3种不同皮色萝卜种质染色体核型分析

本研究采用根尖压片法,对3种不同肉质根皮色的萝卜种质进行染色体数目和核型分析,以获得准确的细胞遗传学信息.研究结果表明,Nau-dqp08,Nau-txbyw07和Nan-chhong108这3种不同皮色萝卜的染色体数目均为18,核型公式分别为2n=2x=18=14m+4sm,2n=2x=18=18m和2n=2x=18=16m+2sm,且核型都属于1A型;核不对称系数分别为59.48%、55.39%与58.08%;核型不对称性大小为Nau-dqp08＞Nan-chhong108＞Nau-txbyw07,其中Nau-txbyw07核型较为原始.本研究结果可为萝卜种质鉴定、遗传变异和亲缘关系分析提供细胞学依据.     

吊兰染色体核型分析

对吊兰体细胞染色体计数,并进行核型分析。结果表明,吊兰染色体数目为2n=28;核型公式为2n=2x=28=4m+14sm+10st;染色体相对长度组成为2n=28=4L+14M2+10M1,属于3B型;全组染色体总长73.84μm,长臂总长为53.59μm;核型不对称系数为72.58%;染色体总体积为101.94μm³。     

药用植物刺五加染色体核型分析

采用根尖压片技术对刺五加的细胞染色体计数,并对其进行了核型分析,结果表明：刺五加染色体数目为2n=48,染色体基数X=24。其中1对染色体上有随体,核型公式为：K（2n）=48=12m＋18sm（SAT）＋8st＋10t。染色体相对长度组成2n=4L＋22M2＋14M1＋8S,属于“3B”型。全组染色体总长30．82¨m,长臂总长22．88Dm,核型不对称系数为74．23％。     

君子兰染色体的核型分析

对君子兰体细胞染色体计数,并对其核型进行分析,结果表明：君子兰的染色体数目为2n=22;核型公式为2n=2x=22=14sm＋8st,属于3B型。全组染色体总长98．37μm,长臂总长为72．74μm,核型不对称系数为73．95％。染色体总体积为302．01斗m^3。     

党参染色体核型分析

对党参细胞染色体进行了核型分析。研究表明,党参染色体数为2 n=16。染色体的核型为2n=12m 4 sm=16。第1、2、3、4、5、8对是中间着丝粒染色体(m);第6对和第7对染色体属于近中着丝点染色体,未观察到有携带随体的染色体存在。     

泽泻染色体的核型分析

对泽泻体细胞染色体计数,并对其核型进行分析,结果表明：泽泻的染色体数目为2n=14;核型公式为2n=2x=14=10m 4T,染色体相对长度组成为2n=14=2L 6M2 2M1 4S,属于2B型。全组染色体总长40．15μm,长臂总长为25．14μm,核型不对称系数为62.62％。染色体总体积为104．26μm^3。     

白术染色体核型的分析

白术(Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz)为菊科苍术属(Atractylodes DC.)的多年生草本,我国浙江、江西、湖南、湖北、陕西等省均产,生于海拔1000—1800米的山坡林地;现时各地都有栽培,日本也有分布。 白术为重要中药材,以干燥根状茎入药,性温,味苦甘,具有健脾、燥湿、行水及安胎之功效。     

阿拉善黄鼠模式产地标本染色体核型

采用骨髓细胞直接制备染色体的方法,对采自阿拉善黄鼠(Spermophilus alaschanicus Buchner,1888)模式标本产地,内蒙古阿拉善南部典型荒漠区的5号黄鼠(Spermophilus spp.)标本进行染色体研究.结果表明,该种二倍体体细胞的染色体数为2n=38,与达乌尔黄鼠(草原黄鼠)(S.dauricus Brandt,1843)二倍体体细胞的染色体数2n=36,完全不同,且形态特征与达乌尔黄鼠具有明显差异.基于该种的染色体和形态特征以及分布区域,并与国内外相关研究比较的结果,确认该种为阿拉善黄鼠.     

琉璃苣染色体核型分析

以琉璃苣根尖为材料,采用常规压片法制备琉璃苣染色体标本,并对其进行染色体核型分析。结果表明,琉璃苣染色体数目为2n=18,核型公式为K(2n)=2sm+16t,核型不对称系数(AS.K%)为87.69%,核型类型为"3B"型。     

沙鞭不同居群染色体数目及核型分析

该研究采用常规压片法对分布于内蒙古高原的6个沙鞭居群的染色体核型进行研究,探讨沙鞭不同居群的核型特征及其进化关系。结果表明：(1)沙鞭6个居群的染色体数目恒定,均为2n = 2x = 46。(2)染色体有正中部着丝粒(M)、中部着丝粒(m)、亚中部着丝粒(sm)和亚端部着丝粒(st)4种类型,且中部着丝粒类型数量最多。(3)沙鞭不同居群核型公式存在差异。(4)核型类型有1A、2A、1B和2B型4种,染色体平均臂比介于1.29 ~ 1.62,长度比为1.73 ~ 2.68。(5)核型不对称系数处于55.96% ~ 59.95%,核型对称性较高,进化程度较为原始,其中37居群的核型不对称系数最大,进化程度较高,34居群的核型不对称系数最小,进化程度较低。(6)沙鞭6个居群聚为两类,37居群单独聚为一类,其他所有居群聚为一类,表明37居群与其他居群具有相对较远的亲缘关系。该研究首次报道了沙鞭不同居群的染色体核型特征及其进化关系,为以后沙鞭的系统进化和优良种质资源筛选奠定了细胞学证据。     

蓝桉凋落叶分解对菠菜生长及光合特性的影响

通过盆栽试验,模拟蓝桉(Eucalyptus globulus)凋落叶在土壤中分解对受体植物菠菜(Spinacia oleracea)生长及光合特性的影响,设置L30(30 g/盆)、L60(60 g/盆)、L90(90 g/盆)和L120(120 g/盆)4个凋落叶施用水平,对照(CK)不加凋落叶。结果表明:(1)在分解30 d时,低量的凋落叶(L30)未抑制菠菜生物量的积累,而中量和高量处理(L60、L90和L120)下其生物量显著降低(P0.05);在凋落叶分解50 d后,蓝桉凋落叶的化感抑制效应已经减弱,仅L120仍然抑制菠菜生物量的积累;(2)一定量的凋落叶(L30和L60)对菠菜叶绿素的合成有促进作用,而凋落叶超过一定量时(L120)转为抑制作用,在凋落叶分解28 d时相对不明显,40 d后逐渐显现;(3)经凋落叶处理的菠菜叶片胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)及蒸腾速率(Tr)均显著高于对照(CK)(P0.05),而净光合速率(Pn)在L30处理下最高,L60和L90处理与CK差异不显著,仅L120处理显著低于CK(P0.05);(4)光响应与CO2响应曲线的特征参数表观量子效率(AQY)、最大净光合速率(Pmax)、光饱和点(Lsp)、光补偿点(Lcp)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)、Ru BP表观羧化效率(CE)和光呼吸速率(Rp)在L30处理下高于CK,其余凋落叶处理均低于CK,而CO2饱和点(Csp)、CO2补偿点(Ccp)随凋落叶量的增加而升高。综合各指标可见,少量的蓝桉凋落叶分解(L30)可通过增加叶绿素含量,提高对光和CO2的利用能力促进菠菜的光合作用,进而促进其生长,而凋落叶超过一定量时(L90—L120)则起到相反的作用。     

铁线莲属21个类群的染色体核型分析

铁线莲属(Clematis L.)为毛茛科大属之一,具有重要的园艺与药用价值。为探讨铁线莲属植物染色体组演化规律,揭示属下组间及种间的亲缘关系,该研究采用常规压片法对铁线莲属21个类群的根尖进行处理、压片,对染色体的形态特征进行观察及核型分析,同时利用Ward联接法进行聚类分析研究。狭裂太行铁线莲、毛果扬子铁线莲、卷萼铁线莲、中印铁线莲、钝萼铁线莲的染色体形态为首次报道。结果表明:铁线莲属21个类群均为二倍体,染色体数均为16(2n=2x=16),除中印铁线莲外其他类群均具随体;长瓣铁线莲、钝萼铁线莲、芹叶铁线莲、褐毛铁线莲、C.flammula、毛果扬子铁线莲的染色体为“2B”型,其他类群染色体为“2A”型;铁线莲属核型不对称系数在60.29%~63.79%之间;铁线莲属植物染色体组表现的较为原始,种间核型存在广泛变异。综上结果表明,铁线莲属植物染色体数目应由二倍体向多倍体演化后通过多倍体的二倍化过程产生非整倍体方向演化。铁线莲属染色体的演化主要在二倍体水平上进行,通过产生染色体结构变异的方式实现,通过产生杂合染色体、加强核型不对称性、染色体类型改变以及随体染色体的变化四种途径进化。同时,核型特征在分组水平与物种水平上的划分与传统分类基本一致,说明核型分析可为铁线莲属下组一级分类提供一定的线索。该研究结果为铁线莲属植物系统分类、遗传演化与资源利用等研究领域提供了新的参考资料。     

3种香薷属植物染色体数目与核型分析

参照植物根尖细胞学研究的方法标准,对香薷属3种(5个居群)植物进行核形态学分析。结果表明:(1)从染色体数目看,密花香薷2居群染色体数目2n=16;野苏子2居群染色体数目2n=20,染色体数目和倍性与前人报道的一致;毛穗香薷染色体数目2n=10为首次报道。(2)聚类分析结果显示,3种(5居群)植物中野苏子和密花香薷亲缘关系较近;结合现有报道数据分析表明,该属植物仅有2种倍性(二倍体和四倍体),且二倍体占主导地位。(3)核型参数分析表明:密花香薷的稻城无名山居群1核型公式为2n=2x=16=14m+2sm,居群2为2n=2x=16=16m,着丝粒指数(CI)分别为39.57和42.32,不对称系数AI值分别为2.75和2.87,核型不对称性都为1A型;毛穗香薷的核型公式为2n=2x=10=10m,着丝粒指数(CI)为41.76,不对称系数AI值为5.25,核型不对称性为1B型;野苏子的昆明西山居群核型公式为2n=2x=20=14m+6sm,聂拉木樟木沟居群为2n=2x=20=16m+4sm,着丝粒指数(CI)分别为38.49和40.97,不对称系数AI值为4.20和4.30,核型不对称性为1B型和2B型。     

Effects of supplementary UV-B radiation on development of damping-off in spinach caused by the soil-borne fungusFusarium oxysporum

The effects of UV-B radiation (290–320 nm) on development of damping-off of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) caused by the fungusFusarium oxysporum were examined in a growth cabinet. The incidence of disease greatly increased when experimental plants were grown in visible radiation with supplementary UV-B radiation. This increase was suppressed by increasing the irradiation of visible radiation.Fusarium oxysporum was isolated from the roots of all damping-off plants and the roots of some unwilted plants, indicating that spinach infected with the pathogen did not necessarily suffer from damping-off in 15d. Supplementary UV-B radiation suppressed the increase in growth components such as the number of leaves, the plant height and the fresh weight of aboveground plant parts, but did not affect the fresh weight of roots. The ratio of the number of plants infected with pathogen to the total number of plants was over 80% irrespective of light conditions. It was suggested that the defense response of spinach to this pathogen was greatly influenced by the physiological state of aboveground plant parts resulting from supplementary UV-B radiation.     

黄果龙葵和龙葵染色体制片优化及核型分析

该实验以黄果龙葵和龙葵的根尖为实验材料,进行不同的预处理、固定和解离,确定出各种材料适合于核型分析的制片方法。结果表明:龙葵于15℃条件下经0.05%秋水仙素预处理2.5h,固定后用1mol/L HCl酸解后,染色观察,得到的染色体分散,易于染色体计数和形态观察。用此方法对黄果龙葵和龙葵进行核型分析,结果发现:黄果龙葵和龙葵都属于小型染色体,黄果龙葵为四倍体,核型公式为K(4n)=48=4sm+44m,核型不对称系数为56.22%,属于2B核型。龙葵为六倍体,核型公式为K(6n)=72=72m,核型不对称系数为55.89%,属于1B核型。     

Induction characteristics and response of photosynthetic quantum conversion to changes in irradiance in mulberry plants

A study was conducted, using rapid time course of chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence parameters, and light-response curves of Chl fluorescence parameters, to determine the induction requirements and response of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry and non-photochemical reactions after changes in irradiance in greenhouse mulberry plants. The induction of PSII photochemistry rapidly approached to steady state after leaves were treated from darkness to low irradiance (LI). When irradiance of leaves changed from darkness to high irradiance (HI), a biphasic induction was observed. A slight photoinhibition occurred in the leaves exposed to sunlight coming to the greenhouse, whereas a chronic photoinhibition occurred in the leaves fully exposed to sunlight outside the greenhouse. The chronic photoinhibition was demonstrated by sustained reduction of maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm). Moreover, the leaves of mulberry plants in greenhouse were sensitive to abrupt changes in irradiance and the sensitivity of leaves suffered in a short-term (1h) high light treatment was reduced, based on the changes in photosynthetic quantum conversion. These results demonstrated an inducible response of photosynthetic quantum conversion to changes in irradiance in mulberry.     

Chromosome banding patterns of the aye-aye,Daubentonia madagascariensis (primates,Daubentoniidae)

The aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) is an endangered prosimian primate found only on the island of Madagascar. It is the only extant representative of its family Daubentoniidae. The phylogenetic relationship of this species with other prosimians is unclear. Because a G-banded karyotype forDaubentonia has not previously been reported, blood for preparation of lymphocyte cultures was obtained from one of the four aye-ayes in captivity in the United States. The diploid chromosome number was 30. The karyotype consisted of 14 autosomal metacentrics, 10 autosomal submetacentrics, and 4 autosomal acrocentrics. The similarities between the G-banded chromosomes ofDaubentonia and those ofPropithecus, a member of the Indriidae, support the notion thatDaubentonia has a closer relationship with the Indriidae than with other Lemuriformes or the lorisoids.     

Acetyl coenzyme A concentrations in plant tissues

Despite the importance of acetyl coenzyme A in many facets of metabolism and the availability of methods for estimation of its concentration, data for acetyl-CoA concentrations in plant tissues have been very scarce. A method using reversed phase HPLC for the quantitative estimation of acetyl-CoA was applied to a variety of plant tissues. In three different developing oilseeds the bulk acetyl-CoA concentration ranged from 5 to 25 nmoles/g fresh weight. In Arabidopsis thaliana leaves it was 5 nmoles/g fresh weight, and in Spinacia oleracea leaves 6.8 nmoles/g fresh weight. Immediate quenching of the harvested tissue in liquid nitrogen is needed to obtain high recoveries of acetyl-CoA.