透明质酸钠预防微波消融术后局部粘连的实验研究

目的:通过实验探讨透明质酸钠预防微波消融术后局部组织粘连的效果。方法:120只健康SD大鼠随机分为三组,每组40只,分别为微波消融组(A组,对照组)、微波消融加透明质酸钠组(B组)、微波消融加生理盐水组(C组)。通过对大鼠背部肌肉进行微波消融建立术后局部粘连模型,并在该模型基础上应用透明质酸钠,术后3 d、1 w、2 w、4 w分别对背部组织进行粘连分级、HE染色及免疫组化观察和分析。结果:消融术后3 d、1 w、2 w,B组在粘连分级方面A、B及C 3组间水平差异具有统计学意义P0.05);4 w时A、B、C组间的差异无统计学意义(P=0.458)。两两比较,A、C两组在四个时间点水平差异无统计学差异(P均0.05),而B组在消融术后3 d、1 w和2 w时,粘连分级明显优于A、C组,P=0.029(3 d)、P=0.011(1W)、P=0.004(2W),水平差异显著,有统计学意义;4 w时,P=0.391,无统计学意义。消融术后A、C组HE染色及免疫组化染色光镜下观察,淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞等炎症浸润情况及成纤维细胞数目均较B组多,且A、C组胶原纤维沉积明显多于B组。结论:透明质酸钠能够有效减轻微波消融术后发生的局部组织粘连。     

激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察细菌生物膜形成的方法学研究

目的:建立激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察生物膜形成过程的方法,为进一步研究生物膜的形成机制奠定基础。方法:以临床分离金葡菌X428为研究对象,在盖玻片上形成生物膜,分别于接种后的4、8、12、16、24和48h取出玻片,采用免疫荧光技术标记多糖和细菌,激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)观察生物膜形成情况。结果:取得了生物膜形成过程的不同时间点的CLSM图像,4h时细菌在盖玻片上粘附形成小菌落,8h和12h细菌聚集成簇,多糖基质产生并逐渐增多,至16h形成成熟生物膜结构;24h和48h生物膜已经播散,其结构变小。结论:应用免疫荧光技术和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜技术研究生物膜形成过程是一种简便可行的方法。     

糖尿病对大鼠骨折愈合影响的实验研究

目的:观察糖尿病大鼠的骨折愈合过程,探讨糖尿病影响大鼠骨折愈合的可能的机制,为临床实践提供理论依据。方法:雄性Wister大鼠140只,随机分成二组,每组70只,A组为糖尿病骨折组;B组为非糖尿病骨折组。建立糖尿病动物模型后,无菌条件下在各组大鼠胫骨中点用手术方法制成骨折模型。术后1周、2周、4周、6周、8周各时间点进行X线检查,观察骨折愈合情况。术后1周、2周、3周、4周、6周、8周分别用ELISA法检测血清中IGF-1含量。分别在1、2、4、6、8周各时间点观察5只大鼠骨痂生长情况并取骨折断端组织行HE染色光镜观察。术后4周、6周、8周每组处死10只大鼠留取双侧胫骨标本,冷冻保存后集中进行生物力学检测。结果:1、大体标本观察结果:各时间点A组骨痂生长减缓延迟。2、X线结果:A组骨折愈合质量在各时间点均明显低于B组。3、生物力学测定结果:4周、6周、8周个时间点A组骨折处骨痂的机械强度均明显低于B组。4、组织学染色显示:术后各时间点1、2、4、6、8周A组与B组相比骨折处局部骨痂成熟延迟并且软骨细胞肥大。5、血清IGF-1含量测定:A组大鼠血清中IGF-1含量低于B组,且高峰延迟1周。结论:1.患有糖尿病后大鼠骨折愈合质量差,比较容易出现愈合延迟甚至不愈合;2.患有糖尿病的大鼠骨折后血清中的IGF-1表达明显低于对照组,且高峰推迟1周。     

A型肉毒素治疗带状疱疹后遗神经痛的临床观察

目的:观察A型肉毒素皮内注射治疗带状疱疹后遗神经痛(Postherpetic Neuralgia,PHN)的临床效果。方法:选择76例胸背部带状疱疹后神经痛患者,采用乒乓球抽签法随机分为观察组与对照组,每组38例患者。在口服药物治疗的基础上,观察组与对照组的局部疼痛敏感点分别皮内注射A型肉毒素与生理盐水。比较两组治疗前与治疗后第1、7、30、60天的视觉模拟评分量表(Visual Analogue Scale,VAS)及睡眠质量评分量表(Quality of Sleep,QS)评分的变化。结果:两组患者治疗后第1、7、30、60天的VAS及QS评分均明显低于治疗前(P0.05),观察组患者治疗后第1、7、30、60天的VAS及QS评分结果明显低于对照组(P0.05)。两组均未见明显的治疗相关并发症。结论:A型肉毒素皮内注射疗法可以显著减轻PHN患者的疼痛及改善睡眠质量。     

Plasma beta-endorphin during fasting in man

To identify the effects of acute starvation on endogenous opioids in man, plasma beta-endorphin (beta-EP) was measured in 17 patients before, during and after fasting. Patients were assigned a posteriori into two groups: group A, comprised of 11 patients able to tolerate 5-7 days of fasting, and group B, comprised of 6 patients able to tolerate 10 days of fasting. Changes in plasma beta-EP, serum cortisol, circulating nutritional markers, and their relative levels were assessed on the 5th and 10th days of fasting, and on the 5th and 10th days of the refeeding period. Beta-EP had increased by the 5th day (group A: 4.74 +/- 0.42 to 6.91 +/- 0.65 pmol/l, p less than 0.01; group B: 3.60 +/- 0.48 to 5.14 +/- 0.22 pmol/l, p less than 0.05, and remained at 5.05 +/- 0.65 pmol/l on the 10th day (group B: 0.05 less than p less than 0.1) during fasting. Group B had lower levels of plasma beta-EP on the 5th day of fasting than group A (p less than 0.05). However, serum cortisol levels changed similarly in both groups. Plasma beta-EP showed no significant correlation with either the percentage of body weight lost or the body mass index (kg/m2) over this study period. These findings indicate that plasma beta-EP is elevated in the early phase of fasting, while not directly being associated with body weight changes. Plasma beta-EP is lower and less activated in subjects who are able to tolerate fasting for longer periods.     

Reversal of the gating polarity of gap junctions by negative charge substitutions in the N-terminus of connexin 32

Intercellular channels formed by connexins (gap junctions) are sensitive to the application of transjunctional voltage (V(j)), to which they gate by the separate actions of their serially arranged hemichannels (Harris, A. L., D. C. Spray, and M. V. L. Bennett. 1981. J. Gen. Physiol. 77:95-117). Single channel studies of both intercellular and conductive hemichannels have demonstrated the existence of two separate gating mechanisms, termed "V(j)-gating" and "loop gating" (Trexler, E. B., M. V. L. Bennett, T. A. Bargiello, and V. K. Verselis. 1996. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93:5836-5841). In Cx32 hemichannels, V(j)-gating occurs at negative V(j) (Oh, S., J. B. Rubin, M. V. L. Bennett, V. K. Verselis, and T. A. Bargiello. 1999. J. Gen. Physiol. 114:339-364; Oh, S., C. K. Abrams, V. K. Verselis, and T. A. Bargiello. 2000. J. Gen. Physiol. 116:13-31). A negative charge substitution at the second amino acid position in the N-terminus reverses the polarity of V(j)-gating of Cx32 hemichannels (Verselis, V. K., C. S. Ginter, and T. A. Bargiello. 1994. Nature. 368:348-351;. J. Gen. Physiol. 116:13-31). We report that placement of a negative charge at the 5th, 8th, 9th, or 10th position can reverse the polarity of Cx32 hemichannel V(j)-gating. We conclude that the 1st through 10th amino acid residues lie within the transjunctional electric field and within the channel pore, as in this position they could sense changes in V(j) and be largely insensitive to changes in absolute membrane potential (V(m)). Conductive hemichannels formed by Cx32*Cx43E1 containing a negatively charged residue at either the 8th or 10th position display bi-polar V(j)-gating; that is, the open probability of hemichannels formed by these connexins is reduced at both positive and negative potentials and is maximal at intermediate voltages. In contrast, Cx32*Cx43E1 hemichannels with negative charges at either the 2nd or 5th positions are uni-polar, closing only at positive V(j). The simplest interpretation of these data is that the Cx32 hemichannel can adopt at least two different open conformations. The 1st-5th residues are located within the electric field in all open channel conformations, while the 8th and 10th residues lie within the electric field in one conformation and outside the electric field in the other conformation.     

Dynamics of the change in cyclic nucleotide content in wound tissues]

Changes in the content of cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP) in the wound tissues (muscles and granulations) were studied in experiments on rats. A wound with skin defect in the dorsal area with a crushed underlying muscle served as an experimental model. It was shown that the cAMP content in the muscular tissue rises twice: during the 1st day and to a greater measure on the 7th day. The cGMP content slightly increases on the 1-4th day, drops on the 7th day and increases cAMP concentration changes similarly to that inthe muscular tissue: it increases on the 7th day and drops on the 14th day. On the contrary, the cGMP content curve in granulations is more monotonous, only a slight increase being observed on the 7th day.     

α-酮戊二酸对氨氮胁迫下草鱼鳃Na+/K+-ATP酶活性及血液生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究饲粮添加α-酮戊二酸(α-ketoglutarate, α-KG)对氨氮胁迫下草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)鳃Na+/K+-ATP酶活性及血液生化指标的影响。选取初始体重为(24.79±0.11) g的健康草鱼, 随机分为3个处理组(对照组, 养于曝气后氨氮浓度为1.51 mg/L的自来水中并饲喂基础饲粮; 氨氮组, 养于氨氮浓度为18.37 mg/L的水中并饲喂基础饲粮; α-KG组, 养于氨氮浓度为18.37 mg/L的水中并饲喂添加0.75% α-KG的饲粮)。每处理组设3个重复, 每个重复30尾鱼, 养殖试验为期42d, 分别于第1、第14、第28和第42天采样。结果表明:在饲料中添加α-KG能够有效缓解氨氮胁迫导致的草鱼血浆氨含量(1d)、谷草转氨酶(Aspartate transaminase, AST)活性(14d)、碱性磷酸酶(Alkaline phosphatase, ALP)活性(28d)的显著升高和鳃Na+/K+-ATP酶活性(28d)、血浆谷丙转氨酶(Alanine aminotransaminase, ALT)(28d和42d)活性、血浆尿素(UREA)含量(28d)的显著降低, 显著增加氨氮胁迫下草鱼血浆球蛋白(Globulin, GLB)含量(28d)。即饲粮α-KG的适量添加能够有效缓解草鱼氨氮胁迫所致的血氨含量升高, 维持氨氮胁迫下草鱼鳃Na+/K+-ATP酶、血浆谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶的活性和血浆球蛋白、尿素含量的稳定, 从而有利于草鱼缓解氨氮胁迫。     

Does calculation of the 95th percentile of microbiological results offer any advantage over percentage exceedence in determining compliance with bathing water quality standards?

AIMIS: Draft WHO guidance is likely to suggest a calculated 95th percentile method, rather than percentage exceedence, in assessing compliance of bathing waters with microbiological standards. This study set out to determine whether this was an appropriate development. METHODS AND RESULTS: A series of Monte Carlo studies compared five non-parametric methods for calculating the 95th percentile with the parametric method and compares results with percentage exceedence. It is shown that the Hazen method gives the closest proximity to the parametric method for calculating 95th percentile values. However, the difference between 95th percentile results and percentage exceedence, as currently used, is trivial compared to uncertainty due to sample variation. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that a calculated 95th percentile for beach classification offers little advantage compared to percentage exceedence, other than offering a false sense of certainty. Furthermore, the additional calculation needed in determining 95th percentile values will demand electronic calculation, increase the chance of calculation errors and make the results less understandable to beach managers and the general public. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study should encourage the European Commission to keep percent compliance rather than calculation of 95th percentiles in any new bathing water directive.     

不同颌间牵引固定方案治疗单纯髁状突骨折的临床疗效比较

目的:研究不同颌间牵引固定方案治疗单纯髁状突骨折的临床疗效,为临床治疗提供依据。方法:选取2010年1月到2015年1月我院收治的单纯髁状突骨折患者50例,按照随机数字表法将患者分为A组和B组,A组给予牵引钉植入牵引固定方案治疗,B组给予牙弓夹板行颌间牵引固定方案治疗,比较两组操作时间、术后最大开口度、五个时间点软垢指数(DI)、牙龈指数(GI)以及社区牙周需要治疗指数(CPITN),并比较两组临床疗效。结果:A组操作时间显著短于B组(P0.05);术后最大开口度和颞下颌关节情况无显著差异(P0.05);A组第2次、3次、4次以及5次的DI、GI和CPITN均显著优于B组(P0.05);两组面型偏斜、咀嚼良好、咬合关系、关节弹性、开口偏斜以及关节牙痛比较均无显著差异(P0.05)。结论:牵引钉植入与牙弓夹板颌间牵引固定均可以较好改善患者骨折情况,但牵引钉植入术对患者伤害小,操作时间短,术后患者软垢和牙龈情况均较好。     

Variability of milk fat globule membrane protein gene between cattle and riverine buffalo.

A study on butyrophilin (BTN) gene was conducted to detect variability at nucleotide level between cattle and buffalo. Hae III PCR-RFLP was carried out in crossbred cattle and it revealed polymorphism at this locus. Three genotypes namely, AA, BB and AB and two alleles were observed with frequencies 0.78, 0.17, 0.04 and 0.87, 0.13, respectively. The sequences of different cattle, buffalo and sheep breeds have been reported in the EMBL gene bank with accession numbers: AY491468 to AY491475. The nucleotides, which have been substituted from allele A to B, were found to be C to G (71st nucleotide), C to T (86th nucleotide), A to T (217th nucleotide), G to A (258th nucleotide), A to C (371st nucleotide) and C to T (377th nucleotide). The nucleotide substitution at 71st, 86th and 377th position of the fragment were expected to be a silent mutation where as nucleotide changes at 217th, 258th and 371st positions were expected to be substituted by lysine with arginine, valine with isoleucine and leucine with proline in allele B. The differences of nucleotides and amino acids between cattle, buffalo and sheep breeds have been revealed and on the basis of nucleotide as well as protein variability the phylogenetic diagram have been developed indicating closeness between cattle and buffalo.     

Pattern of bone markers during pregnancy and their changes after delivery

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether bone resorption markers change during pregnancy and lactation, and how they are correlated with human placental lactogen (hPL) and PRL. SUBJECTS: Young women before pregnancy, during pregnancy and during a 12-month post-delivery period (study group; n = 22); and age- and weight-matched normal cycling women (control group; n = 22) for a 20-month-period participated in the study. RESULTS: In the study group, women both during pregnancy (from the 8th up to the 38th week) and during a 6-month period of lactation, pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline urinary levels were significantly higher than those of pre-pregnancy and control women. They returned to basal values at the 12th post-delivery month. During pregnancy there were early and late peak increases, at the 8th and 32nd week, respectively. At the 32nd, 34th, 36th and 38th week of pregnancy, pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline urinary values were significantly correlated with hPL serum levels. CONCLUSIONS: During pregnancy the maternal bone resorption seems to vary critically at early and late stages. A complete reversal of these variations seems to occur after lactation. Further studies could evaluate if changes in placental function are capable of differently interfering with maternal bone resorption.     

普瑞巴林、加巴喷丁联合神经阻滞治疗带状疱疹后神经痛的临床疗效比较

目的:比较普瑞巴林、加巴喷丁联合神经阻滞治疗带状疱疹后神经痛(PHN)的临床疗效。方法:选择2014年8月至2016年11月我院门诊收治的带状疱疹后神经痛患者80例,并将其随机分为两组,每组40例。A组患者接受普瑞巴林联合神经阻滞治疗,B组患者接受加巴喷丁联合神经阻滞治疗,比较两组患者治疗前后的视觉疼痛模拟(VAS)评分、失眠严重程度指数(ISI)评分、生活质量满意指数(LSIB)评分及治疗期间不良反应的发生情况。结果:A组患者治疗后4、7、14 d的VAS评分均显著低于B组(P0.05),LSIB评分显著高于B组(P0.05),A组患者治疗后4、7 d的ISI评分均显著低于B组(P0.05);A组发生不良反应的总发生率显著低于B组(P0.05)。结论:普瑞巴林联合神经阻滞治疗PHN缓解疼痛和失眠的效果显著优于巴喷丁联合神经阻滞治疗,其可显著提高患者的生活质量,并减少不良反应。     

不同周期大剂量地塞米松对初诊ITP的疗效和安全性分析

目的：比较单周期、双周期、三周期大剂量地塞米松治疗初诊原发免疫性血小板减少症（ITP）的疗效和安全性。方法：93名初诊患者按1∶1∶1随机接受单周期（A组：地塞米松每次40 mg每天1次,第1日至第4日）、双周期（B组：地塞米松每次40 mg每天1次,第1日至第4日、第15日至第18日）、三周期大剂量地塞米松（C组：地塞米松每次40 mg每天1次,第1日至第4日、第15日至第18日、第29日至第32日）治疗,比较三组患者的疗效和安全性。结果：93名初诊原发免疫性血小板减少症患者,A组、B组、C组各31名患者,就短期疗效而言,三组相比,停药第7日完全反应率、第14日完全反应率差异均无统计学意义,但是,停药第7日ABC三组的有效率（41.9%vs 70.0%vs 90.0%,P<0.01）、第14日有效率（16.1%vs 36.70%vs 63.3%,P<0.01）差异有统计学意义;就长期疗效而言,三组之间治疗第120日有效率、第60日完全反应率、第90日完全反应率、第120日完全反应率、第90日复发率、第120日复发率差异无统计学意义,但是,第60日有效率（10.0%vs 26.6%vs 53.3%,P<0.01）、第90日有效率（0.0%vs 13.3%vs 30.0%,P<0.01）和第60日复发率（88.9.0%vs 73.3%vs 46.7%,P<0.01）差异有统计学意义,三组治疗相关的不良反应多较轻微,患者大多可耐受。结论：增加大剂量地塞米松的周期,虽没有提高ITP患者的完全反应率,但提高了3月内的有效率,且不良反应可以耐受,可以作为临床用药的参考。     

辛伐他汀对大鼠肺纤维化及其内皮间质变过程的影响*

目的: 观察辛伐他汀对大鼠肺纤维化及其内皮间质变(EnMT )过程中VE-钙粘素(VE-cad)、波形蛋白(VIM)、α-平滑肌蛋白(α-SMA)表达的影响。方法: 健康雄性SD大鼠60只,随机分为对照组(A组)、造模组(B组)、辛伐他汀5 mg治疗组(C组)、辛伐他汀10 mg治疗组(D组),每组各15只。博来霉素(BLM)按5 mg/kg剂量一次性气管内灌注复制博莱霉素致大鼠肺纤维化模型,从造模第1日起C、D 组每天分别胃内灌注辛伐他汀混悬液5 mg /(kg·d)及辛伐他汀混悬液10 mg /(kg·d),A组和B 组每天胃内灌注等体积生理盐水10 ml /(kg·d)。于造模第7、14和28 日随机处死各组大鼠5只。Masson染色观察大鼠肺组织形态变化;碱性水解法检测肺组织中羟脯氨酸(HYP)含量;免疫组化法测定各组大鼠肺组织血管新生微血管密度(MVD);免疫组化和逆转录-聚合酶链反应法测定各组肺组织中VE-Cad、VIM及α-SMA蛋白和mRNA的表达水平。结果: ①与A组相比,B、C、D组各时间点肺组织HYP和MVD水平、VIM、α-SMA的mRNA和蛋白表达水平均明显升高(P均＜0.05),且以28 d达最高;而相应时间点VE-Cad 的mRNA和蛋白表达水平均明显降低(P均＜0.05),且以28 d达最低。②与B组相比,C、D组HYP和MVD水平、VIM、α-SMA的mRNA和蛋白表达水平均有降低(P均＜0.05),以D组28 d下降最明显;而相应时间点VE-Cad 的mRNA和蛋白表达水平均有升高(P均＜0.05),以D组28 d升高最明显。结论: 辛伐他汀可减轻大鼠肺纤维化,其机制可能与增强VE-cad表达,降低VIM及α-SMA表达,减少EnMT 发生有关。     

Lectin binding by structures of the submandibular gland of the rat during postnatal ontogenesis in the presence of thyroid pathology

Redistribution of lectin receptor sites in rat submandibular gland under hypo- and hyperthyroidism has been investigated using lectin-peroxidase technique. Lectin preparation include con A, peanut agglutinin (PNA), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and fucose-specific lectin from Laburnum anagyroides bark (LAB). Submandibular gland is excised on the 1st, 10th, 20th and 40th days of postnatal life and in adult rats. Hyperthyroidism, as well as hypothyroidism cause a considerable decrease of con A, WGA and LAB binding with simultaneous enhancement of PNA binding in all investigated groups of the animals. The only exception from this regularity is noted for con A: hypothyroidism in adult rats and on the 40th day of postnatal development causes enhancement of this lectin binding to granular duct epitheliocytes. Selective staining of mast cells with PNA and of separate neurocytes with con A is also demonstrated; these cells staining is affected neither by hyperthyroidism, nor by hypothyroidism. Possible interpretation of the observed phenomena is discussed.     

Leukocyte, lymphocyte and platelet response to dynamic exercise. Duration or intensity effect?

The influence of work intensity and duration on the white blood cell (WBC), lymphocyte (L) and platelet (P) count response to exercise was studied in 16 trained subjects (22 +/- 5.4 years, means +/- SD). They performed three cyclo-ergospirometric protocols: A) 10 min at 150 W followed by a progressive test (30 W/3 min) till exhaustion; B) constant maximal work (VO2max); C) a 45 min Square-Wave Endurance Exercise Test (SWEET), (n = 5). Arterial blood samples were taken: at rest, submaximal and maximal exercise in A; maximal exercise in B; 15th, 30th and 45th min in the SWEET. Lactate, [H+], PaCO2, PaO2, [Hct], Hb, cortisol, ACTH, total platelet volume (TPV), total blood red cell (RBC), WBC, L and P were measured. At 150 W, WBC, L, P, and TPV increased. VO2max did not differ between A and B, but a difference was found in total exercise time (A = 25 +/- 3 min; B = 7 +/- 2 min, p less than 0.001). In A, at VO2max, the increase was very small for Hct, [Hb], and RBC (10%), in contrast with large changes for WBC (+93%), L (+137%), P (+32%), TPV (+35%), [H+] (+39%), lactate (+715%), and ACTH (+95%). At VO2max there were no differences in these variables between A and B. During the SWEET: WBC, L, P, TPV and ACTH increased at the 15th min as much as in VO2max, but no difference was observed between the 15th, 30th and 45th min, except for ACTH which continued to rise; the lactate increase during the SWEET was about half (+341%) the value observed at VO2max, and [H+] did not vary with respect to values at rest.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Book Review

Book reviewed in this article:
Hensing 1719. An Account of the First Chemical Examination of the Brain and the Discovery of Phosphorus Therein. Set against the background of Europe in the 17th and early 18th centuries. A Source Book in the History of Neurochemistry by Donald B. Tower.     

Manifestation of active and passive defensive behavior in juvenile rats

The dynamics of freezing and flight reactions in juvenile rats was investigated. The rats were tested on the 20th, 25th, 35th, and 40th postnatal days. A sound of 6-sec duration (bell) was used as a threatening stimulus. The following parameters were recorded: number of rearing reactions and defecations within 5 min prior to stimulation, reactions to the bell, latent periods and durations of freezing reactions, freezing posture rigidity, and time of recovery of movements after freezing. It was shown that the intensity of freezing reduced in the period from the 20th to 35th postnatal day. The flight reactions were highest on the 25th and 40th days. Correlations between freezing indices and numbers of rearing and defecation reactions were different in rats of all age groups. The results suggest that the structure of defensive behavior changes with maturation of principal defensive reactions in rats within the first 40 postnatal days.