甜樱桃对^15N尿素的吸收、分配和利用特性

以5年生‘早大果’甜樱桃为试材,研究了其在萌芽前土施^15N尿素的吸收、分配和利用特性.结果表明：植株器官从肥料中吸收分配到的^15N量对该器官全氮量的贡献率（Ndff）均随时间推移逐渐升高,盛花期细根和贮藏器官的Ndff较高;果实硬核期,新生器官中长梢和长梢叶的Ndff增长迅速,分别达0.72%和0.59%;果实硬核期到采收期,果实的Ndff增长迅速,到采收期达到最高,为1.78%;果实采收后到花芽分化期,新生器官Ndff增长减慢而贮藏器官增长迅速.盛花期根系吸收的氮素首先分配到贮藏器官,粗根^15N分配率最高,为54.91%;果实硬核期细根和贮藏器官^15N分配率由盛花期的85.43%下降到55.11%,而地上部新生器官则升高至44.89%;果实采收期^15N分配率变化不大,果实采收后氮素营养迅速向贮藏器官中运转,花芽分化期细根和贮藏器官的^15N分配率升高至72.26%,而地上部新生器官^15N分配率与采收期相比下降了19.31%.从盛花期到花芽分化期,植株对^15N尿素的当季利用率呈升高趋势,于花芽分化期达到最高,为16.86%.     

冬枣果实硬核期对15N尿素吸收、分配及再利用特性研究

以盆栽冬枣为试材,研究了冬枣果实硬核期土施¹⁵N尿素条件下N的吸收、分配和再利用特性.结果表明,果实膨大期,细根中的肥料氮比率（Ndff%）最高为10.64%,其次为新生营养器官.果实采收后,叶片和枣吊中的¹⁵N回撤;翌年萌芽前,粗根中的Ndff%最高（3.69%）;盛花期,新生营养器官（当年生枣头枝、枣吊、叶片和花）中的Ndff%最高.果实硬核期施肥后,当年根系吸收的¹⁵N尿素主要用于营养生长（叶片、枣吊、根系）,回撤¹⁵N优先贮藏于根系,休眠季节根系（54.01%）贮藏¹⁵N略高于地上部器官(45.99%),主要的¹⁵N贮藏器官为粗根(38.61%).地上部枝干中的贮藏¹⁵N从采果后到萌芽前含量变化剧烈,可作为贮藏¹⁵N营养诊断的“靶器官”,同期粗根中贮藏¹⁵N变幅较小,属长期 “库”.贮藏¹⁵N具有就近利用的特性,其分配随生长中心的转移而转移.     

库尔勒香梨春季施用15N-尿素的吸收、分配和利用特性

以6年生库尔勒香梨为试材,在春季香梨萌芽前施用¹⁵N尿素,研究香梨施用¹⁵N尿素的吸收、分配和利用特性.结果表明:不同生育期香梨吸收的¹⁵N在各器官的分配率存在显著差异,盛花期¹⁵N优先分配在根中,其Ndff(从肥料中吸收的¹⁵N量对该器官全氮量的贡献率)最高,新稍次之;新梢旺长期和果实膨大期根部吸收的¹⁵N优先向新生器官(叶和新稍)运转,根部¹⁵N的分配率不断下降;果实成熟期果实成为新的分配中心,其Ndff最高,果实累积的¹⁵N量占香梨树体总的¹⁵N吸收量的19.8%.香梨树体对土施¹⁵N-尿素肥料的当季利用率随生育期的推进而不断提高,到果实成熟期达到最大值(18.5%).     

库尔勒香梨春季施用15N-尿素的吸收、分配和利用特性

以6年生库尔勒香梨为试材,在春季香梨萌芽前施用¹⁵N尿素,研究香梨施用¹⁵N尿素的吸收、分配和利用特性.结果表明:不同生育期香梨吸收的¹⁵N在各器官的分配率存在显著差异,盛花期¹⁵N优先分配在根中,其Ndff(从肥料中吸收的¹⁵N量对该器官全氮量的贡献率)最高,新稍次之;新梢旺长期和果实膨大期根部吸收的¹⁵N优先向新生器官(叶和新稍)运转,根部¹⁵N的分配率不断下降;果实成熟期果实成为新的分配中心,其Ndff最高,果实累积的¹⁵N量占香梨树体总的¹⁵N吸收量的19.8%.香梨树体对土施¹⁵N-尿素肥料的当季利用率随生育期的推进而不断提高,到果实成熟期达到最大值(18.5%).     

施肥深度对矮化苹果15N尿素吸收、利用及损失的影响

以5年生烟富3/M26/平邑甜茶为试材,采用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术,研究表层(0 cm)、上层(20 cm)和中层(40 cm)3个施肥深度对矮化苹果¹⁵N 尿素吸收、分配及利用特性的影响.结果表明： 20 cm施肥处理的叶面积、叶绿素含量和叶片全氮含量显著高于0和40 cm施肥处理.不同施肥处理各器官从肥料中吸收分配到的¹⁵N量对该器官全氮量的贡献率(Ndff)存在显著差异,盛花期均以根的Ndff最高,多年生枝次之;新梢旺长期和花芽分化期根部吸收的¹⁵N优先向新生营养器官转运;果实膨大期各器官Ndff均达到较高水平;果实成熟期均以果实中的Ndff最高.果实成熟期不同施肥处理的¹⁵N分配率存在显著差异,20 cm施肥处理生殖器官和营养器官的¹⁵N分配率显著高于0和40 cm施肥处理,而贮藏器官的¹⁵N分配率显著低于0和40 cm施肥处理.在果实成熟期,20 cm施肥处理¹⁵N肥料利用率为24.0%,显著高于0 cm(14.1%)和40 cm施肥处理(7.6%),而¹⁵N损失率为54.0%,显著低于0 cm(67.8%)和40 cm施肥处理(63.5%).不同施肥深度土壤¹⁵N残留量随施肥深度的增加而显著增加.     

供磷水平对梨砧木生长和15N-尿素吸收利用特性的影响

以一年生盆栽豆梨、川梨、木梨实生苗为试材,采用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术,研究了不同供磷水平(P₂O₅分别为0、50、100、150、200 kg·hm^-2,分别用P₀、P₁、P₂、P₃、P₄表示)对3种梨砧木生长和¹⁵N-尿素吸收、利用特性的影响.结果表明: 随着供磷水平的提高,砧木的株高、地径、干质量、根系总表面积、总根长、根尖数、根系活力、根系呼吸速率、Ndff值和氮素利用率均先升高后降低,但不同砧木升降幅度不同,且各指标出现峰值的磷水平不同.在同一磷素水平下,木梨的株高、地径、干质量均最高,川梨次之,豆梨最低,根系形态指标和根系呼吸速率呈相同规律,而Ndff值和氮素利用率表现不同.在不同磷素水平下,木梨在P₃处理各指标均达到最高水平,而川梨和豆梨分别在P₂和P₁处理各指标均达到最高水平;砧木各器官的Ndff值在不同磷水平下均以茎最高;木梨的最高氮素利用率(种植季的肥料N回收率)为9.6%、川梨为8.9%、豆梨为8.3%.以上结果表明,不同梨砧木生长和氮素吸收利用特性在不同磷水平下响应不同,生产中应根据砧木需磷特性合理施磷.     

供氮水平对矮化苹果15N-尿素吸收、利用、损失及产量和品质的影响

以7年生烟富3/M26/平邑甜茶为试材,采用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术,研究不同供氮水平[低氮(100 kg N·hm^-2,N₁₀₀)、中氮(200 kg N·hm^-2,N₂₀₀)和高氮(300 kg N·hm^-2,N₃₀₀)]对烟富3/M26/平邑甜茶¹⁵N-尿素吸收、利用、损失及产量和品质的影响.结果表明: 不同供氮水平植株的生长状况及氮素吸收、利用和损失特性差异显著.N₂₀₀处理植株叶绿素含量(SPAD)、光合速率(P_n)、叶片全氮含量和生物量显著高于N₁₀₀和N₃₀₀处理,植株根冠比也显著增加.不同供氮水平下植株各器官对氮的吸收能力(Ndff值)存在显著差异,各测定时期果实(花)、叶片、一年生枝、多年生枝和中心干的Ndff值均为N₁₀₀>N₂₀₀＞N₃₀₀;而根的Ndff值在盛花期和春梢缓长期为N₁₀₀ >N₂₀₀＞N₃₀₀,在秋梢生长期、果实膨大期和果实成熟期为N₂₀₀ >N₁₀₀＞N₃₀₀.在果实成熟期,N₂₀₀处理¹⁵N肥料利用率为23.6%,显著高于N₁₀₀(16.3%)和N₃₀₀处理(14.4%),而¹⁵N损失率为56.4%,显著低于N₁₀₀(60.6%)和N₃₀₀处理(66.1%).不同供氮水平植株的平均单果质量、单株产量、可溶性固形物、硬度、可溶性糖、可滴定酸、糖酸比均存在显著差异,且均以N₂₀₀处理最高,其次是N₃₀₀处理,N₁₀₀处理最低.     

紫云英配施化肥对水稻氮素吸收利用和紫云英氮在水稻-土壤体系分配、残留的影响

明确紫云英配施化肥条件下水稻对氮素吸收利用和紫云英氮在水稻-土壤体系的吸收利用、分配及残留规律,能够为豫南稻区合理施肥提供依据.本研究利用原状土柱模拟和15N示踪技术,研究等氮条件下不施肥(CK)、化肥+22500 kg·hm-2紫云英(FM1)、化肥+30000 kg·hm-2紫云英(FM2)、化肥+37500 kg...     

施肥深度对矮化苹果15N-尿素吸收、利用及损失的影响

以5年生烟富3/M26/平邑甜茶为试材,采用15N同位素示踪技术,研究表层(0 cm)、上层(20 cm)和中层(40 cm)3个施肥深度对矮化苹果15N-尿素吸收、分配及利用特性的影响.结果表明:20 cm施肥处理的叶面积、叶绿素含量和叶片全氮含量显著高于0和40 cm施肥处理.不同施肥处理各器官从肥料中吸收分配到的15N量对该器官全氮量的贡献率(Ndff)存在显著差异,盛花期均以根的Ndff最高,多年生枝次之;新梢旺长期和花芽分化期根部吸收的15N优先向新生营养器官转运;果实膨大期各器官Ndff均达到较高水平;果实成熟期均以果实中的Ndff最高.果实成熟期不同施肥处理的15N分配率存在显著差异,20 cm施肥处理生殖器官和营养器官的15N分配率显著高于0和40 cm施肥处理,而贮藏器官的15N分配率显著低于0和40 cm施肥处理.在果实成熟期,20 cm施肥处理15N肥料利用率为24.0%,显著高于0 cm(14.1%)和40 cm施肥处理(7.6%),而15N损失率为54.0%,显著低于0 cm(67.8%)和40 cm施肥处理(63.5%).不同施肥深度土壤15N残留量随施肥深度的增加而显著增加.     

等量分次施氮对冬枣15N和13C利用与分配特性的影响

以4年生盆栽冬枣为试材,采用¹³C、¹⁵N双标记示踪技术,在果实发育期研究了等氮量分次追施氮肥对冬枣植株¹⁵N和¹³C吸收、利用、积累和分配的影响.结果表明: 至果实采收期,冬枣各器官Ndff值(植株器官从肥料中吸收分配到的¹⁵N量对该器官全氮量的贡献率)随追氮次数的增多而显著增大.生殖器官(果实)和营养器官(叶片、枣吊、新生枣头枝和细根)的¹⁵N分配率以4次追氮处理最高,1次追氮处理最低,贮藏器官(主干、多年生枝和粗根)¹⁵N分配率的趋势相反;4次追氮处理¹⁵N利用率分别比1次和2次追氮处理高27.4%和15.5%.追氮次数越多,植株总氮量和¹⁵N吸收量越大;随时间的推移,1次追氮处理土壤¹⁵N丰度和总氮含量持续降低,2次追氮处理呈先升高后降低的趋势,4次追氮处理变化相对最为平稳,至处理后期显著高于其他处理;果实白熟至采收期,叶片叶绿素、氮含量和净光合速率均表现为4次追氮>2次追氮>1次追氮.不同处理¹³C同化物积累与分配不同.4次追氮处理¹³C固定总量分别是1次和2次追氮处理的1.1和1.2倍.增加追氮次数,促进了¹³C同化物向果实和贮藏器官的转移,而减少了向当年生营养器官的分配.综上,果实发育期4次追氮通过保证根层稳定、充足的氮素供应,提高了对氮素的吸收和利用,进而维持了较高的净光合速率,促进并优化了光合同化物的积累和分配,最有利于冬枣树体的生长及产量和品质的提高.     

向日葵(Helianthus annuus L.)对133Cs、88Sr的吸收和分布

通过盆栽试验研究了向日葵(Helianthus annuus L.)对土壤中不同处理浓度¹³³Cs和⁸⁸Sr的吸收,以及¹³³Cs和⁸⁸Sr在向日葵不同部位的分布。结果表明：随着处理浓度的增加,植物中¹³³Cs或⁸⁸Sr的含量增加。同一处理浓度下,⁸⁸Sr含量约比¹³³Cs含量高一个数量级。¹³³Cs和⁸⁸Sr在植物不同部位分布不同。根部中¹³³Cs含量高于植物的其他部位（茎、叶、花）。不同于¹³³Cs在植物中的分布,⁸⁸Sr除在根中的分布外,主要转运到了叶片。¹³³Cs和⁸⁸Sr在向日葵体内的分布与目前对放射性¹³⁷Cs和⁹⁰Sr的研究结果相似,所以¹³³Cs和⁸⁸Sr可分别预测¹³⁷Cs和⁹⁰Sr的运转。向日葵是治理大面积低放核素污染土壤的较佳植物种类。     

The effects of external magnesium concentration on the growth and magnesium inflow rates of micropropagated cherry rootstocks 'F.12/1' (Prunus avium L.) and 'Colt' (Prunus avium L. × Prunus pseudocerasus L.)

The cherry rootstock 'F.12/1' is more susceptible to Mg deficiency than the cherry rootstock 'Colt'. The effects of different external concentrations (3000, 500, 50 and 10 µM) of Mg on the growth of micropropagated plants of 'F.12/1' and 'Colt' were investigated in a flowing solution culture system. The relative growth rates (RGR) and total dry weight of both cultivars decreased similarly with the reduction in the external concentrations of Mg. The decreases were caused by a lower net assimilation rate (unit leaf rate). 'F.12/1' had a greater RGR than 'Colt' at all external concentrations of Mg and this is ascribed to its greater leaf weight ratio (leafiness). 'Colt' partitions more dry matter to roots than 'F.12/1', resulting in a smaller shoot: root dry weight ratio. 'F.12/1' required a greater inflow rate of Mg than 'Colt' to maintain its maximum growth rate. When the external concentration of Mg fell below 500 µM the concentration of Mg in the leaves of 'F.12/1' fell well below the critical concentration whereas for 'Colt' this did not occur until the concentration fell below 50 µM.     

Metabolic profiling of ethephon-treated sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)

Increasing costs and decreasing labor availability for sweet cherry harvest in Washington State, USA, has reinvigorated commercial and research interest of mechanized harvest. Ethephon (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid) can be used to improve fruit abscission for mechanical harvest. Our previous work shows that 3.5 l ha⁻¹ ethephon enhances red color and reduces firmness of the cultivar ‘Bing’. In the current study, we used metabolic profiling of cultivars ‘Bing’, Chelan’, and ‘Skeena’ fruit meso and exocarp tissue to better understand underlying quality-related metabolism associated with ethephon application. Trees were treated using air-blast sprayer 13–14 days prior to harvest and fruit samples were harvested every 7–10 days starting at least 17 days prior to commercial harvest. Nearly 200 identified and partially characterized metabolites from mesocarp and exocarp tissue were characterized and evaluated. Principal component analysis models revealed changes in the metabolome associated with both natural ripening and ethephon-induced changes, including associations to key color, acid, and sugar components, such as cyanidin 3-glucoside, malic acid and sugar metabolism.     

Inheritance and linkage of isozymes in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)

Eight polymorphic isozyme loci, 6PGD, G6PD, MDH, PGM, SKDH, FDP, GOT and IDH, in sweet cherry where found to be in one linkage group, with a ninth isozyme locus, GPI, being in another linkage group on a different chromosome. Isozymes were also linked to the incompatibility S locus and this explained the disturbed segregation ratios observed in the first generation from controlled hybridisations between different sweet cherry cultivars. Analysis revealed close linkage between the isozyme and S loci. The results supported a pre-existing theory that the S gene in cherry consists of three linked segments each coding for a different function. Progeny derived from selfing of Stella, the self-fertile cherry cultivar, also showed disturbed segregation ratios and an absence of homozygotes for the isozyme loci assayed. This demonstrated that codominant inheritance of the S alleles had not been effected by the self-fertile mutation.     

Top and root growth and nutrient absorption of Prunus avium L. at two soil pH and P levels

One-year-old Prunus avium L. were grown under greenhouse conditions in a Countesswells soil in all combinations of 2 pH and 2 P levels. The soil, obtained from a long-term liming and fertilizer experiment, provided pH values throughout the experiment of 3.75–3.99 (pH 1) and 4.81–5.41 (pH 2). The P treatments had 0.43% acetic acid extractable P of 31–44 g g^-1 (P1) and 145–173 g g^-1 (P2). The trees were harvested 92 (H1), 134 (H2), and 168 (H3) days after initiation of growth.Top (leaf+new stem) dry weight was significantly increased for pH 2 and P2 at H2 and H3. P2 also increased leaf weight (H1), the weight of the original stem-root (H2 and H3), and root length but decreased root diameter at both soil pHs (H2 and H3). Total tree uptake of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg was also increased by pH-P combinations which had significantly greater dry matter production and root length. Total Mn uptake decreased at pH2. Root nutrient inflows (uM m^-1 day^-1) were increased for Ca at pH2 and for P at P2. Mn inflow decreased at pH2 and at pH1 P2 although the increased root length associated with the latter treatmen resulted in increased total tree Mn uptake. In general, high nutrient inflows occurred in all trees at H1 and in severely stunted trees at pH1 P1; both had larger than average root diameters.     

Depth distribution of cherry (Prunus avium L.) tree roots as influenced by grass root competition

We investigated the effect of competition from grass roots (as controlled by herbicide application) on the depth distribution of white roots in cherry trees, grown with varying rates and frequency of application of N in an agroforestry system. Statistical summaries of distribution, namely mean and skewness, produced a concise and interpretable analysis of the data.There was a large increase in tree root numbers in the surface horizons after the herbicide had reduced grass root competition. Where the surrounding grass had not been reduced by herbicide, the average depth of tree roots increased with time, contrasting with a marked shift in the mode of distribution of root numbers to shallow depths when grass competition was removed. These findings are important in the understanding of plant root competition and for prescribing best practise for tree establishment in agroforestry systems.     

Metabolism of the seed and endocarp of cherry (Prunus avium L.) during development

In this study some aspects of organic and amino acid metabolism in cherry endocarp and seed were investigated during their development. The abundance and location of a number of enzymes involved in these processes were investigated. These enzymes were aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT; EC:2.6.1.1), glutamine synthetase (GS; EC:6.3.1.2), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC; EC:4.1.1.31), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK; EC:4.1.1.49), and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco; EC:4.1.1.39). There was a transient and massive accumulation of vegetative storage proteins in the endocarp. These proteins were remobilised as the endocarp lignified and at the same time that proteins were accumulated in the seed. This raised the possibility that a proportion of imported amino acids were temporarily stored in the endocarp as protein, and that these were later utilised by the seed when it started to accumulate storage proteins. Rubisco was present in the embryo and integuments of the seed although no chlorophyll was present. This is the first time that Rubisco has been detected in non-green seeds. The maximum abundance of Rubisco in the seed coincided with the deposition of seed storage proteins. A possible function for Rubisco in cherry seed is discussed. PEPCK was located in the integuments and appeared when seed storage proteins were being accumulated. In the integuments and embryo AspAT, GS, PEPC and Rubisco also appeared, or greatly increased in abundance, when seed storage proteins were being deposited.