts. In particular, as much as 37 % of total LMC in protoplasts was found in free polysomes. Fractionation of polysomes by sedimentation in sucrose gradients showed that LMC is associated with small-sized polysomes (mono- to tetrasomes). Polysomes of this size class produced viral coat protein in a cell-free protein synthesizing system from rabbit reticulocytes. On the other hand, full-length TMV-RNA was associated predominantly with larger polysomes which produced in the cell-free system TMV-specific high molecular weight polypeptides but no coat protein. These results indicated that LMC, a subgenomic RNA of TMV, in fact functions in vivo as messenger RNA for viral coat protein, as has been postulated on the basis of in vitro studies.     

两个缺陷型TMV粒子在烟草中的互补表达

根据对ＴＭＶ高效复制和基因表达的顺式作用元件的分析,在体外重组包装了２个缺失型ＴＭＶ粒子：ＴＭＶＲＰ和ＴＭＶＣＰ。前者缺失了ＴＭＶ外壳蛋白ＣＰ基因的３′端及后序区域,后者缺失了大部分复制酶基因。把两者分别或共同电击感染烟草原生质体：１．用ＣＰ抗体进行免疫印渍检测,单独感染的原生质体内的ＣＰ在１６小时内无增加,而在共同感染的原生质体内,ＣＰ在感染２小时后就开始明显增加。２．用ＲＴ一两次ＰＣＲ法专一地检测新生负链ＲＮＡ的合成情况,在单独感染的原生质体内没有检测到,但在混合感染的原生质体内在感染１小时后就检测到ＣＰ基因特异的负链ＲＮＡ的形成,并用Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交得到进一步验证。这些结果表明,复制酶缺失型ＴＭＶＣＰ内的ＣＰ基因不能表达,但可以在ＴＭＶＲＰ存在时,通过其所表达的复制酶互补作用得到复制从而有效表达．     

嘧肽霉素影响烟草花叶病毒RNA蓄积量的研究

嘧肽霉素是新报道的由土壤中分离筛选出来的不吸水链霉菌辽宁变种(Streptomyces achygroscopicus var.liaoningensis)产生的,其有效成分是胞嘧啶核苷肽类化合物,已获得农药临时登记,该药剂对烟草花叶病毒(Tobacco mosaic virus,TMV)等多种病毒病害具有很好的防治效果。定量竞争PCR(Quantitative competitive PCR,QCPCR)是一种定量检测细胞因子较为精确的方法,其实质是待测核酸(DNA或RNA)与内参模板一起竞争参与PCR反应,并通过电泳将扩增产物在凝胶上明显的分开,从而进一步进行定性或定量分析。     

Co-electroporation of rice protoplasts with RNAs of cucumber mosaic and tobacco mosaic viruses

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) RNA was used to study electroporation conditions suitable for protoplasts from rice suspension cultures. Rice protoplasts required a stronger and shorter electric pulse than tobacco protoplasts for introduction of viral RNA. Under optimized conditions, CMV infection was established in 65 % of electroporated protoplasts. In contrast, electroporation with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) RNA did not result in infection of rice protoplasts. However, when TMV RNA was electroporated into rice protoplasts together with CMV RNA, TMV production was demonstrated in 15 % of protoplasts. Differential staining with fluorescent antibodies against the two viruses showed that the protoplasts producing TMV were without exception also infected by CMV. The results show that CMV replicates in rice protoplasts by itself, whereas TMV does so only with the aid of CMV.Abbreviations CMV cucumber mosaiv virus - PBS phosphate buffered saline - TMV tobacco mosaic virus.     

A Messenger RNA for Tobacco Mosaic Virus Coat Protein in Infected Tobacco Mesophyll Protoplasts

Synthesis of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-specific low molecular weight component RNA (LMC) was investigated in relation to that of other TMV-related RNAs and proteins, and formation of progeny virus particles using synchronously infected tobacco mesophyll protoplasts. Timing of LMC synthesis was shown to be almost the same as, but somewhat earlier than that of TMV-RNA synthesis. In contrast, synthesis of TMV-specific double-stranded RNAs (replicative intermediate, RI and replicative form, RF) as well as a high molecular weight virus-induced protein (140 K protein) showed the maximum incorporation rate 4–6 h earlier than LMC synthesis. While, synthesis of coat protein and formation of progeny virus particles lagged behind LMC synthesis for 6–8 h. LMC occurring in polysomes was also investigated during the course of virus replication. The amount of produced coat protein calculated theoretically from the amount of LMC in polysomes of infected protoplasts was shown to be well agreed with the experimental results, indicating that LMC in polysomes is actively functioning as messenger for coat protien synthesis in vivo.     

Efficiency of Nitrous Acid as An Inactivating and Mutagenic Agent of Intact Tobacco Mosaic Virus and Its Isolated Nucleic Acid

When tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and its isolated nucleic acid (TMV-RNA) were treated with nitrous acid, the nucleic acid was inactivated six times faster than the intact virus. Inactivation of both the infectious entities was exponential with treatment time to 0.1% level of survival. Eight different mutant phenotypes were scored after inactivation of TMV and TMV-RNA to 50, 10, 1.0, and 0.1% survival levels. Significantly more mutants in relation to unaltered isolates were induced at all levels of survival upon nitrous acid treatment of TMV than of TMV-RNA. Furthermore, the proportion of two specific mutant phenotypes was significantly greater in treated TMV than in treated TMV-RNA. No qualitative differences, however, were observed between the mutational spectra of nitrous acid-treated TMV and TMV-RNA. These results indicate that, in the intact virus, the viral capsid protects some of the sites involved in lethality; thus, proportionately more mutants are induced on nitrous acid treatment of TMV versus TMV-RNA.     

Effects of the tom1 mutation of Arabidopsis thaliana on the multiplication of tobacco mosaic virus RNA in protoplasts.

For the multiplication of RNA viruses, specific host factors are considered essential, but as of yet little is known about this aspect of virus multiplication. To identify such host factors, we previously isolated PD114, a mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, in which the accumulation of the coat protein of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in uninoculated leaves of an infected plant was reduced to low levels. The causal mutation, designated tom1, was single, nuclear, and recessive. Here, we demonstrate that the tom1 mutation affects the amplification of TMV-related RNAs in a single cell. When protoplasts were inoculated with TMV RNA by electroporation, the percentage of TMV-positive protoplasts (detected by indirect immunofluorescence staining with anti-TMV antibodies) was lower (about 1/5 to 1/10) among PD114 protoplasts than among wild-type protoplasts. In TMV-positive PD114 protoplasts, the amounts of the positive-strand RNAs (the genomic RNA and subgenomic mRNAs) and coat protein reached levels similar to, or slightly lower than, those reached in TMV-positive wild-type protoplasts, but the accumulation of the positive-strand RNAs and coat protein occurred more slowly than with the wild-type protoplasts. The parallel decrease in the amounts of the coat protein and its mRNA suggests that the coat protein is translated from its mRNA with normal efficiency. These observations support the idea that the TOM1 gene encodes a host factor necessary for the efficient amplification of TMV RNA in an infected cell. Furthermore, we show that TMV multiplication in PD114 protoplasts is severely affected by the coinoculation of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) RNA. When PD114 protoplasts were inoculated with a mixture of TMV and CMV RNAs by electroporation, the accumulation of TMV-related molecules was approximately one-fifth of that in PD114 protoplasts inoculated with TMV RNA alone. No such reduction in the accumulation of TMV-related molecules was observed when wild-type protoplasts were inoculated with a mixture of TMV and CMV RNAs or when wild-type and PD114 protoplasts were inoculated with a mixture of TMV and turnip crinkle virus RNAs. These observations are compatible with a hypothetical model in which a gene(s) that is distinct from the TOM1 gene is involved in both TMV and CMV multiplication.     

Infection of evacuolated turnip protoplasts with liposome-packaged cauliflower mosaic virus

The infectivity of reverse phase evaporation (REV) liposome-encapsidated cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) to turnip protoplasts was tested. The uptake of neutral or negative liposomes was stimulated by polyethylene glycol (PEG), while high levels of uptake of positive liposomes were obtained both in the absence and presence of PEG. The delivery of the vesicle contents to the protoplasts paralleled the uptake of liposomes. CaMV delivered to turnip protoplasts was degraded during the early period of culture. No increase in the amount of CaMV DNA could be detected on longer periods of culture. In contrast, when protoplasts were evacuolated prior to addition of REV liposomes, an increase in the amount of CaMV DNA was noted after some initial degradation of the input DNA.     

Evidence for Multiplicity Reactivation of Ultraviolet Light Irradiated Ribonucleic Acid Isolated from Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Multiplicity reactivation (MR) seems to take place in leaves of Nicotiana glutinosa inoculated with ultraviolet (UV) light irradiated RNA from tobacco mosaic virus (TMV-RNA). A similar phenomenon was not observed with UV-irradiated TMV particles. Considering MR as resulting from genetic recombination between viral genomes, a recombination mechanism, which has been difficult to prove with plant viruses, is proposed as being operative during multiplication of TMV. From the pattern of MR of TMV-RNA, the location of the gene for the RNA replicase within a TMV-RNA strand is discussed.     

Effect of “osmotic stress” on protein and nucleic acid synthesis in isolated tobacco protoplasts

The incorporation of labeled precursors into RNAs and proteins of isolated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaf protoplasts decreases with increasing osmotic pressure in the incubation medium. The incorporation of precursors into RNA and proteins is linear for 15–18 h after the isolation of the protoplasts, irrespective of the osmolarity of the culture media. The uptake of precursors is also affected by the osmolarity of the medium. However, the osmotic stress-induced inhibition of incorporation of precursors into RNA and proteins is also apparent if the differences in uptake are taken into consideration in the calculation. Incorporation of ³²P into TMV-RNA is also inhibited by osmotic stress. As assayed by the double labeling ratio technique, osmotic stress has less unequivocal effect on TMV protein synthesis.Abbreviations PP protoplast - RNase ribonuclease - rRNA ribosomal ribonucleic acid - SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate - SSC 0.1 M Na-acetate in 0.15 M NaCl - TCA trichloroacetic acid - TMV tobacco mosaic virus     

Biosynthesis of tobacco mosaic virus RNA in tobacco protoplasts

Changes in the number of protoplasts, viability, protein and chlorophyll contents and ribonucleases activity were studied in tobacco mesophyll protoplastsin vitro inoculated with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). The number of protoplasts slowly increased during the cultivation period and the viability decreased from 95 to 67% in the control noninoculated protoplasts, and to 55% in the infected protoplasts. 30 h after inoculation the protein and chlorophyll contents strongly decreased to 25–30% and 17–19%, respectively, in comparison with contents 3 h after inoculation. The chlorophylla/b ratio decreased from 2.11 and 2.02 to 0.79 and 0.60 in healthy and infected protoplasts, respectively. The activities of ribonucleases in protoplasts quickly decreased during experiment but they were higher in infected than in noninfected protoplasts (between 20 to 30 h after inoculation they were 132 to 146% higher than that in healthy controls). These activities corresponded to the multiplication curve of TMV.     

检测烟草中烟草花叶病毒的RNA斑点杂交法

用普通烟草花叶病毒OM株3′-端约2kb的cDNA为探针,探索了用RNA斑点杂交法对烟草组织中烟草花叶病毒RNA进行检测的条件。这些条件包括用分子杂交法观察云南烟区和上海烟草上分到的烟草花叶病毒与OM株的同源性,从烟草组织中提取烟草花叶病毒的几种方法的比较,使RNA有效地固定在硝酸纤维素滤膜上的方法,烟草组织中是否有干扰RNA固定和杂交的物质,斑点杂交方法检测烟草花叶病毒的特异性、灵敏度等。     

Liposome-mediated delivery of tobacco mosaic virus RNA into petunia protoplast

Liposome-mediated delivery of TMV RNA into petunia protoplasts and resulting virus antigen production has been used as an assay for determining incubation conditions which favor increased uptake of vesicle contents by plant cells. Vesicle phospholipid composition, incubation buffer divalent metal ion concentration, the type and concentration of polyalcohol used to stimulate vesicle uptake and the RNA content of the liposome preparation were determined to be critical factors influencing the efficiency of delivery. Manipulation of these parameters resulted in a 50-fold improvement in virus antigen production over that obtained with conditions previously used for liposome-protoplast incubations (Proc Natl Acad Sci 79: 1859–1863, 1982). Virus antigen production could be detected following incubation of protoplasts with <0.5 ng of encapsulated TMV RNA, while at higher concentrations of added liposomes, >80% of the protoplasts could be infected. Comparisons with other techniques used to introduce nucleic acids into plant protoplasts indicated that liposome-mediated delivery was 10-to 1 000-fold more efficient than these other methods. The general use of liposomes to introduce RNA and DNA molecules into plant protoplasts is discussed.     

Isolation of Polyribosome from Tobacco Plants Infected with Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Polyribosomes have been isolated from tobacco leaves. Upon infection with TMV, a new polyribosome has appeared which is specific for infection, and TMV-antigenic protein is formed on this polyribosome. This new polyribosome has an S-value of 360–380. From these results, it is suggested that this TMV specific polyribosome is an aggregate of 60–80 ribosomes which is bound by TMV-RNA as messenger, and that TMV-RNA is translated polycistronically.     

Infection of cowpea mesophyll protoplasts with cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) RNA encapsulated in large liposomes

It has been demonstrated that cowpea chlorotic mottle virus RNA encapsulated in phosphatidyl serine/cholesterol reverse evaporation vesicles (REV) could infect cowpea mesophyll protoplasts under conditions known to enhance liposome-protoplast interactions. Positively charged phosphatidylcholine/stearylamine multilamellar liposomes did not deliver functional CCMV RNA despite their very high nucleic acid trapping capacity and their high affinity for protoplasts.