What is the invasiveness of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hemimysis anomala</Emphasis> (Crustacea,Mysidae) in the large deep Lake Bourget,France?

Application of stable isotope data to trophic studies requires understanding of factors influencing the isotopic discrimination factor (Δ) between consumers and their prey resources. This is missing for many omnivorous species, despite their diet and environment potentially impacting Δ. The effects of temperature, diet (including formulated feeds) and tissue type on Δ¹³C and Δ¹⁵N were thus tested experimentally. A temperature experiment exposed three species to identical diets at 18 and 23°C, whereas a diet experiment exposed one species to four diets at 18°C. At 23°C, C:N ratios, Δ¹³C and Δ¹⁵N were generally elevated versus 18°C. After lipid correction, tissue/species-specific differences at 23°C in Δ¹³C and Δ¹⁵N were up to 0.73 and 0.54‰ higher, respectively. Across the four diets, there were also significant differences in Δ¹³C and Δ¹⁵N between a natural diet and diets based on formulated feeds. Δ¹³C and Δ¹⁵N of muscle were 1.51 to 2.76‰ and 3.13 to 5.44‰, respectively. Highest Δ for both isotopes was from a formulated feed based on plant material that resulted in lower dietary protein content and quality. Thus, diet and environment fundamentally affected the isotopic discrimination factors and these factors require consideration within trophic studies based on stable isotopes.     

Parasites and stable isotopes: a comparative analysis of isotopic discrimination in parasitic trophic interactions

Stable isotopes are widely used to identify trophic interactions and to determine trophic positions of organisms in food webs. Comparative studies have provided general insights into the variation in isotopic composition between consumers and their diet (discrimination factors) in predator–prey and herbivore–plant relationships while other major components of food webs such as host–parasite interactions have been largely overlooked. In this study, we conducted a literature‐based comparative analysis using phylogenetically‐controlled mixed effects models, accounting for both parasite and host phylogenies, to investigate patterns and potential drivers in Δ¹³C and Δ¹⁵N discrimination factors in metazoan parasitic trophic interactions. Our analysis of 101 parasite–host pairs revealed a large range in Δ¹³C (–8.2 to 6.5) and Δ¹⁵N (–6.7 to 9.0) among parasite species, with no significant overall depletion or enrichment of ¹³C and ¹⁵N in parasites. As previously found in other trophic interactions, we identified a scaling relationship between the host isotopic value and both discrimination factors with Δ¹³C and Δ¹⁵N decreasing with increasing host δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N, respectively. Furthermore, parasite phylogenetic history explained a large fraction (>60%) of the observed variation in the Δ¹⁵N discrimination factor. Our findings suggest that the traditional isotope ecology framework (using an average Δ¹⁵N of 3.4‰) applies poorly to parasitic trophic interactions. They further indicate the need for a scaled rather than a fixed trophic discrimination factor framework along gradients of host δ¹⁵N. We also identified several conceptual and methodological issues which should to be considered in future research to help integrate parasitic interactions into a holistic isotope ecology framework across diverse trophic interactions.     

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in multiple tissues of wild and captive harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) off the California coast

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) of serum, red blood cells (RBC), muscle, and blubber were measured in captive and wild northeast Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) at three coastal California sites (San Francisco Bay, Tomales Bay, and Channel Islands). Trophic discrimination factors (Δ_{Tissue‐Diet}) were calculated for captive seals and then applied in wild counterparts in each habitat to estimate trophic position and feeding behavior. Trophic discrimination factors for δ¹⁵N of serum (+3.8‰), lipid‐extracted muscle (+1.6‰), and lipid‐blubber (+6.5‰) are proposed to determine trophic position. An offset between RBC and serum of +0.3‰ for δ¹³C and ?0.6‰ for δ¹⁵N was observed, which is consistent with previous research. Specifically, weaner seals (<1 yr) had large offsets, suggesting strong trophic position shifts during this life stage. Isotopic values indicated an average trophic position of 3.6 at both San Francisco Bay and Tomales Bay and 4.2 at Channel Islands. Isotopic means were strongly dependent on age class and also suggested that mean diet composition varies considerably between all locations. Together, these data indicate that isotopic composition of blood fractions can be an effective approach to estimate trophic position and dietary behavior in wild pinnipeds.     

应用稳定同位素研究广西东方洞食物网结构和营养级关系

稳定性同位素技术已经成为研究生态系统食物网结构和营养级关系及其动态变化的重要手段。应用稳定同位素技术(δ13C和δ15N)研究了东风洞的食物网结构和营养级关系。研究结果表明,东风洞主要为腐食食物链,由于在洞穴内黑暗带中无光照也无植物生长,所以碳源主要为东风洞中的土壤有机质,作为第一营养级;主要摄食关系为马陆与土壤有机物质,螺类与土壤有机物质等;在该洞生态系统中,将3种马陆直接作为初级消费者,以隅蛛和其它马陆平均值之间的差值(2.04‰)作为东风洞食物网稳定氮同位素的富集因子。根据营养级模型可知,马陆类群、细长钻螺等土壤动物,裸灶螽和涂闪夜蛾形成第二营养级,即初级消费者;第三营养级包括蜘蛛类、盲蛛、地蜈蚣以及黑眶蟾蜍,为次级消费者。     

Ontogeny and leaf gas exchange mediate the carbon isotopic signature of herbaceous plants

Values (Δ(i)) predicted by a simplified photosynthetic discrimination model, based only on diffusion through air followed by carboxylation, are often used to infer ecological conditions from the 13C signature of plant organs (δ13C(p)). Recent studies showed that additional isotope discrimination (d that includes mesophyll conductance, photorespiration and day respiration, and post-carboxylation discrimination) can strongly affect δ13C(p); however, little is known about its variability during plant ontogeny for different species. Effect of ontogeny on leaf gas exchange rates, Δ(i) , observed discrimination (Δ(p)) and d in leaf, phloem and root of seven herbaceous species at three ontogenetic stages were investigated under controlled conditions. Functional group identity and ontogeny significantly affected Δ(i) and Δ(p). However, predicted Δ(i) did not match Δ(p). d, strongly affected by functional group identity and ontogeny, varied by up to 14 ‰. d scaled tightly with stomatal conductance, suggesting complex controls including changes in mesophyll conductance. The magnitude of the changes in δ13C(p) due to ontogeny was similar to that due to environmental factors reported in other studies. d and ontogeny should, therefore, be considered in ecosystem studies, integrated in ecosystem models using δ13C(p) and limit the applicability of δ13C(leaf) as a proxy for water-use efficiency in herbaceous plants.     

Large 13C/12C and small 15N/14N isotope fractionation in an experimental detrital foodweb (litter–fungi–collembolans)

Correctly estimating the trophic fractionation factors (Δ¹⁵N and Δ¹³C) in controlled laboratory conditions is essential for the application of stable isotope analysis in studies on the trophic structure of soil communities. Laboratory experiments usually suggest large ¹⁵N/¹⁴N and small ¹³C/¹²C trophic fractionation, but in field studies litter-dwelling microarthropods and other invertebrates are consistently enriched in ¹³C relative to plant litter. In the present study, we report data from two laboratory experiments investigating both fungi–collembolans and litter–fungi–collembolans systems. In the fungi–collembolans system, Δ¹⁵N and Δ¹³C averaged 1.4 ± 0.1 and 1.0 ± 0.2 ‰, respectively. In microcosms with fungi-inoculated litter, the difference in δ¹⁵N between collembolans and plant litter averaged 1.5 ± 0.2 ‰, confirming the relatively small ¹⁵N/¹⁴N trophic fractionation at the basal level of detrital foodwebs reported in numerous field studies. In full agreement with field observations, the difference in δ¹³C between bulk litter and collembolans in laboratory microcosms averaged 3.6 ± 0.1 ‰ and only little depended on collembolan species identities or the presence of water-soluble compounds in the litter. We conclude that increased δ¹³C values typical of litter-dwelling decomposers are largely determined by an increased ¹³C content in saprotrophic microorganisms.     

Rescaling the trophic structure of marine food webs

Measures of trophic position (TP) are critical for understanding food web interactions and human‐mediated ecosystem disturbance. Nitrogen stable isotopes (δ¹⁵N) provide a powerful tool to estimate TP but are limited by a pragmatic assumption that isotope discrimination is constant (change in δ¹⁵N between predator and prey, Δ¹⁵N = 3.4‰), resulting in an additive framework that omits known Δ¹⁵N variation. Through meta‐analysis, we determine narrowing discrimination from an empirical linear relationship between experimental Δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁵N values of prey consumed. The resulting scaled Δ¹⁵N framework estimated reliable TPs of zooplanktivores to tertiary piscivores congruent with known feeding relationships that radically alters the conventional structure of marine food webs. Apex predator TP estimates were markedly higher than currently assumed by whole‐ecosystem models, indicating perceived food webs have been truncated and species‐interactions over simplified. The scaled Δ¹⁵N framework will greatly improve the accuracy of trophic estimates widely used in ecosystem‐based management.     

Consumer‐resource stoichiometry as a predictor of trophic discrimination (Δ13C, Δ15N) in aquatic invertebrates

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Linking aboveground and belowground food webs through carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analyses

Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) have been used for more than two decades in analyses of food web structure. The utility of isotope ratio measurements is based on the observation that consumer δ¹³C values are similar (<1‰ difference) to those of their diet, while consumer δ¹⁵N values are about 3‰ higher than those of their diet. The technique has been applied most often to aquatic and aboveground terrestrial food webs. However, few isotope studies have examined terrestrial food web structure that includes both above- and belowground (detrital) components. Here, we review factors that may influence isotopic signatures of terrestrial consumers in above- and belowground systems. In particular, we emphasize variations in δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N in belowground systems, e.g., enrichment of ¹³C and ¹⁵N in soil organic matter (likely related to soil microbial metabolism). These enrichments should be associated with the high ¹³C (~3‰) enrichment in belowground consumers relative to litter and soil organic matter and with the large variation in δ¹⁵N (~6‰) of the consumers. Because such enrichment and variation are much greater than the trophic enrichment generally used to estimate consumer trophic positions, and because many general predators are considered dependent on energy and material flows from belowground, the isotopic variation in belowground systems should be taken into account in δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N analyses of terrestrial food webs. Meanwhile, by measuring the δ¹³C of key predators, the linkage between above- and belowground systems could be estimated based on observed differences in δ¹³C of primary producers, detritivores and predators. Furthermore, radiocarbon (¹⁴C) measurements will allow the direct estimation of the dependence of predators on the belowground systems.     

Estimating tissue‐specific discrimination factors and turnover rates of stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon in the smallnose fanskate Sympterygia bonapartii (Rajidae)

This study aimed to estimate trophic discrimination factors (TDFs) and metabolic turnover rates of nitrogen and carbon stable isotopes in blood and muscle of the smallnose fanskate Sympterygia bonapartii by feeding six adult individuals, maintained in captivity, with a constant diet for 365 days. TDFs were estimated as the difference between δ¹³C or δ¹⁵N values of the food and the tissues of S. bonapartii after they had reached equilibrium with their diet. The duration of the experiment was enough to reach the equilibrium condition in blood for both elements (estimated time to reach 95% of turnover: C t95%_blood = 150 days, N t95%_blood = 290 days), whilst turnover rates could not be estimated for muscle because of variation among samples. Estimates of Δ¹³C and Δ¹⁵N values in blood and muscle using all individuals were Δ¹³C_blood = 1·7‰, Δ¹³C_muscle = 1·3‰, Δ¹⁵N_blood = 2·5‰ and Δ¹⁵N_muscle = 1·5‰, but there was evidence of differences of c.0·4‰ in the Δ¹³C values between sexes. The present values for TDFs and turnover rates constitute the first evidence for dietary switching in batoids based on long‐term controlled feeding experiments. Overall, the results showed that S. bonapartii has relatively low turnover rates and isotopic measurements would not track seasonal movements adequately. The estimated Δ¹³C values in S. bonapartii blood and muscle were similar to previous estimations for elasmobranchs and to generally accepted values in bony fishes (Δ¹³C = 1·5‰). For Δ¹⁵N, the results were similar to published reports for blood but smaller than reports for muscle and notably smaller than the typical values used to estimate trophic position (Δ¹⁵N c. 3·4‰). Thus, trophic position estimations for elasmobranchs based on typical Δ¹⁵N values could lead to underestimates of actual trophic positions. Finally, the evidence of differences in TDFs between sexes reveals a need for more targeted research.     

The nature of the dietary protein impacts the tissue-to-diet 15N discrimination factors in laboratory rats

Due to the existence of isotope effects on some metabolic pathways of amino acid and protein metabolism, animal tissues are (15)N-enriched relative to their dietary nitrogen sources and this (15)N enrichment varies among different tissues and metabolic pools. The magnitude of the tissue-to-diet discrimination (Δ(15)N) has also been shown to depend on dietary factors. Since dietary protein sources affect amino acid and protein metabolism, we hypothesized that they would impact this discrimination factor, with selective effects at the tissue level. To test this hypothesis, we investigated in rats the influence of a milk or soy protein-based diet on Δ(15)N in various nitrogen fractions (urea, protein and non-protein fractions) of blood and tissues, focusing on visceral tissues. Regardless of the diet, the different protein fractions of blood and tissues were generally (15)N-enriched relative to their non-protein fraction and to the diet (Δ(15)N>0), with large variations in the Δ(15)N between tissue proteins. Δ(15)N values were markedly lower in tissue proteins of rats fed milk proteins compared to those fed soy proteins, in all sampled tissues except in the intestine, and the amplitude of Δ(15)N differences between diets differed between tissues. Both between-tissue and between-diet Δ(15)N differences are probably related to modulations of the relative orientation of dietary and endogenous amino acids in the different metabolic pathways. More specifically, the smaller Δ(15)N values observed in tissue proteins with milk than soy dietary protein may be due to a slightly more direct channeling of dietary amino acids for tissue protein renewal and to a lower recycling of amino acids through fractionating pathways. In conclusion, the present data indicate that natural Δ(15)N of tissue are sensitive markers of the specific subtle regional modifications of the protein and amino acid metabolism induced by the protein dietary source.     

Foraging habits in a generalist predator: Sex and age influence habitat selection and resource use among bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)

This study examines resource use (diet, habitat use, and trophic level) within and among demographic groups (males, females, and juveniles) of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). We analyzed the δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values of 15 prey species constituting 84% of the species found in stomach contents. We used these data to establish a trophic enrichment factor (TEF) to inform dietary analysis using a Bayesian isotope mixing model. We document a TEF of 0‰ and 2.0‰ for δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N, respectively. The dietary results showed that all demographic groups relied heavily on low trophic level seagrass‐associated prey. Bayesian standard ellipse areas (SEA_b) were calculated to assess diversity in resource use. The SEA_b of females was nearly four times larger than that of males indicating varied resource use, likely a consequence of small home ranges and habitat specialization. Juveniles possessed an intermediate SEA_b, generally feeding at a lower trophic level compared to females, potentially an effect of natal philopatry and immature foraging skills. The small SEA_b of males reflects a high degree of specialization on seagrass associated prey. Patterns in resource use by the demographic groups are likely linked to differences in the relative importance of social and ecological factors.     

Detecting trophic‐level variation in consumer assemblages

1. Stable isotopes of nitrogen are useful for quantifying the trophic structure of food webs, but only if the variation in trophic enrichment (Δ_N), which is the difference in δ¹⁵N between a consumer and its food, is small relative to the value of Δ_N itself. 2. We examined the sources of variation in zooplankton Δ_N by measuring the trophic enrichment (Δ_N) of seven species of freshwater cladocerans, and by testing for an effect of age and temperature on the Δ_N of Daphnia pulicaria. 3. We found that Δ_N was similar among Cladocera and was not correlated with body size. Overall, the Δ_N for D. pulicaria was 1.4‰ (SE = 0.69, n = 57), as was expected for the detritus diet that we used in our experiments. We found no effect of temperature (15–25 °C) on Δ_N, but found that Δ_N of D. pulicaria increased with increasing age (10–30 days). 4. We developed a new method to test for trophic‐level variation in a group of consumers that explicitly accounts for the uncertainty in Δ_N. Using this approach, we confirmed that natural assemblages of zooplankton feed at several trophic levels in lake food webs.     

Use of stable isotopes to understand food webs in Macao wetlands

In this study, components of the food-web in Macao wetlands were quantified using stable isotope ratio techniques based on carbon and nitrogen values. The δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values of particulate organic matter (δ¹³C_POM and δ¹⁵N_POM, respectively) ranged from ?30.64 ± 1.0 to ?28.1 ± 0.7 ‰, and from ?1.11 ± 0.8 to 3.98 ± 0.7 ‰, respectively. The δ¹³C values of consumer species ranged from ?33.94 to ?16.92 ‰, showing a wide range from lower values in a freshwater lake and inner bay to higher values in a mangrove forest. The distinct dietary habits of consumer species and the location-specific food source composition were the main factors affecting the δ¹³C values. The consumer ¹⁵N-isotope enrichment values suggested that there were three trophic levels; primary, secondary, and tertiary. The primary consumer trophic level was represented by freshwater herbivorous gastropods, filter-feeding bivalves, and plankton-feeding fish, with a mean δ¹⁵N value of 5.052 ‰. The secondary consumer level included four deposit-feeding fish species distributed in Fai Chi Kei Bay and deposit-feeding gastropods in the Lotus Flower Bridge flat, with a mean δ¹⁵N value of 6.794 ‰. The tertiary consumers group consisted of four crab species, one shrimp species, and four fish species in the Lotus Flower Bridge Flat, with a mean δ¹⁵N value of 13.473 ‰. Their diet mainly comprised organic debris, bottom fauna, and rotten animal tissues. This study confirms the applicability of the isotopic approach in food web studies.     

Stable isotope enrichment in laboratory ant colonies: effects of colony age,metamorphosis, diet,and fat storage

Ecologists use stable isotopes to infer diets and trophic levels of animals in food webs, yet some assumptions underlying these inferences have not been thoroughly tested. We used laboratory‐reared colonies of Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Solenopsidini) to test the effects of metamorphosis, diet, and lipid storage on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios. Effects of metamorphosis were examined in ant colonies maintained on a control diet of domestic crickets and sucrose solution. Effects of a diet shift were evaluated by adding a tuna supplement to select colonies. Effects of lipid content on stable isotopes were tested by treating worker ants with polar and non‐polar solvents. δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values of larvae, pupae, and workers were measured by mass spectrometry on whole‐animal preparations. We found a significant effect of colony age on δ¹³C, but not δ¹⁵N; larvae, pupae, and workers collected at 75 days were slightly depleted in ¹³C relative to collections at 15 days (Δδ¹³C = ?0.27‰). Metamorphosis had a significant effect on δ¹⁵N, but not δ¹³C; tissues of each successive developmental stage were increasingly enriched in ¹⁵N (pupae, +0.5‰; workers, +1.4‰). Availability of tuna resulted in further shifts of about +0.6‰ in isotope ratios for all developmental stages. Removing fat with organic solvents had no effect on δ¹³C, but treatment with a non‐polar solvent resulted in enriched δ¹⁵N values of +0.37‰. Identifying regular patterns of isotopic enrichment as described here should improve the utility of stable isotopes in diet studies of insects. Our study suggests that researchers using ¹⁵N enrichment to assess trophic levels of an organism at different sites need to take care not to standardize with immature insect herbivores or predators at one site and mature ones at another. Similar problems may also exist when standardizing with holometabolous insects at one site and spiders or hemimetabolous insects at another site.     

Use of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in insect trophic ecology

Insects are the most diverse organisms and often the most abundant animals in some ecosystems. Despite the importance of their functional roles and of the knowledge for conservation, the trophic ecology of many insect species is not fully understood. In this review, I present how stable carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) isotopes have been used to reveal the trophic ecology of insects over the last 30 years. The isotopic studies on insects have used differences in C isotope ratios between C₃ and C₄ plants, along vertical profiles of temperate and tropical forest stands, and between terrestrial and aquatic resources. These differences enable exploration of the relative importance of the food resources, as well as movement and dispersal of insects across habitats. The ¹³C‐enrichment (approximately 3‰) caused by saprotrophic fungi can allow the estimation of the importance of fungi in insect diets. Stable N isotopes have revealed food resource partitioning across diverse insect species above and belowground. Detritivorous insects often show a large trophic enrichment in ¹³C (up to 3‰) and ¹⁵N (up to 10‰) relative to the food substrates, soil organic matter. These values are greater than those commonly used for estimation of trophic level. This enrichment likely reflects the prevalence of soil microbial processes, such as fungal development and humification, influencing the isotopic signatures of diets in detritivores. Isotope analysis can become an essential tool in the exploration of insect trophic ecology in terms of biogeochemical C and N cycles, including trophic interactions, plant physiological and soil microbial processes.     

A skew in poo: Biases in primate fecal isotope analysis and recommendations for standardized sample preparation

Feces are a treasure trove in the study of animal behavior and ecology. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis allows to assess the dietary niches of elusive primate species and primate breastfeeding behavior. However, some fecal isotope data may unwillingly be biased toward the isotope ratios of undigested plant matter, requiring more consistent sample preparation protocols. We assess the impact of this potential data skew in 114 fecal samples of wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) by measuring the isotope differences (Δ¹³C, Δ¹⁵N) between bulk fecal samples containing larger particles (>1 mm) and filtered samples containing only small particles (<1 mm). We assess the influence of fecal carbon and nitrogen content (ΔC:N) and sample donor age (subadult, adult) on the resulting Δ¹³C, Δ¹⁵N values (n = 228). Additionally, we measure the isotope ratios in three systematically sieved fecal samples of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus), with particle sizes ranging from 20 μm to 8 mm (n = 30). We found differences in fecal carbon and nitrogen content, with the smaller fecal fraction containing more nitrogen on average. While the Δ¹³C values were small and not affected by age or ΔC:N, the Δ¹⁵N values were significantly influenced by fecal ΔC:N, possibly resulting from the differing proportions of undigested plant macroparticles. Significant relationships between carbon stable isotope ratios (δ¹³C) values and %C in large fecal fractions of both age groups corroborated this assessment. Δ¹⁵N values were significantly larger in adults than subadults, which should be of concern in isotope studies comparing adult females with infants to assess breastfeeding. We found a random variation of up to 3.0‰ in δ¹³C and 2.0‰ in nitrogen stable isotope ratios within the chimpanzee fecal samples separated by particle sizes. We show that particle size influences isotope ratios and propose a simple, cost-effective filtration method for primate feces to exclude larger undigested food particles from the analysis, which can easily be adopted by labs worldwide.     

Decrypting stable‐isotope (δ13C and δ15N) variability in aquatic plants

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克氏原螯虾两种养殖模式的食物网结构及其食性比较

为比较克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)精养模式和稻虾共作模式下的食物网结构及其食性差异, 对两种养殖模式的基础食源与消费者的δ13C和δ15N进行了分析, 并借助SIBER考察了各自的食物网结构, 定量计算不同饵料对克氏原螯虾食物的贡献率。结果显示: 在采集的19种样品中, 消费者的δ13C值介于–34.22‰—–25.34‰, δ15N值介于2.33‰—8.05‰, 营养级介于1.46—3.64; 在精养模式下克氏原螯虾的营养级(2.34)高于共作模式(1.79)。食物网结构参数对比表明, 两种模式下克氏原螯虾的生态空间利用率接近, 但共作模式的食物网营养结构多样性较高, 群落的营养生态位范围较宽, 食物网的营养冗余程度较低, 不同物种竞争激烈程度较低; 食性分析显示, 在两种模式下克氏原螯虾的δ15N值与其体长、体重具有线性正相关关系, 说明克氏原螯虾营养级随着其体型增大而提高, 另外克氏原螯虾在两种养殖模式中均偏向于摄食动物性饵料, 共作模式中克氏原螯虾饵料来源分布较精养模式更均匀, 其植物性饵料贡献率较精养模式更高。研究表明: 精养模式的物质能量从基础食源传至克氏原螯虾的传递损耗较共作模式要高; 与精养模式相比, 稻虾共作模式中克氏原螯虾更偏向植食性。     

Use of a δ13C–δ15N relationship to determine animal trophic positions in a tropical Australian estuarine wetland

Stable isotope composition of organisms from different trophic groups collected from a semi‐isolated wetland pool in the Ross River estuary, northern Australia, was analysed to determine if there was a consistent relationship between δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N and trophic level that could be used to assign trophic positions. A strong linear negative relationship between δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N was detected for the three trophic levels considered (primary producers, primary consumers and secondary consumers). This relationship was consistent among trophic levels, differing only in height, that is, on δ¹⁵N values, which indicate trophic positions. A difference of 3.6–3.8‰ between trophic levels was present, suggesting a δ¹⁵N fractionation of approximately 3.7‰, a value slightly higher than the commonly assumed δ¹⁵N fractionation of approximately 3.4‰. The relationship between δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N was similar for invertebrate and fish primary consumers, indicating similar δ¹⁵N trophic fractionation for both groups, meaning trophic positions and trophic length could be reliably calculated based on either invertebrates or fish.