前期水淹对牛鞭草后期干旱胁迫光合生理响应的影响

水淹和干旱是限制植物生长的两种主要环境因子。三峡库区消落带由于其特殊的地形条件和人工水文节律,呈现以年度为周期的“水淹-落干”交替变化的水文变动特征,在消落带生长的植物因此受到水淹和干旱交替胁迫的双重影响。为了探究库区蓄水对消落带植被干旱耐受性的影响,以当年生牛鞭草扦插苗为试验对象,设置对照组(CK)、表土水淹组(SF)、全淹组(TF)、对照-干旱组(CD)、表土水淹-干旱组(SFD)、全淹-干旱组(TFD)6个处理组,研究不同水分处理对牛鞭草光合特性的影响。结果表明:(1)水淹和干旱胁迫均对牛鞭草光合特性造成显著影响;(2)水淹胁迫阶段,与CK组相比,牛鞭草SF和TF组净光合速率、气孔限制值和水分利用效率显著下降,胞间CO_2浓度显著上升;(3)干旱胁迫阶段,牛鞭草CD和SFD组净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度和蒸腾速率等光合参数显著低于CK组,TFD组净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度和蒸腾速率等指标与CK组无显著差异;(4)复水阶段,各处理组净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度和蒸腾速率等指标均与CK组无显著差异。研究表明,前期水淹并未增加牛鞭草对后期干旱胁迫的敏感性,牛鞭草对水淹和干旱胁迫均具有较好的耐受性,有助于牛鞭草对库区消落带生境变化的适应性。     

5℃夜间低温对红树幼苗光合速率和蒸腾速率的影响

5℃夜间低温处理温室栽培红海榄（Rhizophora stylosa和银叶树（Heritiera littoralis)幼苗,白天20℃室温分别恢复1h和4h,测定功能叶的净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率和叶绿素含量。结果表明：夜间低温明显降低红海榄和银叶树的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用率,促进胞间CO2浓度增加,而叶绿素含量变化不大。白天空温恢复时间增长,净光合速率、气孔导率和蒸腾速率回升,胞间CO2浓度下降,红树幼苗对低温有一定的适用能力。低温处理2d,红海榄叶净光合速率的抑制程度大于1d处理,而银叶树叶净光合速率的抑制程度则有所减轻。两种红树叶气孔导度与净光合速率和蒸腾速率均呈线性关系,气孔导度是控制叶片光合成和蒸腾水分丢失动态平衡的主要因素。     

褐藻胶寡糖对豌豆种子萌发和幼苗的某些生理特性的影响

褐藻胶寡糖(ADO)对豌豆种子萌发和幼苗生长有促进作用,种子发芽率升高,幼苗高度.根长、生物量均有增加;幼苗叶中叶绿素含量增高;叶片净光合速率、胞间CO_2浓度、气孔导度和蒸腾速率增加;根系活力增强;种子中α和β-淀粉酶活性增强。低浓度ADO的效果明显优于高浓度的ADO,其中以0.125?O的效果最佳。     

土壤紧实胁迫对黄瓜根系活力和叶片光合作用的影响

研究了黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L)根系活力和叶片光合作用对土壤紧实胁迫的响应.结果表明:当土壤紧实度增大时,黄瓜根系重量减小,活力下降.同时,叶片的相对电导率(REC)及丙二醛(MDA)含量升高;可溶性蛋白质含量降低;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性增强;净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(E)及比叶重(SLW)减小,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)增大.     

马铃薯品种间光合特征的比较研究

马铃薯叶片光合作用是影响其块茎产量和品质的重要因素之一。为了选择适宜湖南栽培的马铃薯品种和提高马铃薯的栽培效益,本文时中薯3号、大西洋、费乌瑞它、东农303、PB04、PB08和滇薯6号7个马铃薯品种(系)在匍匐茎伸长期、块茎形成期、块茎膨大期和块茎完熟期4个时期的光合特征参数(叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO_2浓度)、SPAD值和相对产量进行了比较研究。结果表明,中薯3号的叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度、蒸腾速率和平均每株产量都最高,适宜于在湖南栽培。     

水淹对水竹光合生理特征的影响

为探究耐淹速生竹种水竹对不同程度水淹胁迫的光合生理响应,以一年生水竹(Phyllostachys heteroclada)为试验材料,以正常浇水为对照组,测定根部全淹及根部半淹处理下水竹光合气体交换参数、光合色素及叶片资源利用效率随水淹时长产生的差异。结果表明：水淹胁迫第3天,半淹处理的水竹叶片净光合速率、光饱和点和蒸腾速率较对照均出现显著上升,而全淹胁迫下则无显著差异,其后均随胁迫时间的延长而下降,下降幅度与胁迫程度呈正相关;水淹胁迫处理第6天,水竹叶片气孔导度均显著高于对照组,后呈下降趋势;水淹胁迫导致水竹胞间CO₂浓度呈现先下降后上升的趋势,至第9天与对照组的数据差异不显著,其恢复时长与胁迫程度呈正相关;暗呼吸速率及光补偿点则随胁迫时长的增加而上升;总光合色素呈现先下降后上升趋势,叶绿素与类胡萝卜素的比例仍保持在3∶1,而叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比例从3∶1下降至2∶1;叶片水分利用率呈现先下降后上升的趋势,而表观光能利用率与表观CO₂利用率均呈现下降趋势,其下降幅度随水淹时长的延长而逐渐减小。研究表明,半淹胁迫短期内对水竹的光合作用表现出...     

养分对旱地小麦水分腔迫的生理补偿效应

利用不同深度渗漏池供水差异所造成的水分胁迫,分期测定冬小麦叶片的净光合速率、气孔阻力、叶肉胞间ＣＯ２浓度、蒸腾强度、叶绿素含量和叶片吸光强度。研究养分对小麦水分胁迫的生理补偿效应。结果表明,水分腔迫后,气孔阻力增加,叶绿素含量和净光合速率显著下降。但在水分胁迫时施用氮肥,蒸腾速率减弱,叶绿素含量,叶片吸光强度和净光合速率增加,因而,短时水分利用效率显著提高。这表明,因水分胁迫导致净光合速率和短时水     

小麦拔节期淹水对叶片光合特性的影响

为研究拔节期涝害对小麦叶片光合特性的影响, 以小麦品种烟农19 为试验材料, 采用盆栽试验, 于小麦拔节 期进行淹水(涝害)处理, 分析小麦叶片光合气体交换参数的变化。结果表明, 拔节期淹水6 d 后小麦叶片SPAD 值较对照显著下降。在淹水3–9 d 内, 随着小麦叶片净光合速率逐渐下降, 叶片气孔导度和胞间CO2 浓度亦显著下降, 说明烟农19 光合速率下降主要是叶片气孔限制引起的。而在淹水后期(9 d 之后), 净光合速率持续下降, 而叶片胞间CO2浓度却升高, 说明在涝害发生后期叶片光合速率下降主要由非气孔因素引起。在小麦拔节期涝害前期叶片光合速率下降主要是由叶片气孔限制引起的, 而在涝害发生后期叶片光合速率下降主要由非气孔因素引起。     

模拟大气硫酸铵污染对香樟幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

通过室内盆栽实验研究了大气颗粒污染物硫酸铵对香樟幼苗生长及光合特性的影响。结果表明,香樟幼苗叶片涂抹硫酸铵处理对植物生长无显著影响;低浓度硫酸铵(2 g·L^-1)提高了叶片叶绿素含量,而高浓度(4 g·L^-1)却降低了叶片叶绿素含量;与对照相比,低浓度处理的香樟叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度与蒸腾速率无显著差异;高浓度处理的香樟叶片净光合速率与蒸腾速率高于对照,而气孔导度与胞间二氧化碳浓度与对照无显著差异。机理分析表明,硫酸铵颗粒物主要通过影响叶片气孔导度来影响植物光合特性。     

西北干旱区葡萄净光合速率变化及其影响因素

葡萄作为西北干旱区主要经济作物之一,认识其光合生产过程对种植栽培至关重要。为探究大田自然条件下葡萄光合生理特征及影响葡萄光合作用的主要影响因子,该研究于2019年6—9月测定葡萄(品种：无核白)叶片光合作用及其生理生态因子日变化,采用通径分析方法分析各因子对叶片净光合速率的直接和间接作用,确定其主要影响因子,同时在全天分时段模式下进一步分析葡萄叶片净光合速率对各生理生态因子的响应。结果表明：(1)葡萄叶片净光合速率日变化总体呈现先升高、后下降的单峰型曲线变化特征。(2)葡萄叶片净光合速率与光合有效辐射、饱和水汽压差、空气温度、气孔导度和蒸腾速率呈极显著正相关,与相对湿度和胞间CO₂浓度呈极显著负相关。(3)各月影响葡萄叶片净光合速率变化的主要决定因子6月、8月和9月为蒸腾速率,而7月为气孔导度。(4)6—9月的葡萄叶片净光合速率与空气温度、光合有效辐射、饱和水汽压差的响应均呈“迟滞回环”关系,与蒸腾速率、气孔导度呈良好的线性关系(R²>0.85),与胞间CO₂浓度呈指数函数关系(R²=0.53...     

淹水胁迫对青杨雌雄幼苗生理特性和生长的影响

为揭示青杨(Populus cathayana)雌雄幼苗对淹水胁迫的适应性, 在实验地内通过土培盆栽淹水方式从植株生理生态和生长发育方面探讨淹水胁迫对青杨扦插苗的影响。试验分为对照和淹水2个处理, 处理时间为40天。结果显示: (1)淹水胁迫导致青杨幼苗叶片中的丙二醛(MDA)含量和茎部淹水区的不定根数显著升高, 植株的净光合速率(P_n)、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、株高、基径、总叶面积、比叶面积(SLA)、根生物量、叶生物量、茎生物量、总生物量干重和根冠比(R/S)显著降低。(2)与雄株相比, 淹水胁迫显著增加了雌株幼苗的MDA含量, 降低了SOD活性、P_n、类胡萝卜素(Caro)含量、叶绿素a/b、SLA、根生物量和R/S, 并导致雄株在淹水胁迫下具有比雌株更高的气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、不定根数和株高。可见, 淹水胁迫对青杨雌雄幼苗的形态生长和生理过程均有严重的抑制作用, 但表现出显著的性别间差异。雄株可以通过维持更高的光合作用能力和增加不定根数量来维持植株的生长, 从而表现出比雌株更强的抗逆性。     

Effects of nitrogen spraying on the post-anthesis stage of winter wheat under waterlogging stress

Waterlogging is a main stress factor during the late growing stage of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the southern Huanghuai and Yangtze Valley regions of China. The effects of nitrogen spraying on post-anthesis of winter wheat under waterlogging stress were studied in continuous growing seasons from 2009 to 2011. The results showed that waterlogging after the anthesis stage significantly reduced root respiratory activity, leaf greenness (SPAD reading), photosynthetic rate (P _n), stomatal conductance (G _s) and transpiration rate (T _r) by averages of 11.09, 10.75, 15.18, 8.97 and 8.82 %, respectively, increased intercellular CO₂ concentration (C _i) by 9.74 % and decreased grain number per spike, 1,000-grain weight and grain yield by 8.07, 12.68 and 20.11 %, respectively. Nitrogen spraying significantly improved root respiratory activity, leaf greenness (SPAD reading), photosynthetic rate (P _n), stomatal conductance (G _s) and transpiration rate (T _r) by 4.96, 7.35, 7.01, 5.09 and 5.09 %, respectively, reduced intercellular CO₂ concentration (C _i) by 9.74 % and increased grain number per spike, 1,000-grain weight and grain yield by 4.71, 6.45 and 11.48 %, respectively. However, neither nitrogen spraying nor waterlogging had significant effects on spike number. There was significant interaction between waterlogging and nitrogen spraying. Our results suggest that nitrogen spraying is an effective way to alleviate the negative effects of waterlogging stress after anthesis stage in winter wheat.     

水分亏缺下紫花苜蓿和高粱根系水力学导度 与水分利用效率的关系

利用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟水分亏缺条件(胁迫水势-0.2MPa,胁迫48h),研究了变水条件下紫花苜蓿(品种:阿尔冈金和陇东)和高粱(品种:抗四)根系水力学导度(Lp_r)、根系活力、根叶相对含水量、水分利用效率等参数的动态变化,以期进一步明确植物水分吸收及散失过程调控的生理生态学基础。结果表明:水分亏缺限制了紫花苜蓿和高粱根系吸水,表现在Lp_r的下降和根系活力的降低;继而调控了其地上部反应,引起气孔导度、光合速率、叶片相对含水量和蒸腾速率等的下降,但限制性的提高了其水分利用效率,尤其在胁迫初期。恢复到正常供水条件后,Lp_r、根系活性、气孔导度等水分利用参数逐渐部分或完全恢复到了胁迫前水平,但恢复程度存在种间和品种间差异,并且根系吸水能力的恢复对于是植株地上部生长状态的恢复至关重要,尤其是水分恢复初期。紫花苜蓿根系中检测到水通道蛋白(AQPs)的存在,水分亏缺对紫花苜蓿Lp_r的影响认为主要是通过影响AQPs的活性实现的。比较紫花苜蓿和高粱水分吸收与利用状况在变水条件下的动态变化,认为紫花苜蓿幼苗对干旱逆境的适应能力相对弱于高粱,品种间陇东适应能力更强。     

Differences in physiological adaptation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Haberlea rhodopensis</Emphasis> Friv. leaves and roots during dehydration–rehydration cycle

The ecophysiological responses of the homoiochlorophyllous desiccation-tolerant (HDT) plant Haberlea rhodopensis showed that this plant could tolerate water deficit and both leaves and roots had high ability to survive severe desiccation. The changes and correlation between CO₂ assimilation, stomatal conductance, contents of photosynthetic pigments, root respiration and specific leaf area during dehydration–rehydration cycle were investigated. The physiological activity of leaves and roots were examined in fully hydrated (control) plants and during 72 h of dehydration, as well as following 96 h of rehydration every 6 and 24 h. After 6 h of dehydration, the stomatal conductance declined and the intercellular CO₂ concentration increased. The reduction in CO₂ assimilation rate was observed after 54 h of dehydration. There was a good correlation between the root respiration and water content. Our results showed that the plasticity of adaptation in leaves and roots were different during extreme water conditions. Roots were more sensitive and reacted faster to water stress than leaves, but their activity rapidly recovered due to immediate and efficient utilization of periodic water supply.     

喀斯特石漠化地区土壤养分对泡核桃功能性状的影响

为了探究喀斯特石漠化地区植物叶片功能性状及影响因素,以及揭示其对石漠化环境的适应机理,该文以中国南方喀斯特高原峡谷地区的泡核桃(Juglans sigillata)为对象,揭示土壤养分对叶片结构和光合性状的影响效应。结果表明：(1)泡核桃叶功能性状随石漠化等级增加,叶面积减小,比叶面积增大,叶干物质含量和叶组织密度先降后升,蒸腾速率、胞间CO₂浓度、气孔导度和光能利用率先下降后升高,其他性状变化趋势不显著。(2)冗余分析表明土壤养分能够解释37.4%的光合性状变异与53.4%的结构性状变异,其中全磷和溶解性有机碳对光合性状影响最大,而对结构性状影响最显著的是碱解氮和速效磷。(3)比叶面积分别与叶干物质含量极显著负相关,与净光合速率极显著正相关,叶厚度与叶组织密度极显著负相关,蒸腾速率与胞间CO₂浓度、气孔导度极显著正相关,水分利用速率与蒸腾速率、胞间CO₂浓度、气孔导度极显著负相关,光能利用率与净光合速率显著正相关。研究结果表明,泡核桃为适应喀斯特石漠化的特殊生境采取增强生长功能性状,同时提高资源获取能力的开拓型生长策略...     

干旱胁迫对降香黄檀幼苗光合生理特性的影响

采用温室盆栽方法,设置对照(CK)、轻度(LS)、中度(MS)和重度(HS)干旱胁迫4个水分条件,研究不同水分条件对降香黄檀幼苗光合和生理特性的影响。结果表明:(1)随着干旱胁迫程度增加,降香黄檀幼苗叶片叶绿素总含量总体呈现出下降趋势。(2)降香黄檀幼苗叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和蒸腾速率随着干旱胁迫强度增加均呈现出先增加后降低趋势,且MS和HS处理下的气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度同时降低,此时幼苗光合能力的下降主要受气孔因素限制。(3)随着干旱胁迫强度的增加,降香黄檀幼苗叶片细胞膜相对透性、丙二醛含量、游离脯氨酸含量和POD活性均呈现出增加趋势,而同期SOD和CAT活性呈现出先升高后降低趋势。可见,降香黄檀幼苗在轻度干旱胁迫下可通过增加叶片保护酶活性来清除活性氧对其组织造成的伤害,但胁迫超过一定程度后保护酶活性下降,表明降香黄檀幼苗的耐旱能力有限。     

涝渍胁迫对入侵植物白花鬼针草及其本地近缘种金盏银盘生长和生理特性的影响

[目的]揭示涝渍胁迫下白花鬼针草与其本地近缘种金盏银盘的生长和生理特性差异。[方法]研究对照和涝渍胁迫下白花鬼针草和金盏银盘株高、新生不定根数目、净光合速率（P_n）、总生物量、相对生长速率、叶面积等生长和生理指标的变化。[结果]涝渍胁迫后入侵植物白花鬼针草比本地种金盏银盘保持了更高的株高、新生不定根数目和P_n（P<0.01）,更高的总生物量、相对生长速率、根生物量、茎生物量、叶生物量、叶面积（P<0.05）。涝渍胁迫10 d内,白花鬼针草根系活力和光系统II最大光量子产量显著高于金盏银盘（P<0.05）,涝渍胁迫20 d后2物种的2个参数趋于一致,这些结果表明涝渍对白花鬼针草生长的负面影响较小。涝渍胁迫前期更快的不定根生长速度和更高的根系脱氢酶活力可缓解涝渍对白花鬼针草的胁迫,减少了涝渍对光合系统的破坏,使其保持更高的P_n,从而有助于白花鬼针草保持更高的生长速率,是白花鬼针草耐受涝渍的生理机制。[结论]与本地近缘种金盏银盘相比,短期涝渍可使入侵植物白花鬼针草形成生长优势,华南地区雨季短期集中降水所形成的土壤涝渍有利于白花鬼针草的入侵。全球气候变化造成的降水不平衡性可能会加剧白花鬼针草在华南地区的入侵。     

Seasonal changes in photosynthetic characteristics of Anemone raddeana,a spring-active geophyte,in the temperate region of Japan

Summary Seasonal changes in the photosynthetic characteristics of intact involucral leaves of Anemone raddeana were investigated under laboratory conditions. Net photosynthesis and constant water vapor pressure deficit showed almost the same seasonal trend. They increased rapidly from mid-April immediately after unfolding of the leaves and reached the maximum in late-April, before the maximum expansion of the leaves. They retained the maximum values until early-May and then decreased toward late-May with a progress of leaf senescence. The calculated values of intercellular CO₂ concentration and relative stomatal limitation of photosynthesis showed no significant change throughout the season. The carboxylation efficiency as assessed by the initial slope of Ci-photosynthesis curve and the net photosynthesis under a high Ci regime varied seasonally in parallel with the change of the light-saturated photosynthesis. The results indicate that the seasonal changes in light-saturated net photosynthesis are not due to a change of stomatal conductance, but to a change in the photosynthetic capacity of mesophyll. Nevertheless, leaf conductance changed concomitantly with photosynthetic capacity, indicating that the seasonal change in stomatal conductance is modulated by the mesophyll photosynthetic capacity such that the intercellular CO₂ concentrations is maintained constant. The shape of light-photosynthesis curve was similar to that of sun-leaf type. The quantum yield also changed simultaneously with the photosynthetic capacity throughout the season.Contribution No. 2965 from the Institute of Low Temperature Science     

A coupled model of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration

A model that couples stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, leaf energy balance and transport of water through the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum is presented. Stomatal conductance in the model depends on light, temperature and intercellular CO₂ concentration via photosynthesis and on leaf water potential, which in turn is a function of soil water potential, the rate of water flow through the soil and plant, and on xylem hydraulic resistance. Water transport from soil to roots is simulated through solution of Richards’ equation. The model captures the observed hysteresis in diurnal variations in stomatal conductance, assimilation rate and transpiration for plant canopies. Hysteresis arises because atmospheric demand for water from the leaves typically peaks in mid‐afternoon and because of uneven distribution of soil matric potentials with distance from the roots. Potentials at the root surfaces are lower than in the bulk soil, and once soil water supply starts to limit transpiration, root potentials are substantially less negative in the morning than in the afternoon. This leads to higher stomatal conductances, CO₂ assimilation and transpiration in the morning compared to later in the day. Stomatal conductance is sensitive to soil and plant hydraulic properties and to root length density only after approximately 10 d of soil drying, when supply of water by the soil to the roots becomes limiting. High atmospheric demand causes transpiration rates, LE, to decline at a slightly higher soil water content, θ_s, than at low atmospheric demand, but all curves of LE versus θ_s fall on the same line when soil water supply limits transpiration. Stomatal conductance cannot be modelled in isolation, but must be fully coupled with models of photosynthesis/respiration and the transport of water from soil, through roots, stems and leaves to the atmosphere.     

苗期土壤渍水对棉花恢复生长及光合生理的影响

以'中棉所41'为试验材料,采用盆栽方法,研究了苗期土壤渍水对棉花恢复生长及光合生理的影响.结果显示:(1)渍水5 d的棉苗经过10 d恢复生长,其根系活力、株高、叶面积、完全展开叶片数与对照差异不显著,但根系总长度仍比对照低11.1%(P<0.05);渍水10 d的棉苗经过10 d恢复生长,其根系活力、株高、叶面积、完全展开叶片数、根系活力均极显著低于对照.(2)渍水5 d棉苗经过10 d恢复生长,其光合速率、气孔导度、光饱和点、CO2饱和点、表观光最子效率、羧化效率以及叶绿素a、b含量与对照差异不显著;渍水10 d的棉莆经过10 d恢复生长,其光合速率、气孔导度、光饱和点、CO2饱和点、表观光量子效率、羧化效率以及叶绿素a、b含量仍显著低于对照.研究表明,棉莆经过5 d或10 d渍水胁迫后,均可以恢复生长,但随着渍水时间延长,恢复生长速度降低;在恢复生长过程中,生理活性恢复快于形态恢复;强光对于渍水后棉苗恢复生长具有明显的抑制效应.