铁离子抑止金微素产量的原因和去除抑止作用的研究

在不同酦酵培养基上,铁离子抑止金霉素产量的作用浓度并不相同。生长加有铁离子的酦酵培养基上的菌体,一般对葡萄糖的利用较慢,生长延迟。如将生长在加有铁离子的培养基中的菌体,接种到不加铁离子的新鲜培养基中,或用置换培养的方法,菌体能正常酦酵,不受前阶段铁离子的影响。在酦酵过程中,行分期加铁的试验结果,发现铁离子能普遍地使金霉素效价降低至同一水平,而铁离子抑止金霉素效价的作用,在10分钟行已经完成。用嵌合剂三甘氨酸处理这种酦酵溶液,能使金霉素效价恢复至80-90%,同样亦相应的将铁离子摄取下来。这些工作的结果,说明铁离子和金霉素分子的结合,是促使金霉素效价落降的主要原因。作者在进行嵌合剂处理时,特别指出当铁离子和附着在菌丝细胞上的金霉素分子结合后,必须先使嵌合剂将这个结合物离解后,然后酸化培养基,使金霉素分子释放至培养溶液中,因为金霉素分子与铁离子的结合物是不能因培养溶液的酸化,而从菌体细胞表面释放出来的。作者认为在金霉素酦酵工业上可以利用铁罐进行发酵,只要注意在提炼时利用嵌合剂的问题。     

重离子注入质量沉积效应的研究动态

重离子注入生物学效应是我国首创的研究领域,但其基础理论研究开展较少,特别是在重离子束辐照所特有的电荷交换、动量传递和质量沉积效率等方面。前人多采用低能重离子束注入生物小分子和仪器分析手段来研究重离子注入质量沉积,但有关质量沉积对处于生命状态下的活性物体组织细胞和生物大分子所带来的生物学效应的研究还未见报道。本文作者首次提出应用稳定性和放射性重离子束注入细胞、生物大分子和抗生素等药物分子,然后用X－射线晶体衍射分析、微观和亚微观放射显影、放射性测量和分子生物学等研究技术对重离子注入质量沉积和质量沉积效应开展进一步的研究。     

烟草叶片再生体系的建立及低能铁离子注入烟草叶片的同工酶分析

以烟草幼嫩叶片为外植体,建立了其有效再生体系。利用10％甘油作保护剂对叶片进行预处理,提高了注入后叶片的存活率。对低能铁离子注入叶片后,无菌培养过程中表面形态和过氧化物同工酶谱变化的分析表明,二者具有相关性。酶谱的变化反映了注入造成的损伤在修复过程中细胞的生理生化变化,为进一步揭示低能离子注入的作用机理提供了基础。     

细菌铁离子利用系统与宿主抗感染免疫

铁离子对于绝大多数微生物及其宿主都是必需的营养物质,它是许多蛋白和酶的重要辅助因子。致病菌为了成功致病,进化出了多种机制来摄取宿主体内的铁离子,其中主要包括三价铁离子转运系统和亚铁血红素转运系统。而对于宿主而言,铁离子虽然在细胞呼吸和DNA复制等过程中扮演着重要的角色,但过多的铁离子也会产生细胞毒性。因此,宿主体内的铁离子浓度必须受到严格的调控。为限制病原菌感染,宿主先天性免疫系统进化出一系列限制自身铁离子进入微生物的机制,这一过程被称为宿主的"营养免疫"。从病原菌和宿主两个方面详细讨论病原菌是如何从宿主获取铁离子以及宿主如何防止细菌获取铁离子的分子机制,能为更好地提高宿主免疫力来阻止细菌感染和开发有效的非抗生素类药物提供理论依据。     

水稻铁吸收、转运及调控的分子机制研究进展

铁是水稻生长和发育所必需的营养元素之一。研究表明,水稻既可以以螯合物的形式从土壤中吸收Fe³⁺、Fe²⁺,又可以直接转运根际土壤中游离的Fe²⁺。科研人员已经鉴定了很多参与铁离子吸收和转运的重要分子元件,包括转运蛋白、酶、螯合物等,同时也挖掘了部分调控这些分子元件表达的上游基因。碱性土壤的高pH值影响水稻对铁离子的吸收和利用,因此,科研人员通过改良碱性土壤中铁离子的利用效率来改良水稻的耐碱性,并取得了一定的成效。本文主要对上述内容进行了综述,并对该领域未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

铁载体-抗生素耦合物:一种新型的抗菌制剂

随着细菌对抗生素耐药性的增强,寻找一种新型抗菌制剂越来越重要。细菌细胞外膜对药物分子的通透性降低是引起致病菌产生耐药性的一个重要因素,克服膜介导耐药性的方法之一是利用铁载体-抗生素耦合物。铁载体是细菌分泌的一种小分子铁离子螯合物,与铁离子螯合后被特定的外膜受体识别并转运至胞浆内供细菌利用。人工合成的铁载体-抗生素耦合物被特定外膜受体识别后主动转运跨过外膜进入胞质内。当铁载体-抗生素耦合物到达细胞质,它们通过释放药物杀死微生物,这可以阻止进一步获取铁离子,并且耦合物自身也可以作为一种抗菌剂。本文综述了铁载体-抗生素耦合物作为一种新型抗菌制剂的研究进展,有助于为进一步研发新型抗菌药物提供理论基础,对治疗耐药性细菌性疾病具有潜在的重要意义。     

高铁离子自由基与亚油酸反应的初步研究

利用停留仪快速反应动力学方法和自旋捕集ＥＳＲ技术监测高铁离子自由基和自旋捕捉剂ＰＯＢＮ的反应,发现高铁离子自由基本身不被自旋捕捉剂ＰＯＢＮ捕捉,但是ＰＯＢＮ可以捕捉到停流仪第三相中的ＯＨ,可能来自剩余的Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ试剂或高铁离子自由基的衰变。以含两个双键的不饱和脂肪酸－亚油酸（ＬＨ）作为模型化合物,测定高铁离子自由基与亚油酸分子的反应速率。ＥＳＲ结果表明,高铁离子自由基可能在一定程度上启动了亚油酸体系的脂质过氧化。     

铁离子在脑出血后继发性脑损害中的作用

脑出血(intracerebral hemorrhage,ICH)是一种高致残率和高死亡率的急症.研究表明凝血酶的形成,红血球的溶解以及铁离子的毒性在脑出血的病程中都起作用,尤其是铁离子在其后的继发性脑损害中扮演重要角色.铁离子在血肿处的高浓度促使了急性脑水肿的形成,以及迟发性脑萎缩的发生,而铁螯合荆能够减轻其损伤.本文就脑出血后有关铁离子的脑损伤机制进行综述.     

Fenton体系、H_2O_2损伤红细胞膜分子流动性的机理的比较研究

在系统中Ｈ２Ｏ２与所含有的亚铁离子通过Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ反应主要生成ＯＨ自由基损伤细胞,但Ｈ２Ｏ２也可损伤细胞膜或细胞。为区分Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ自由基体与Ｈ２Ｏ２分别对红细胞膜脂质及蛋白分子相对旋转时间影响机理的不同,分别对体外不同浓度Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ体系和不同浓度Ｈ２Ｏ２作用３０分钟后,红细胞膜剪切弹性模量μ、细胞表面指数Ｓｉ、膜蛋白分子τｐ及脂质分子τｌ相对旋转时间和它们的化学结构进行了比较分析。结果发现,（     

铁蛋白介导细胞凋亡的作用机制

铁蛋白是生物体广泛存在且高度保守的可溶性蛋白质,在铁离子稳态维持、胚胎发育调控、细胞增殖以及细胞凋亡等过程中具有重要作用。过量的铁离子能通过芬顿反应产生活性氧,过量的活性氧会造成氧化应激并直接损害DNA、脂质和蛋白质,最终导致细胞凋亡。铁蛋白能够螯合铁离子,进而保护细胞免受氧化应激诱导的细胞凋亡。铁蛋白表达受阻时,细胞内不稳定铁水平升高并诱导氧化应激,最终造成细胞凋亡。同时,氧化应激可在转录和翻译水平调节铁蛋白表达,升高的铁蛋白则参与维持机体氧化还原水平的稳定。本文主要从线粒体途径和死亡受体途径阐明铁蛋白介导细胞凋亡的分子机制,为深入研究铁蛋白功能以及相关疾病治疗提供理论支持。     

How Fe3+ binds anthracycline antitumour compounds. The myth and the reality of a chemical sphinx.

The interaction of Fe3+ with several anthracycline antitumour antibiotics has been reinvestigated. Absorption and circular dichroism (CD) measurements were carried out (i) in aqueous solution and (ii) in semi-aqueous MeOH to avoid the stacking of the anthracycline molecules. The Fe3+ binding to anthracycline was dependent on the metal-to-ligand molar ratio, antibiotic concentration, ionic strength, and pH. The formation of two major Fe3(+)-anthracycline complexes, I and II, was observed for all the drugs. These species differed in their coordination modes to the anthracycline ligands. Complex I was a monomeric species, where Fe3+ was bound to the anthracycline through the {C(11)-O-; C(12) = O} chelating site. In complex II, Fe3+ was also bound through the {C(5) = O; C(6)-O-} coordination site. Thus, the antibiotic ligand was acting as a bridge between two metal ions, forming oligomeric (or polymeric) structures. The different degree of association of the anthracyclines could be responsible for the reactivity of the metal ion. In fact, complexes I and II could constitute mononuclear, binuclear or polynuclear Fe3+ species depending on the competitive kinetics of both coordination and hydrolysis of the metal ion.     

原卟啉IX二钠盐的低能铁离子束辐照产物对实验性小鼠再生障碍性贫血的疗效初步研究

利用110keV Fe^ 离子注入原卟啉IX二钠盐薄膜,动物实验和细胞学观察等表明辐照混合产物对于治疗^60Coγ射线所致实验性小鼠再生障碍性贫血具有一定的疗效,且无明显的毒副作用,有望从中筛选治疗再生障碍性贫血的新药或其先导化合物。     

Differences in effect of Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), and Zn(II) ions on trypsinogen activation

The influence of Mn2+, Fe3+, Co2+, and Zn2+ ions on the extent of trypsinogen activation has been determined for several ion concentrations at pH 7.4 and 36.4 degrees C. For the Mn2+ ion also the autocatalytic rate constants have been detected. The effect of Ca2+ has been reinvestigated for comparison purposes. The apparent dissociation constants of KMn2+ = 0.01 (M) and KCa2+ = 0.02 (M) have been found for the given metal ion-trypsinogen complexes. For Co2+ ion, however, only a slight effect and for Fe3+ and Zn2+ ions no significant effect could be detected on trypsinogen activation. The investigated ions are of empty, open, and completed d subshells of electrons and they are different also in their ionic size. The differences in effects of the ions are discussed on the basis of these factors.     

Metal substitution in transferrins: specific binding of cerium(IV) revealed by the crystal structure of cerium-substituted human lactoferrin

Proteins of the transferrin family play a key role in iron homeostasis through their extremely strong binding of iron, as Fe3+. They are nevertheless able to bind a surprisingly wide variety of other metal ions. To investigate how metal ions of different size, charge and coordination characteristics are accommodated, we have determined the crystal structure of human lactoferrin (Lf) complexed with Ce4+. The structure, refined at 2.2 A resolution (R=20.2%, Rfree=25.7%) shows that the two Ce4+ ions occupy essentially the same positions as do Fe3+, and that the overall protein structure is unchanged; the same closed structure is formed for Ce2Lf as for Fe2Lf. The larger metal ion is accommodated by small shifts in the protein ligands, made possible by the presence of water molecules adjacent to each binding site. The two Ce4+ sites are equally occupied, indicating that the known difference in the pH-dependent release of Ce4+ arises from a specific protonation event, possibly of the His ligand in one of the binding sites. Comparing the effects of binding Ce4+ with those for the binding of other metal ions, we conclude that the ability of transferrins to accommodate metal ions other than Fe3+ depends on an interplay of charge, size, coordination and geometrical preferences of the bound metal ion. However, it is the ability to accept the six-coordinate, approximately octahedral, site provided by the protein that is of greatest importance.     

Molecular dynamics study of the KcsA channel at 2.0-A resolution: stability and concerted motions within the pore

The stability of the KcsA channel accommodating more than one ion in the pore has been studied with molecular dynamics. We have used the very last X-ray structure of the KcsA channel at 2.0-A resolution determined by Zhou et al. [Nature 414 (2001) 43]. In this channel, six of the seven experimentally evidenced sites have been considered. We show that the protein remains very stable in the presence of four K+ ions (three in the selectivity filter and one in the cavity). The locations and the respective distances of the different K+ ions and water molecules (W), calculated within our KWKWKK sequence, also fits well with the experimental observations. The analysis of the K+ ions and water molecules displacements shows concerted file motions on the simulated time scale (approximately 1 ns), which could act as precursor to the diffusion of K+ ions inside the channel. A simple one-dimensional dynamical model is used to interpret the concerted motions of the ions and water molecules in the pore leading ultimately to ion transfer.     

Influence of multiple metal ions on beta-amyloid aggregation and dissociation on a solid surface

Recently discovered evidences suggest that precipitation of Alzheimer's beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptide and the toxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are caused by abnormal interactions with neocortical metal ions, especially Zn2+, Cu2+, and Fe3+. While many studies had focused on the role of a "single" metal ion and its interaction with Abeta peptides, such studies involving "multiple" metal ions have hardly been explored. Here, to explore the nature of codeposition of different metals, two or more metal ions along with Abeta were incubated over a solid template prepared by immobilizing Abeta42 oligomers. The influence of Zn2+,Cu2+, and Fe3+ on Abeta aggregation was investigated by two approaches: co-incubation and sequential addition. Our results using ex situ AFM, ThT-induced fluorescence, and FTIR spectroscopy indicated that the co-incubation of Cu2+, Zn2+, and Fe3+ significantly altered the morphology of aggregates. A concentration dependence study with mixed metal ions suggested that Zn2+ was required at much lower concentrations than Cu2+ to yield nonfibrillar amorphous Abeta deposits. In addition, sequential addition of Zn2+ or Cu2+ on fibrillar aggregates formed by Fe3+ demonstrated that Zn2+ and Cu2+ could possibly change the conformation of the aggregates induced by Fe3+. Our findings elucidate the coexistence of multiple metal ions through their interactions with Abeta peptides or its aggregates.     

A nanosecond molecular dynamics study of antiparallel d(G)7 quadruplex structures: effect of the coordinated cations

Nanosecond scale molecular dynamics simulations have been performed on antiparallel Greek key type d(G7) quadruplex structures with different coordinated ions, namely Na+ and K+ ion, water and Na+ counter ions, using the AMBER force field and Particle Mesh Ewald technique for electrostatic interactions. Antiparallel structures are stable during the simulation, with root mean square deviation values of approximately 1.5 A from the initial structures. Hydrogen bonding patterns within the G-tetrads depend on the nature of the coordinated ion, with the G-tetrad undergoing local structural variation to accommodate different cations. However, alternating syn-anti arrangement of bases along a chain as well as in a quartet is maintained through out the MD simulation. Coordinated Na+ ions, within the quadruplex cavity are quite mobile within the central channel and can even enter or exit from the quadruplex core, whereas coordinated K+ ions are quite immobile. MD studies at 400K indicate that K+ ion cannot come out from the quadruplex core without breaking the terminal G-tetrads. Smaller grooves in antiparallel structures are better binding sites for hydrated counter ions, while a string of hydrogen bonded water molecules are observed within both the small and large grooves. The hydration free energy for the K+ ion coordinated structure is more favourable than that for the Na+ ion coordinated antiparallel quadruplex structure.     

Physical and chemical studies on bacterial superoxide dismutases. Purification and some anion binding properties of the iron-containing protein of Escherichia coli B.

Highly purified iron superoxide dismutase was obtained from Escherichia coli B using a modification of the procedure of Yost and Jridovich (Yost, F. J., Jr., and Fridovich, I. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 4905-4908). The protein contained 1.8 +/- 0.2 atoms of iron per 38,700 g of protein. We have found that cyanide does not bind to the Fe3+ ion of iron dismutase but fluoride and azide have moderately large binding constants. Optical and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements suggested that 2 fluoride ions could associate with each iron atom with the first having an association constant of approximately 520 M-1 and the second with an estimated value of 24 M-1. Activity measurements yielded an inhibition constant for fluoride of 30 M-1. At room temperature only one azide binds to the Fe3+ (K = 760 M-1) and this does not interfere with superoxide dismutase activity. Upon freezing solutions of iron superoxide dismutase in the presence of excess azide their color changes from yellow to pink. Combined EPR and optical titrations with azide suggest the presence of two binding sites on Fe3+ with only the first being occupied at room temperature and the second binding azide only upon freezing the solution. The results suggest that each Fe3+ ion of this superoxide dismutase has two coordination positions available for interaction with solute molecules but only one is necessary for catalysis of the superoxide dismutation reaction. The EPR, optical, and circular dichroism spectra of the native protein and the various fluoride and azide complexes are presented.     

Ion transport in the gramicidin channel: molecular dynamics study of single and double occupancy.

The structural and thermodynamic factors responsible for the singly and doubly occupied saturation states of the gramicidin channel are investigated with molecular dynamics simulations and free energy perturbation methods. The relative free energy of binding of all of the five common cations Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+ is calculated in the singly and doubly occupied channel and in bulk water. The atomic system, which includes the gramicidin channel, a model membrane made of neutral Lennard-Jones particles and 190 explicit water molecules to form the bulk region, is similar to the one used in previous work to calculate the free energy profile of a Na+ ion along the axis of the channel. In all of the calculations, the ions are positioned in the main binding sites located near the entrances of the channel. The calculations reveal that the doubly occupied state is relatively more favorable for the larger ions. Thermodynamic decomposition is used to show that the origin of the trend observed in the calculations is due to the loss of favorable interactions between the ion and the single file water molecules inside the channel. Small ions are better solvated by the internal water molecules in the singly occupied state than in the doubly occupied state; bigger ions are solvated almost as well in both occupation states. Water-channel interactions play a role in the channel response. The observed trends are related to general thermodynamical properties of electrolyte solutions.     

Metal substitution in transferrins: the crystal structure of human copper-lactoferrin at 2.1-A resolution.

The structural consequences of binding a metal other than iron to a transferrin have been examined by crystallographic analysis of human copper-lactoferrin, Cu2Lf. X-ray diffraction data were collected from crystals of Cu2Lf, using a diffractometer, to 2.6-A resolution, and oscillation photography on a synchrotron source, to 2.1-A resolution. The structure was refined crystallographically, by restrained least-squares methods, starting with a model based on the isomorphous diferric structure from which the ligands, metal ions, anions, and solvent molecules had been deleted. The final model, comprising 5321 protein atoms (691 residues), 2 Cu2+ ions, 2 (bi)carbonate ions, and 308 solvent molecules has good stereochemistry (rms deviation of bond lengths from standard values of 0.018 A) and gives a crystallographic R value of 0.196 for 43,525 reflections in the range 7.5-2.1-A resolution. The copper coordination is different in the two binding sites. In the N-terminal site, the geometry is square pyramidal, with equatorial bonds to Asp 60, Tyr 192, His 253, and a monodentate anion and a longer apical bond to Tyr 92. In the C-terminal site, the geometry is distorted octahedral, with bonds to Asp 395, Tyr 435, Tyr 528, and His 597 and an asymmetrically bidentate anion. The protein structure is the same as for the diferric protein, Fe2Lf, demonstrating that the closure of the protein domains over the metal is the same in each case irrespective of whether Fe3+ or Cu2+ is bound and that copper could be transported and delivered to cells equally well as iron. The differences in metal coordination are achieved by small movements of the metal ion and anion within each binding site, which do not affect the protein structure.