Infant stumptailed macaques reared with mirrors or peers: Social responsiveness,attachment, and adjustment

Comparisons of activity toward mirrors and peers in infant macaques being reared with one of these stimuli as the primary rearing partner revealed markedly greater social responsiveness to a fully accessible cagemate than to one's own reflection. Measures of exploration, aggression, and especially play all revealed the cagemate to be the more potent social stimulus. Mirror-reared infants given additional experience of a live peer behind a transparent partition were less responsive to the mirror than were infants with no social stimulation other than a mirror. In contrast, cagemate-directed behavior of peer-reared infants was not seriously affected by additional exposure to a mirror. A fully accessible peer also elicited more social responding than a peer behind a transparent partition, and infants with experience of both a live cagemate and mirrors were generally more responsive toward the former. Greater agitation in peer-reared than in mirror-reared stumptailed monkeys during separations from their rearing partners suggests that exposure to the physically accessible partner led to stronger attachments. Infants reacted positively to a moderately unfamiliar environment but showed behavioral disruption when placed in a very unfamiliar environment. Disruption was especially evident in peer-reared infants, in which exposure to the unfamiliar environment was compounded with the absence of the attachment figure. Mirror-rearing appeared to reduce the tendency toward ‘isolation syndrome’ behaviors compared to alone-rearing, and these behaviors appear to be less common in stumptailed than in rhesus macaques.     

焦虑、抑郁及社会支持情况对短暂性脑缺血发作患者睡眠的影响

目的:讨论焦虑、抑郁和社会支持情况对短暂性脑缺血患者睡眠的影响情况。方法:将2012年1月至2014年1月于我院治疗的164名短暂性脑缺血患者为研究对象,采用社会支持评定量表SSRS、自评焦虑量表SAS、匹兹堡睡眠指数PSQI及自评抑郁量表SDS评估病人的抑郁、焦虑与社会支持情况对患者的影响,并分析相关性。在对患者进行一个月的治疗过程中,对伴有焦虑及抑郁症状的患者给予盐酸舍曲林片,并考察药物治疗对患者睡眠质量的影响情况。结果:164名患者中出现焦虑的几率为37.4%,出现抑郁的几率为18.9%,二者同时出现的几率为12.8%,存在睡眠障碍的患者约占68.4%,匹兹堡睡眠指数与自评焦虑量指数、自评抑郁量指数与社会支持评定量的主观支持与患者对支持和利用得分均存在相关性(r=0.66、0.53、-0.39,-0.40,P0.05),且差异有统计学意义。对采集的数据进行多因素回归分析,结果显示,焦虑、抑郁、社会主观支持和患者对支持的利用度是影响睡眠的重要因素。通过Logistic回归分析,结果显示患者对支持利用度的增加及自评焦虑量指数、自评抑郁量指数与发作次数的减少有利于改善患者的睡眠障碍(OR=0.221、2.412、1.938、0.321,P0.05)。结论:抑郁、焦虑和社会支持是导致短暂性脑缺血患者存在睡眠障碍的重要因素,对三者情况进行改善可辅助药物治疗,改善患者睡眠质量。     

The roles of early separation experience and prior familiarity in the social relations of pigtail macaques: A descriptive multivariate study

Research has suggested that a social separation during a macaque's infancy may result in later deficiencies in maternal behavior, as well as in reduced sociability. The present study examined whether monkeys now living in an all-peer group who had experienced a maternal separation 1.5 to 3 years prior to the time of these observations, displayed persisting social deficits. Using multivariate techniques, prior separation history, as well as several demographic variables were examined as to their role in explaining the observed variation in measures of social behavior and preference. The results indicated that, as compared to nonseparated controls, previously separated monkeys played less, displayed social preferences to fewer animals, displayed fewer contact preferences, and showed reciprocated preferences to fewer individuals. In addition, several gender and rank-related effects were found. In terms of the identities of the preferred partners, individuals preferred animals from the same natal group. The results support the notion that an early separation experience can result in long-term social impairment, although the effects appear to be subtle.     

Heterosexual interactions in laboratory-housed stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides): observations during the menstrual cycle and after ovariectomy.

Heterosexual interactions of pairs of stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides) were studied in relation to the female menstrual cycle and after ovariectomy. Five intact male and 10 tubal-ligated female macaques were observed in laboratory pair tests of 20-mins duration, and data were obtained on various male and female behaviors. Each male was tested with the same two females during four 40-day observation periods. Males were tested daily and females were tested every other day. After two 40-day testing periods, one female partner of each male was ovariectomized and the other was sham-operated. Blood was collected regularly from the females during the course of observation and serum levels of estradiol and progesterone were determined by radioimmunoassay. The midcycle peak of estradiol was observed to occur approximately 18 days prior to menses. A distinct secondary peak in estradiol was observed to occur during the luteal phase of all cycles examined. Of 28 different male and female behaviors studied only female presentation to male sexual contact showed a significant midcycle peak related to the endogenous estradiol surge. After ovariectomy a significant decrease in the frequency of several male copulatory behaviors was observed, but most males continued to copulate regularly with their spayed partners throughout the period of this study. Thus, the pattern of copulatory behavior observed in stumptail macaques over the cycle of the female partner and subsequent to ovariectomy differs from that observed in other macaque species studied in the laboratory. It is concluded that cyclical fluctuations in the level of ovarian hormones are not significantly related to measures of sexual interactions in laboratory tests of this species, although the maintenance of copulation and associated behaviors at high levels depends to some degree upon the ovary.     

Friends with benefits: Social support and its relevance for farm animal welfare

Despite growing interest in promoting positive welfare, rather than just alleviating poor welfare, potential measures of good welfare, and means to provide it, have remained elusive. In humans social support improves stress-coping abilities, health, and promotes positive psychological welfare. Therefore, social support may be a key approach to promote positive physical and psychological welfare in farm animals. However, the roles of positive social behaviors and social support have been overlooked in comparison to negative social behaviors such as agonistic interactions. The benefits of social partners on an animal's stress coping abilities and welfare are yet poorly understood.The purpose of this paper is to review the protective or buffering effects of social support against stressful challenges and its potential implications for farm animal welfare. The biology of social support is first presented with its behavior, endocrine, autonomic and immune components. The major factors modulating the social support process are then synthesized. Research and implications for animal welfare in different farm species are discussed. Lastly, this review identifies research areas that especially deserve further attention in our effort to understand and implement social support in farm animal welfare.Social support could constitute one of the foundations for welfare researchers to leap from the absence of negative welfare to the provision of positive welfare and emotional experiences.     

成年雌性短尾猴的社会联系强度及影响因素

灵长类动物社会中,个体间的社会关系是维系群体稳定的重要基础,也影响个体的寿命和繁殖成功。本研究以栖息于安徽黄山的短尾猴YA1群为对象,采用焦点动物取样法和行为取样法采集成年雌性个体在交配期（2015.9 - 2015.12）和非交配期（2016.3 - 2016.5）的社会行为,通过理毛和近距行为计算社会联系强度,探讨群体成员之间的社会关系及影响因素。结果表明：在交配期和非交配期,雌性短尾猴的社会联系强度无显著差异（t = 0.181,P = 0.857）;亲缘关系和社会联系强度呈显著正相关（交配期：r = 0.534, P = 0.001; 非交配期：r = 0.469, P= 0.001）;个体间的等级距离和社会联系强度呈显著负相关（交配期：r = -0.288, P= 0.014; 非交配期：r = -0.238, P= 0.048）;年龄差异和社会联系强度无显著相关性（交配期：r = -0.176, P = 0.181; 非交配期：r = -0.192, P = 0.151）。本研究提示成年雌性短尾猴个体间会形成稳定的社会关系,亲缘关系和等级顺位是影响个体之间社会关系的重要因素。     

Behavioral and adrenocortical responses to mate separation and reunion in the zebra finch

The adaptive value of social affiliation has been well established. It is unclear, however, what endogenous mechanisms may mediate affiliative behavior. The Australian zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) breeds colonially and adults maintain lifelong pair bonds that may be disrupted in the wild due to high mortality rates. Many of its natural, social behaviors are maintained in laboratory conditions, making this species well suited for studying the mechanisms of affiliation. This study examines the behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to pair mate separation and reunion in zebra finches. We measured plasma corticosterone (CORT) and behavioral changes following separation from a pair bonded mate, and again upon reintroducing the mate or an opposite-sex cagemate. Plasma CORT concentrations were: (1). elevated during pair mate separation, even in the presence of other same-sex individuals, and (2). reduced to baseline upon reunion with the pair mate but not upon re-pairing with a new opposite-sex partner. These findings show that zebra finches exhibit hormonal responses to separation and reunion specifically with a bonded pair mate and not with other familiar conspecifics. In addition, alterations in behavior during separation and reunion are consistent with monogamous pair bond maintenance. This study presents evidence for adrenocortical involvement in avian pair bonding, and for hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activation in response to an ecologically relevant social stressor.     

维持性血液透析患者孤独状况与社会支持的关系研究

目的:调查维持性血液透析(MHD)患者的孤独状况,并探讨其与社会支持的关系。方法:采用问卷调查的方式对145例2018年1月至2019年6月期间来我院就诊的MHD患者(实验组)和同期150例健康状况良好正常人(对照组)进行调查,内容包括一般资料调查表、孤独量表(UCLA)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS),单因素Logistic回归模型筛选出造成孤独状况的危险因素,再采用非条件多因素Logistic回归模型计算危险因素与疾病的相关性。结果:实验组UCLA得分为(65.12±12.38)分,明显高于对照组的(25.38±5.57)分(P0.05),实验组SSRS量表中客观支持、主观支持、支持利用度以及总分分别为(14.86±1.89)分、(13.12±2.13)分、(10.88±1.56)分、(35.21±11.82)分,均低于对照组的(18.78±3.23)分、(20.95±3.06)分、(15.61±2.28)分、(50.98±15.24)分(P0.05)。多因素非条件Logistic回归显示MHD患者孤独状态的危险因素依次是客观支持、主观支持、支持利用度、透析年限及年龄(OR=5.246、4.568、4.315、4.172、2.342,均P0.05)。结论:MHD患者处于较为严重的孤独状态,社会支持是造成患者孤独状况的首要危险因素,良好的社会支持可以改善MHD患者的孤独状况。     

Social attachment in giraffe: Response to social separation

Attachment relationships between animals are often studied by separating a pair of individuals and recording their subsequent behavior. Studies of non‐human primates have shown that separation results in changes that are indicative of both psychological and physiological stress. Similar results have been found in several non‐primate species with differing social structures. This study examined the behavior of two female giraffe at Zoo Atlanta after the removal of the resident male. Data were collected on the giraffe before and after separation, using an instantaneous scan sampling technique to record levels of activity, social behaviors, solitary behaviors, proximity, and habitat utilization. After the removal of the resident male, both giraffe exhibited increased levels of activity, stereotypical behavior, contact behavior (particularly neck‐rubbing), and decreased habitat utilization. These results are similar to those found in earlier primate separation studies, supporting the hypothesis that complex social structure is not necessary for the formation of social attachments. Because social separation is often accompanied by behavioral and physiological indications of stress, an understanding of the variables involved in a species' response to separation is vital to the promotion of the psychological and physical well‐being of captive animals. Zoo Biol 19:41–51, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Cortisol responses and social buffering: a study throughout the life span

The ability of specific adult females to moderate plasma cortisol responses throughout the life span was examined in male guinea pigs maintained in large mixed age/sex groups. At four critical life stages of social development (preweaning, periadolescent, sexually but not socially mature, and sexually and socially mature), the same male guinea pigs were exposed to the stressor of exposure to a novel environment for 4 h while either alone, with an unfamiliar adult female, or with a favored adult female, as based on objective criteria from behavioral observation at that life stage. In preweaning males (9-19 days of age), the favored female (biological mother), but not an unfamiliar female, reduced the cortisol response in the novel environment. In periadolescents (49-61 days), an unfamiliar female, but not the favored female, buffered the cortisol response. At the sexually but not socially mature stage (114-126 days), the cortisol response to novelty was depressed in all conditions, and not affected by either female. At the sexually and socially mature stage (270-330 days), the favored female, but not the unfamiliar female, moderated cortisol levels. These results corroborate previous findings in infants and full adults, demonstrate marked age-specific changes in the ability of females to buffer hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses, and identify a heretofore undescribed period of cortisol response suppression in maturing male guinea pigs. The changing pattern of social buffering during the life span described here for the guinea pig might represent a more general pattern for males of other group-living mammals.     

Depression Scores Associate With Chronotype and Social Jetlag in a Rural Population

In public health, mood disorders are among the most important mental impairments. Patients with depressive episodes exhibit daily mood variations, abnormal patterns in sleep-wake behavior, and in the daily rhythms of several endocrine-metabolic parameters. Although the relationship between the sleep/circadian processes and mood disorders is poorly understood, clock-related therapies, such as light therapy, sleep deprivation, and rigid sleep schedules, have been shown to be effective treatments. Several studies investigated the relationship between circadian phenotype (chronotype) and depression. These focused mainly on urban populations and assessed diurnal preferences (Morningness-Eveningness score) rather than the actual timing of sleep and activity. Here, we used the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) in an essentially rural population (N?=?4051), and investigated its relation to circadian phenotype (chronotype and social jetlag), assessed with the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ). In our study design, we (i) normalized both chronotype and BDI scores for age and sex (MSF_sas and BDI_as, respectively); (ii) calculated individual social jetlag (misalignment of the biological and social time); and (iii) investigated the relationship between circadian phenotypes and BDI scores in a population homogeneous in respect to culture, socioeconomic factors, and daily light exposure. A 15.65% (N?=?634) of the participants showed mild to severe depressive BDI scores. Late chronotypes had a higher BDI_as than intermediate and early types, which was independent of whether or not the participants were smokers. Both chronotype and BDI_as correlated positively with social jetlag. BDI_as was significantly higher in subjects with >2?h of social jetlag than in the rest of the population—again independent of smoking status. We also compared chronotype and social jetlag distributions between BDI categories (no symptoms, minimal symptoms, and mild to severe symptoms of depression) separately for men and women and for four age groups; specifically in the age group 31–40 yrs, subjects with mild to severe BDI scores were significantly later chronotypes and suffered from higher social jetlag. Our results indicate that misalignment of circadian and social time may be a risk factor for developing depression, especially in 31- to 40-yr-olds. These relationships should be further investigated in longitudinal studies to reveal if reduction of social jetlag should be part of prevention strategies. (Author correspondence: karla.allebrandt@med.uni-muenchen.de)     

围手术期乳腺癌患者社会支持状态及相关因素的调查研究

目的:调查围手术期乳腺癌患者社会支持状态及其相关因素,分析影响围手术期乳腺癌患者的促进和阻碍因素,为提高围手术期乳腺癌患者社会支持状态提供理论基础。方法:自2012年1~6月对在哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院普外八病房进行手术治疗的96例乳腺癌患者进行问卷调查,调查内容为自制调查问卷,主要包括患者的社会支持状态、焦虑及一般人口学资料。结果:围手术期乳腺癌患者社会支持得分为(69.49±7.43)分,状态焦虑得分为(41.61±12.01)分,特质焦虑得分为(41.07±11.81)分,Pearson相关分析结果显示,社会支持与特质焦虑呈负相关,一般人口学资料中社会支持的影响因素有家庭经济状况和教育程度。结论:围手术期乳腺癌患者社会支持处于高支持状态,经济状况较好、教育程度高的乳腺癌患者其社会支持水平较高,医护人员可以通过降低患者焦虑水平,提高其社会支持水平,以促进疾病的康复。     

Social influence in manipulations of a capuchin monkey raised in a human environment: A preliminary case study

This preliminary study reports manipulations in an 8-month infant capuchin monkey,Cebus apella, confronted with a variety of objects, during five 2-hour sessions. This subject is raised in a human environment as it participates to the “Aide Simienne aux Personnes Handicapées (Kerpape)” project. Objects have been chosen in order to expose the capuchin to manipulations it will be asked to perform when placed with a quadriplegic. This paper reports the analysis of five hours of video recording. During two sub-sessions within an experimental session, the “human mother” pointed the objects to the monkey, sequentially, either with a vocal designation or not. The results show that the monkey tends to contact more objects and manipulates them more when they have been previously designated by the “mother.” This suggests a form of social facilitation. There is no evidence for imitation.     

Response to social challenge in young bonnet (Macaca radiata) and pigtail (Macaca nemestrina) macaques is related to early maternal experiences

Previous experience affects how young primates respond to challenging social situations. The present retrospective study looked at one aspect of early experience, the quality of the mother-infant relationship, to determine its relationship to young bonnet and pigtail macaques' responses to two social challenges: temporary maternal separation at 5-6 months and permanent transfer to an unfamiliar peer group at 16-17 months. Relationship quality was measured quantitatively on 30 macaque mother-infant pairs with the Relationship Quality Index (RQI), the ratio of relative affiliation to relative agonism as previously applied to capuchin monkeys. Infants with high RQI values had amicable mother-infant relationships and infants with low RQI values had agonistic mother-infant relationships. Young monkeys with amicable and agonistic relationships showed consistent differences in behavior before, during, and after each social challenge, supporting the hypothesis that juveniles from amicable mother-infant relationships based on the RQI coped more effectively with social challenges than did juveniles from agonistic mother-infant relationships. Results suggest 1) characteristic amicability or agonism in early mother-offspring macaque relationships has the potential to influence offspring behavior in tense social contexts and 2) the RQI is useful as one of a coordinated suite of methods for studying the development of social skills.     

Dominance competition through affiliation and support in Japanese macaques: An experimental study

It has been proposed that monkeys direct grooming to high-ranking individuals in an attempt to obtain agonistic support in return. But whether these two categories of interactions are causally related has proven difficult to establish. Part of the problem stems from the fact that in stable groups social relationships reflect an equilibrium state and that behaviors need only be performed at low rates and long intervals to maintain the current social structure. In theory, however, if affiliative and supportive interactions are indeed causally related, it should be possible to accentuate their temporal relation, hence their causal dynamics. For example, destabilizing dominance relations can be expected to induce competition for status and force individuals to deploy behavioral tactics for settling new rank relations. We experimentally induced rank reversals in a captive group of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) composed of three matrilines (A-B-C rank order). A reversed C-A-B order composed of three individuals per matriline was maintained for 2 weeks. The results show the close temporal relation among (i) asserting one’s rank, (ii) competing for access to dominants through affiliation and interferences in affiliation, (iii) receiving support from dominants against lower-ranking individuals, and (iv) supporting dominants against subordinates. These findings are compatible with one version of the affiliation-for-support hypothesis, namely that monkeys affiliate with dominants as a way to assert their position in the hierarchy. In a functional perspective, mutual selfishness provides a better explanation than reciprocal altruism because the possibility that both groomers and supporters derive immediate net benefits cannot be excluded.     

Behavioral responses of an infant gorilla to maternal separation in a captive social group of lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)

The present report describes behavioral reactions of a 33-month-old female infant gorilla to maternal separation in a captive social group whose composition is similar to that of wild groups. The infant gorilla responded differently to two types of maternal separation. When she remained alone for a few hours, she cried repeatedly and moved restlessly, indicating protest. Upon reunion and also for a few days thereafter, an intensification of the mother-infant relationship occurred. On the other hand, when she was separated from her mother but remained with the other group members for nine days, she did not display any behaviors that could be characterized as protest, but rather showed clear behavioral depression. During the 9-day separation period, she hardly played with other group members but she developed affiliative relationships with the leading male. After the reunion from the 9-day separation, she spent as much time near her mother as before separation and played with other infants at a level similar to that before separation, while she sometimes displayed behavioral patterns demanding the maintenance of physical contact with her mother. The present findings are compared with other reports in great apes and human children.     

成人急性淋巴细胞白血病患者复发恐惧的影响因素及与社会支持的相关性研究

摘要 目的：探讨影响成人急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）患者复发恐惧的因素,分析复发恐惧与社会支持的相关性。方法：选择2017年5月至2021年5月我院收治的80例成人ALL患者,采用疾病进展恐惧简化量表（FoP-Q-SF）和社会支持评定量表（SSRS）对其进行评估,以单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析成人ALL患者复发恐惧的影响因素,采用Pearson相关分析成人ALL患者复发恐惧与社会支持的关系。结果：80例成人ALL患者的FoP-Q-SF评分为31～50分,平均（39.02±7.91）分,其中FoP-Q-SF评分≥34分者49例（高复发恐惧组）,占比达61.25%,FoP-Q-SF评分＜34分者31例（低复发恐惧组）。单因素分析结果显示：高复发恐惧组与低复发恐惧组在年龄、性别、个人月收入、是否有医疗保险以及社会支持方面比较差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。进一步多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：年龄18～45岁、女性、个人月收入≤3000元、社会支持较少是成人ALL患者复发恐惧的危险因素（P＜0.05）。高复发恐惧组SSRS各维度（主观支持、客观支持、对支持利用度）评分及总分均低于低复发恐惧组（P＜0.05）。Pearson相关性分析结果显示：成人ALL患者FoP-Q-SF评分与SSRS评分呈负相关（P＜0.05）。结论：成人ALL患者普遍存在复发恐惧心理,年龄、性别、个人月收入和社会支持是其影响因素,且社会支持水平与复发恐惧程度呈负相关。