内生真菌Ⅱ.中国油松内生真菌四个新记录种

从油松组织中分离到4种我国新记录种, Pestalotiopsis citrina, Phomopsis archeri, Seimatosporium lonicerae, Sporormiella minimoides。标本保存于中国科学院微生物研究所真菌地衣系统学重点实验室标本馆(HMAS)。     

引起滇刺枣褐斑病的拟茎点霉属一新种

报道引起滇刺枣褐斑病的拟茎点霉新种——滇刺枣拟茎点霉Phomopsis mauritiana。新种的载孢体近球形,甲型分生孢子椭圆形或披针形,形态及大小有别于同属植物上已知的3种拟茎点霉。     

苏木科植物上的拟茎点霉新种及中国新纪录种

报道了苏木科植物上的两个拟茎点霉 Phomopsis 新种:羊蹄甲生拟茎点霉 Phomopsis bauhinicola 和决明生拟茎点霉 Phomopsis cassiicola , 和两个中国新记录种:羊蹄甲拟茎点霉 Phomopsis bauhiniae 和决明拟茎点霉 Phomopsis cassiae 。新种附有拉丁文、英文描述和显微结构图。模式标本保存于华南农业大学真菌标本室 (HMA) 。     

木兰科植物上的两个拟茎点霉新种

本文报道了木兰科植物上的两个拟茎点霉Phomopsis新种:木兰叶拟茎点霉 Phomopsis magnoliae和白兰生拟茎点霉Phomopsis micheliicola。新种附有拉丁文、英文描述和显微结构图。模式标本保存于华南农业大学真菌标本室(HMA)。     

湖南省木本植物上的拟茎点霉新种

报道了采自湖南省木本植物上的10个拟茎点霉Phomopsis新种,即喜树拟茎点霉Ph. camptothecae、腊梅拟茎点霉Ph.chimonanthi、杜仲生拟茎点霉Ph.eucommiicola、紫薇拟茎点霉Ph.lagerstroemiae、红继木拟茎点霉Ph.loropetali、厚朴拟茎点霉Ph.magnolina、海桐拟茎点霉Ph.pittospori、竹柏拟茎点霉Phomopsis podocarpi、石榴拟茎点霉Ph.punicicola和酸枣拟茎点霉Ph.ziziphicola。对新种与其近似种在形态及ITS序列上的差异进行了讨论。文中附有新种的拉丁文、英文描述及显微结构图。模式标本保存于华南农业大学真菌标本室(SCHM)。     

Chemical and molecular characterization of Phomopsis and Cytospora-like endophytes from different host plants in Brazil

Phomopsis and related taxa comprise important endophytic and plant pathogenic species, and are known for the production of a diverse array of secondary metabolites. Species concepts within this group based on morphological characters and assumed host specificity do not reflect phylogenetic affinities. Additional phenotypic characters, such as profiles of secondary metabolites, are needed for practical species recognition. We investigated 36 strains of Phomopsis spp. and Cytospora-like fungi, obtained as endophytes of different host plants in Brazil, using metabolite profiling based on HPLC-UV/liquid chromatography -mass spectrometry (LC-MS) combined with cluster analysis of the results. Strains were also subjected to phylogenetic analyses based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA. Six chemotypes were identified. Chemotypes 1-5 contained Phomopsis strains, while Cytospora-like strains formed the chemotype 6. Strains of chemotype 1 typically produced alternariols, altenusin, altenuene, cytosporones, and dothiorelones. Alternariol and seven unknown compounds were consistently produced by strains of chemotype 2. Members of chemotypes 3-5 produced poor metabolite profiles containing few chemical markers. Cytospora-like endophytes (chemotype 6) produced a characteristic set of metabolites including cytosporones and dothiorelones. Bayesian and Maximum Parsimony (MP) trees classified strains of each chemotype into single phylogenetic lineages or closely related groups. Strains of chemotypes 1 and 2 formed a monophyletic group along with Diaporthe neotheicola. The remaining Phomopsis strains formed monophyletic (chemotype 4) or polyphyletic (chemotypes 3 and 5) lineages inside a large and well supported clade. Cytospora-like strains formed a monophyletic lineage located at an intermediary position between Diaporthe/Phomopsis and Valsa/Cytospora clades. The combined results show that the production of secondary metabolites by Phomopsis and related Diaporthales may be species-specific, giving support to the use of metabolite profiling and chemical classification for phenotypic recognition and delimitation of species.     

Endophytic Phomopsis species: host range and implications for diversity estimates

Foliar endophyte assemblages of teak trees growing in dry deciduous and moist deciduous forests of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve were compared. A species of Phomopsis dominated the endophyte assemblages of teak, irrespective of the location of the host trees. Internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis of 11 different Phomopsis isolates (ten from teak and one from Cassia fistula) showed that they fall into two groups, which are separated by a relatively long branch that is strongly supported. The results showed that this fungus is not host restricted and that it continues to survive as a saprotroph in teak leaf, possibly by exploiting senescent leaves as well as the litter. Although the endophyte assemblage of a teak tree growing about 500 km from the forests was also dominated by a Phomopsis sp., it separated into a different group based on internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis. Our results with an endophytic Phomopsis sp. reinforce the earlier conclusions reached by others for pathogenic Phomopsis sp., i.e., that this fungus is not host specific, and the species concept of Phomopsis needs to be redefined.     

中国江西爱氏霉属三个新种

对江西省植物凋落物上的暗色丝孢真菌进行了调查研究,自植物枯枝上发现爱氏霉属3个新种——江西爱氏霉、井冈山爱氏霉和庐山爱氏霉,根据采集材料对其进行了详细的形态描述和显微拍照。爱氏霉属迄今已报道69个种。该属广布全球,多数种腐生于植物凋落物或沉水腐木上,未见作为植物病原菌引起植物病害的报道。     

广东省草本花卉上的拟茎点霉新种和新记录种

报道了采自草本花卉上的一个拟茎点霉Phomopsis新种(千日红拟茎点霉Ph.gomphrenae)和两个中国新记录种(风仙花拟茎点霉Ph.impatientis与埋生拟茎点霉Ph.immersa)。新种千日红拟茎点霉的甲乙型分生孢子不论长度还是宽度均小于之前报道的两个拟茎点霉,并且缺少第三种分生孢子。新种附有拉丁文描述及显微结构图。模式标本保存于华南农业大学真菌标本室(SCHM)。     

福建省木本植物上的拟茎点霉新种

报道了采自福建省木本植物枝上的6个拟茎点霉 Phomopsis 新种: 阳桃拟茎点霉 Ph. averrhoae、胡颓子生拟茎点霉 Ph. elaeagnicola、光叶子花拟茎点霉 Ph. glabrae、枫香拟茎点霉 Ph. liquidambaris、含笑拟茎点霉 Ph. micheliae 和叶下珠生拟茎点霉Ph. phyllanthicola。对新种与近似种在形态上的差异进行了讨论。新种附有拉丁文描述及显微结构图。模式标本保存于华南农业大学真菌标本室(SCHM)。     

Extending chestnut blight hypovirus host range within diaporthales by biolistic delivery of viral cDNA

Biolistic bombardment was used to successfully transform three phytopathogenic fungal species with an infectious cDNA clone of the prototypic hypovirus, CHV1-EP713, a genetic element responsible for the virulence attenuation (hypovirulence) of the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica. The fungal species included two strains each of C. parasitica and Valsa ceratosperma, as well as one strain of Phomopsis G-type (teleomorph Diaporthe Nitschke); all are members of the order Diaporthales but classified into three different genera. A subset of transformants for each of the fungal species contained CHV1-EP713 dsRNA derived from chromosomally integrated viral cDNA. As has been reported for CHV1-EP713 infection of the natural host C parasitica, biolistic introduction of CHV1-EP713 into the new fungal hosts V ceratosperma and Phomopsis G-type resulted in altered colony morphology and, more importantly, reduced virulence. These results suggest a potential for hypoviruses as biological control agents in plant-infecting fungal pathogens other than the chestnut blight fungus and closely related species. In addition, the particle delivery technique offers a convenient means of transmitting hypoviruses to potential host fungi that provides new avenues for fundamental mycovirus research and may have practical applications for conferring hypovirulence directly on infected plants in the field.     

红树林内生真菌研究进展

红树林作为一种特殊的植物群落具有丰富的内生真菌资源,目前已分离鉴定的红树林真菌超过200种,成为海洋真菌的第二大类群,已报道的红树林内生真菌主要类群是链格孢霉(Alternaria)、曲霉(Aspergillus)、芽枝霉(Cladosporium)、炭疽菌(Colletotrichum)、镰孢霉(Fusarium)、拟青霉(Paecilomyces)、拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis)、青霉(Penicillium)、茎点霉(Phoma)、拟茎点霉(Phomopsis)、叶点霉(Phyllosticta)和木霉(Trichoderma)等.大部分红树林内生真菌具有较宽的宿主范围,极少数只有单一的宿主,不同红树林植物的内生真菌区系及优势种群有很大差异.红树林内生真菌的定殖因宿主植物不同部位、植株的年龄及季节和环境的变化明显不同.红树林内生真菌能产生多种代谢产物,具有抗菌、抗肿瘤等药用价值.红树林植物内生真菌的研究和开发具有重要意义.本文综述了红树林内生真菌的生物多样性及其分布、生物学功能和次生代谢产物等方面的研究进展.     

Studies on fungal diseases of some tropical fruits IV. Some new fungi

Summary Four new species which includedSordaria allahabadensis on flowers ofCarica papaya L.,Thielavia appendiculata on leaves ofPunica granatum L.,Phomopsis amraii on leaves ofMangifera indica L. andPhoma punicae on twigs ofPunica granatum L. have been described.     

Differential Growth Inhibition of Diaporthe and Phomopsis Isolates by the Metabolic Activity of Five Actinomycetes

Fifty-five cultures derived from Diaporthe perithecia and Phomopsis pycnidia found on diverse host plant species collected at different times and sites in Vojvodina, Yugoslavia, showed distinguishing quantitative reactions to the fungistatic activity of five actinomycetes obtained as fortuitous laboratory contaminants coming from field material. Streptomyces albidoflavus , S. albus , S. diastaticus , Streptomyces sp., and Streptoverticillium sp. could be ranked by their growth-inhibitory potential, with S. albus showing the strongest, and Streptomyces sp. the lowest. The responses of the fungi varied depending on the tested actinomycetes, but two major groups could be distinguished: A, which encompased the isolates that were less affected by the proximity of the actinomycetes; and B, with those which exhibited high sensitivity in all the experiments. Group A was typically represented by Diaporthe arctii , Phomopsis longicolla, and the Phomopsis type-1 cultures from Xanthium italicum; group B was typically represented by Diaporthe/Phomopsis helianthi, Phomopsis type-2 cultures from X. italicum , and isolates from Lactuca serriola . The results obtained underscore the dissimilarities between D. arctii and D. helianthi , and corroborate the value of the physiological aspects of congeneric isolates in considering taxonomic problems in the coelomicete genus Phomopsis.     

Phomopsis (Diaporthe) Species as the Cause of Soybean Seed Decay in Korea

Soybeans are an important crop known to harbour a complex of Diaporthe and Phomopsis species. This complex has been reported to be involved in several soybean diseases, including Phomopsis seed decay. In this study, two species of Diaporthe/Phomopsis fungi from soybean plants were identified by morphological and molecular characterizations. Koch's postulates were confirmed by pathogenicity tests on hypocotyls of soybean seedlings. Phomopsis longicolla was found to be the most common and virulent pathogen to soybeans in Korea. Phomopsis sp., which was considered as a new soybean pathogen, might have been introduced from other plants given that similar strains of Phomopsis sp. have infected fruit trees in China, Japan and Portugal and vegetable plants in the United States.     

广西植物二新种和一个新记录属

报道了在进行华南生物多样性调查过程中, 在广西发现的２ 个广西植物新种和１ 个新记录属。     

Metabolites from endophytes of the medicinal plant Erythrina crista-galli

Erythrina crista-galli (Fabaceae) is used in Argentinean ethnopharmacology as anti-inflammatory medication, narcotic, desinfectant, and for the treatment of wounds. The common name of the tree is "ceibo" or coral tree. The dominating endophytes in E. crista-galli all belong to the genus Phomopsis as identified by microscopic features and the analysis of their ITS sequences. To investigate a possible contribution of Phomopsis spp. to the metabolites found in the plant, twelve different isolates were cultivated in different media. Besides several new metabolites a number of known compounds were detected: mellein, nectriapyrone, 4-hydroxymellein, scytalone, tyrosol, clavatol, mevinic acid, and mevalonolactone.     

球壳孢目真菌个体发育研究Ⅰ:壳二胞等四属

人工培养条件下,用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜对球壳孢目（Sphaerosidales）的Ascochyta,Phyllosticta,Phomopsis,Septoria四属进行个体发育研究,明确了其产孢方式：Ascochyta和Phyllosticta为内壁芽生瓶梗式;Phomopsis为全壁芽生瓶梗式;Septoria为全壁芽生合轴式,这一结果为属级分类提供了可靠的依据。产孢方式是属内共同具有的稳定特征,分生孢子的形成方式类型、产孢细胞及分生孢子的形态是划分属的首要标准。以寄主植物属为基础确定的同属大多数种在个体发育上无明显差别,分生孢子的形态及大小是分种的一个重要依据。     

腔孢纲真菌的三个新种*

在调查香龙血树Dracaenafragrans(L.)Ker-Ganl.的病害中,发现了腔孢纲真菌的3个新种,即PhomopsisdracaenicolaZ.D.Jiang,P.G.XietP.K.Chi,BartaliniadracaenaeP.G.Xi,Z.D.JiangetP.K.Chi及SphaeropsisdracaenaeP.G.XietP.K.Chi,模式标本保存在华南农业大学真菌标本室。     

Phylogenetic diversity of endophytic leaf fungus isolates from the medicinal tree Trichilia elegans (Meliaceae)

Various types of organisms, mainly fungi and bacteria, live within vegetal organs and tissues, without causing damage to the plant. These microorganisms, which are called endophytes, can be useful for biological control and plant growth promotion; bioactive compounds from these organisms may have medical and pharmaceutical applications. Trichilia elegans (Meliaceae) is a native tree that grows abundantly in several regions of Brazil. Preparations using the leaves, seeds, bark, and roots of many species of the Meliaceae family have been widely used in traditional medicine, and some members of the Trichilia genus are used in Brazilian popular medicine. We assessed the diversity of endophytic fungi from two wild specimens of T. elegans, collected from a forest remnant, by sequencing ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 of rDNA of the isolates. The fungi were isolated and purified; 97 endophytic fungi were found; they were separated into 17 morpho-groups. Of the 97 endophytic fungi, four genera (Phomopsis, Diaporthe, Dothideomycete, and Cordyceps) with 11 morpho-groups were identified. Phomopsis was the most frequent genus among the identified endophytes. Phylogenetic analysis showed two major clades: Sordariomycetes, which includes three genera, Phomopsis, Diaporthe, and Cordyceps, and the clade Dothideomycetes, which was represented by the order Pleosporales.