沙鞭不同居群染色体数目及核型分析

该研究采用常规压片法对分布于内蒙古高原的6个沙鞭居群的染色体核型进行研究,探讨沙鞭不同居群的核型特征及其进化关系。结果表明：(1)沙鞭6个居群的染色体数目恒定,均为2n = 2x = 46。(2)染色体有正中部着丝粒(M)、中部着丝粒(m)、亚中部着丝粒(sm)和亚端部着丝粒(st)4种类型,且中部着丝粒类型数量最多。(3)沙鞭不同居群核型公式存在差异。(4)核型类型有1A、2A、1B和2B型4种,染色体平均臂比介于1.29 ~ 1.62,长度比为1.73 ~ 2.68。(5)核型不对称系数处于55.96% ~ 59.95%,核型对称性较高,进化程度较为原始,其中37居群的核型不对称系数最大,进化程度较高,34居群的核型不对称系数最小,进化程度较低。(6)沙鞭6个居群聚为两类,37居群单独聚为一类,其他所有居群聚为一类,表明37居群与其他居群具有相对较远的亲缘关系。该研究首次报道了沙鞭不同居群的染色体核型特征及其进化关系,为以后沙鞭的系统进化和优良种质资源筛选奠定了细胞学证据。     

柑桔类的细胞分类学研究 Ⅰ.柑桔属30个分类群的核型及进化

作者研究了柑桔属30个分类群的核型及进化。结果表明:染色体数目为2n=2x=18,属小染色体植物,核型由中部着丝粒染色体(m)和近中部着丝粒染色体(sm)组成,具2—4个连接于短臂上的随体,一些分类群的部分同源染色体上存在长度和臂比值不同程度的杂合现象,核型均属2A型。比较随体及与之相连短臂,其随体分为大随体(LS)中随体(MS)和小随体(SS)三类,随体的多样性可作为探讨该属物种的起源、系统演化的一个遗传标志。作者赞同把柚(Citrus grandis)作为柑桔属的一个基本种,而宽皮柑桔(C.reticulata)核型变异较大,还待进一步分析;推测红黎檬(C.limonia)、葡萄柚(C.paradisi)、甜橙(C.sinensis)、酸橙(C.aurantium)、香园(C.wilsonii)、三宝柑(C.sulcata)、部分宽皮柑桔(C.reticulata)为杂种起源。该属核型由不对称向对称进化是与形态及孢粉的进化趋势一致的。     

内葵杂3号染色体核型分析

对内蒙古地区的栽培品种内葵杂3号三交种和单交种了进行了核型分析。其结果为:内葵杂3号三交种和单交种的染色体数均为2n=34,各具一对随体染色体。三交种第2对染色体具随体且为近中部着丝粒染色体,其余为中部着丝粒染色体,染色体相对长度变异范围4.105%～7.703%,核型公式为2n=2x=34=32m+2sm(2sat),核型类型属于1A型;单交种均为中部着丝粒染色体,第4对染色体具随体,染色体相对长度变异范围3.661%～8.128%,其核型公式为:2n=2x=34=34m(2sat),核型类型属于1B型。     

3个彩色马蹄莲引进品种的核型分析

利用普通压片法对3个引进彩色马蹄莲(Zantedeschia hybrid)品种的染色体数与核型进行了分析。结果表明:所试验品种染色体数均为2n=32。染色体形态比较一致,多是由中部(m)以及近中部(sm)着丝粒染色体组成。其中,‘Allure’为2n=2x=32=14m(2SAT)+2sm,‘Cupdio’的核型公式为2n=2x=32=14m+2sm,Odessa的核型公式为2x=32=1M+15m(1SAT)。3个品种核型不对称系数分别为56.72%,56.25%和56.38%,核型分类显示其均为1A型。     

柑桔类的细胞分类学研究——Ⅰ.柑桔属30个分类群的核型及进化

作者研究了柑桔属30个分类群的核型及进化.结果表明:染色体数目为2ⁿ=2x=18,属小染色体植物,核型由中部着丝粒染色体(m)和近中部着丝粒染色体(sm)组成,具2—4个连接于短臂上的随体,一些分类群的部分同源染色体上存在长度和臂比值不同程度的杂合现象,核型均属2A型.比较随体及与之相连短臂,其随体分为大随体(LS)中随体(MS)和小随体(SS)三类,随体的多样性可作为探讨该属物种的起源、系统演化的一个遗传标志.作者赞同把柚(Citrus grandis)作为柑桔属的一个基本种,而宽皮柑桔(C.reticulata)核型变异较大,还待进一步分析;推测红黎檬(C.limonia)、葡萄柚(C.paradisi)、甜橙(C.sinensis)、酸橙(C.aurantium)、香园(C.wilsonii)、三宝柑(C.sulcata)、部分宽皮柑桔(C.reticulata)为杂种起源.该属核型由不对称向对称进化是与形态及孢粉的进化趋势一致的.     

加拿大引进的二倍体燕麦种质的核型鉴定

采用常规压片法对砂燕麦、西班牙燕麦和短燕麦3个二倍体燕麦种进行了核型研究。结果表明:砂燕麦染色体核型公式为2n=2x=14=10m+4sm(2SAT),具近中部和中部着丝点染色体,第4对染色体组的短臂上有1对随体,核不对称系数为68.17%;西班牙燕麦染色体核型公式为2n=2x=14=10m+4sm(2SAT),具近中部和中部着丝点染色体,第7对染色体短臂上有1对随体,核不对称系数为59.31%;短燕麦染色体核型公式为2n=2x=14=6m+4sm+4st(2SAT),具近端部、近中部和中部着丝点染色体,第6对染色体组的短臂上有1对随体,核不对称系数为63.91%。虽然3个燕麦种的核型均为2A,但它们的染色体形态有明显不同,比较认为砂燕麦相对进化,短燕麦次之,西班牙燕麦较原始。本研究对燕麦种质资源的核型分析及进化地位研究具有参考价值。     

云南泸定百合8个野生居群的染色体核型分析

用常规压片法,对云南省境内泸定百合(Lilium sargentiae Wilson)8个野生居群的染色体进行了核型分析,结果显示:(1)野生泸定百合8个居群均为二倍体(2n=2x=24),染色体基数为12,共24条染色体,无B染色体;(2)核型类型均为3A,第1、2对染色体均为具中部(m)或近中部(sm)着丝点的大形染色体,且第1对染色体上均具有随体;(3)染色体长度比为1.64～2.26,平均臂比为6.43～8.22,核型不对称系数为79.82% ～ 81.77%。研究表明,泸定百合染色体数相对稳定,染色体变异主要表现在结构变异,各个居群的染色体组成、随体数、随体位置、臂比、染色体长度比及核型不对称系数均有差异,泸定百合各居群间存在明显的核型多态性。     

甘薯栽培种及其近缘野生种的DAPI核型及rDNA FISH分析

利用DAPI显带和rDNA-FISH技术对栽培种甘薯(‘徐薯18’)(Ipomoea batatas cv.Xushu No.18)及2种不同产地近缘野生种(Ipomoea hederacea Jacq.)进行了细胞遗传学研究。DAPI核型分析表明,‘徐薯18’核型公式为2n=6x=90=72m+18sm(18SAT),随体位于第1、3、6染色体上;美国近缘野生种核型公式为2n=2x=30=30m(4SAT),香港近缘野生种核型公式为2n=2x=30=20m+10sm(4SAT),随体均位于第6、12染色体上。rD-NA-FISH结果显示,栽培种甘薯基因组中含有3对5SrDNA位点,分别位于着丝粒区、亚着丝粒区和染色体端部;美国近缘野生种基因组中含有2对5SrDNA位点,香港近缘野生种基因组中含有1对5SrDNA位点,均位于随体部位;两种不同地域来源的近缘野生种基因组中均含有2对45SrDNA位点,分别位于第6和第12染色体上。     

慈姑基因组大小鉴定及核型分析

【目的】慈姑(Sagittaria sagittifolia L.)是中国重要的园艺经济作物,其基因组大小的鉴定和核型分析对慈姑基因组学研究及分子遗传学研究必不可少,现阶段慈姑的基因组大小、染色体形态的尚不明确,本研究以期为慈姑的育种和物种进化提供更多的细胞学参考。【方法】研究采用流式细胞技术、荧光原位杂交技术,并参考裂解液配方,探针配置,对慈姑品种‘紫金星’（ZJX）的根尖进行基因组大小进行鉴定,并对其染色体形态进行分析观察。【结果】（1）所测慈姑为二倍体植物,‘紫金星’慈姑基因组为16 Gb左右。（2）利用DAPI荧光染色,获得其染色体数目稳定,且与端粒荧光原位杂交的结果完全吻合,均为22条,染色体类型有中部着丝粒,近中部着丝粒以及近端部着丝,近端部着丝粒最多,且未发现随体;核型公式为：2n=2x=22=6m+4sm+12st,属于Stebbins类型中的3B型,核型不对称系数为99.13。【结论】慈姑基因组大小中等,核型极不对称,进化程度较高。     

6个香雪兰品种的染色体核型及聚类分析

以香雪兰（Freesia hybrida）6个品种的根尖为研究材料进行核型分析以揭示其核型特征,进一步通过聚类分析品种间的相似性并探讨可能的亲缘关系。结果表明：香雪兰6个品种均为四倍体,染色体数目都为44。6个品种的核型公式不同：‘Gold River’为2n=4x=44=33m+11sm,‘White River’为2n=4x=44=1M+34m+9sm,‘Castor’为2n=4x=44=35m+9sm,‘上农红台阁’为2n=4x=44=32m+12sm,‘Pink Passion’为2n=4x=44=38m+6sm,‘Red River’为2n=4x=44=37m+7sm。核型参数因品种而异,其中,‘Castor’在相对长度范围和臂比范围上均为最广,‘上农红台阁’核不对称系数最大。6个品种核型不对称系数为57.00%~60.07%,核型类型均为2B,进化程度中等,处于由对称至不对称的过渡阶段,其核型进化的趋势大致为：‘Pink Passion’→‘Red River’→‘Gold River’→‘White River’→‘Castor’→‘上农红台阁’。聚类结果显示,遗传距离为15时可将所有品种分为两类,第一类包含‘Gold River’‘上农红台阁’和‘Castor’; 第二类包含‘Pink Passion’‘Red River’和‘White River’,其核型参数的差异可作为香雪兰品种分类和鉴定的辅助依据,为其细胞学研究和育种实践提供理论参考。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.