半干旱地区膜垄和土垄的集雨效率和不同集雨时期土壤水分比较

于 2 0 0 2年 4月～ 8月在兰州大学干旱农业生态榆中试验站进行研究 ,在平地上形成沟垄相间的微地形 ,采用 3种沟垄比和两种下垫面材料 ,垄作为径流区 ,沟作为集水区 (沟内不种任何作物 )。采用平均产流率法分析了不同垄型集水面的集水效率 ,结果表明 ,膜垄的平均集水效率为 90 % ,土垄的平均集水效率为 16 .8% ;通过对不同垄型集水面垄中、沟边、沟中的土壤水分进行比较发现 ,对于膜垄在集雨的各个时期沟中的土壤含水量高于垄中 ,沟边的土壤含水量介于沟中和垄中土壤含水量两者之间。如 7月 14日测定 ,沟中、沟边和垄中 0～ 2 0 0 cm土层土壤平均含水量分别为 10 .39%、10 .2 4 %和 9.4 2 % ;对于土垄 ,在集雨前期和集雨中期 ,沟中和沟边的土壤含水量相差不大 ,沟中和沟边的土壤含水量均低于垄中的土壤含水量 ,表现出和膜垄完全不一样的特性 ,如 7月 14日测定 ,沟中、沟边和垄中 0～ 12 0 cm土层土壤平均含水量分别为 8.98%、8.6 8%和 10 .0 3% ,在集雨后期 ,沟边和沟中的土壤含水量大于垄中土壤含水量 ,如 8月 13日测定 ,沟中、沟边和垄中 0～ 12 0 cm土层土壤平均含水量分别为 9.76 % A、9.38% B和 7.94 % C,该试验表明土垄在集雨后期 ,在集雨和土壤水分分配方面表现出和膜垄的相似的特性     

半干旱黄土高原沟垄微型集雨产流特征与马铃薯种植技术

对膜垄和土垄的降雨量和径流量进行直线回归分析,结果表明,粘土夯实集雨垄临界产流降雨量为2.83 mm,产流后的平均集水效率为24.6%,地膜覆盖集雨垄临界产流降雨量为0.23 mm,产流后的平均集水效率为91.1%。在沟垄微型集雨种植马铃薯试验中,30 cm垄宽膜垄、45 cm垄宽膜垄、60 cm垄宽膜垄、30 cm垄宽土垄、45 cm垄宽土垄和60 cm垄宽土垄(沟宽均为60 cm)的经济产量分别比传统耕作高173%、168%、119%、28%、24%和18%,水分利用效率分别比传统耕作高3.98、3.74、2.25、1.10、0.93和0.72 kg.mm-1.hm-2。膜垄种植马铃薯经济产量提高119%~173%,土垄种植马铃薯经济产量提高18%~28%。     

不同种植模式对烤烟根系和叶片衰老特性的影响

以烤烟品种K326为试材,采用大田试验研究了广东南雄地区不同种植模式（单行种植+前期垄体覆盖地膜、单行种植+前期垄体覆盖地膜+后期垄体覆盖稻草、双行凹垄种植+前期垄体覆盖地膜和双行凹垄种植+前期垄体覆盖地膜+后期垄体覆盖稻草）对烤烟根系和叶片衰老特性,以及烤后烟叶经济性状的影响.结果表明：与其他种植模式相比,双行凹垄种植+前期垄体覆盖地膜+后期垄体覆盖稻草处理显著促进了各时期烤烟根系生长,根系活力提高;叶片叶绿素含量和保护酶(SOD、POD)活性均较高,而MDA含量较低,烤后烟叶的产量、产值、均价和上等烟比例等经济性状均显著高于其他处理.双行凹垄种植+前期垄体覆盖地膜+后期垄体覆盖稻草处理可以改善烤烟根系和叶片衰老特性,提高烤后烟叶经济性状,是广东南雄地区优质烟叶生产的有效种植模式.     

北方旱作区沟垄二元覆盖技术研究进展

北方旱作区降水稀少,水分不足是限制作物生长的主要因素,沟垄二元覆盖技术可进一步提高降水的利用效率和作物生产水平,在国内外已备受关注.为深刻理解中国北方旱作区沟垄二元覆盖技术模式及研究进展,本文就沟垄二元覆盖技术的概念、研究现状、配套农机具、技术模式及其土壤生态与作物效应进行了综述;在总结现有研究的基础上,归纳了典型旱作区沟垄二元覆盖技术模式的类型、作业操作及应用效果;科学评价不同沟垄二元覆盖技术下土壤与作物的生态效应;指出了目前沟垄二元覆盖技术研究中所存在的问题,并提出相应的建议.综合国内外沟垄集雨栽培技术的研究进展,提出沟垄二元覆盖模式及技术体系今后的重点研究方向:1)建立适合北方不同旱作类型区及不同作物的垄沟比;2)重视土壤水分与温度、肥力等其他因子耦合性研究;3)探索最佳环保型覆盖材料;4)加强沟垄二元覆盖模式及体系的技术评价、技术推广与配套机具设计等方面的研究.     

马铃薯大垄栽培技术

提高马铃薯产量,应用先进的栽培模式至关重要,我们克山县经过几年的摸索实践,在马铃薯大垄栽培技术上取得重大突破,产量大幅度提高,达产最高达到4吨/亩,取得了良好的产量和效益,本文详细介绍了我县在马铃薯大垄栽培技术的成功经验。     

粉垄耕作对黄淮海北部土壤水分及其利用效率的影响

连年旋耕导致犁底层上移、耕层变浅、水分利用效率（Water Use Efficiency, WUE）降低,严重制约作物丰收增产,尤其进一步激化缺水地区的农业用水供需矛盾。合理的土壤耕作是有效的解决途径,为此在黄淮海北部引入了粉垄这种新型深土耕作措施。以旋耕和深松为对照,设置了粉垄30 cm、粉垄50 cm、粉垄30 cm 地膜、粉垄50 cm 地膜、粉垄30 cm裸地、粉垄50 cm裸地等共8个处理,探讨不同耕作措施对土壤水分变化过程及WUE的影响。基于土壤湿度等值线图、土壤贮水消耗和WUE的分析可知,（1）与旋耕和深松相比,粉垄耕作后的耕层疏松深厚、土壤调蓄水分能力增强、总耗水量降低、WUE提高,其中粉垄各处理的总耗水量比旋耕和深松分别减少了12.2%―16.4%、10.2%―14.5%,产量WUE则分别提高了28.3%―50.6%、19.1%―39.7%;（2）粉垄的作业深度越深越利于降雨入渗和土壤水分调蓄,但总耗水量有所增加,WUE略有下降,其中总耗水量增加了5.0%,小喇叭口期和灌浆中期的叶片WUE分别下降1.6%和1.0%,产量WUE降低2.1%;（3）粉垄后覆膜克服了表土跑墒的缺点,减少了耗水量,进一步提高了土壤调蓄水分的能力和WUE,且作业深度越深,WUE提升越多,其中粉垄30 cm 地膜、粉垄50 cm 地膜的产量WUE分别比粉垄30 cm、粉垄50 cm提高了8.5%和17.3%,粉垄50 cm 地膜的小喇叭口期和灌浆中期的叶片WUE以及产量WUE分别比粉垄30 cm 地膜提高了8.3%、7.4%和5.9%。研究结果表明,这种新型耕作措施为打破犁底层、解决耕层变浅、提高水分利用效率提供了一种新的可行方法。     

适合大垄窄行密植栽培的大豆新品系筛选

大垄窄行密植栽培是指以垄作为基础,将原两垄合成一垄,垄上种植6行的窄行密植栽培方法。选用适宜品种是大豆大垄窄行密植栽培的核心技术。本试验的目的就是要筛选出适合大垄窄行密植栽培的大豆新品系。通过本试验我们认为,大垄窄行密植宜选择半矮秆抗倒伏品种,最适合的品系是绥98—6027和绥98—6007,建议示范利用。     

适合大垄窄行密植栽培的大豆新品系筛选

大垄窄行密植栽培是指以垄作为基础,将原两垄合成一垄,垄上种植6行的窄行密植栽培方法.选用适宜品种是大豆大垄窄行密植栽培的核心技术.本试验的目的就是要筛选出适合大垄窄行密植栽培的大豆新品系.通过本试验我们认为,大垄窄行密植宜选择半矮秆抗倒伏品种,最适合的品系是绥98-6027和绥98-6007,建议示范利用.     

粉垄耕作对耕地土壤酶活性、微生物群落结构和功能多样性的影响

粉垄耕作是中国的一种新型耕作技术,对耕地质量和作物增产有重要影响。设置传统耕作深度20 cm(CK)、粉垄耕作深度35 cm(FL1)和粉垄耕作深度50 cm(FL2)对玉米耕地进行处理,重点研究了粉垄耕作技术对土壤微生态的影响,并阐明土壤微生物群落组成及功能对粉垄耕作的响应。结果表明,FL1、FL2和CK处理玉米产量分别为8.58、8.38和6.22 t/hm~2,FL1和FL2处理增产率分别为34.7%—37.9%。在0—20、20—40 cm土层中,粉垄耕作两个处理的土壤酶活性、微生物群落多样性和功能多样性均显著高于CK处理。通过结构方程模型发现,粉垄耕作直接提高了土壤酶活性、细菌参与养分循环的功能基团和细菌的群落结构,并通过细菌群落间接影响了真菌群落,增加了真菌参与养分循环的功能基团和真菌群落多样性,使土壤微生物碳源利用的能力和功能多样性指数得到提升,以FL1效果更佳。总之,研究从微生物的角度解释了粉垄耕作对土壤微生态的影响机制,为粉垄耕作提升土壤耕地质量提供了理论依据。     

覆膜与沟垄种植模式对旱作马铃薯产量形成及水分运移的影响

研究了覆膜及不同沟垄种植模式对黄土高原西部半干旱区旱作马铃薯产量形成和水分运移的影响.结果表明:平畦覆膜(T2)、全膜双垄沟播(T3)、全膜双垄垄播(T4)、半膜膜侧种植(T5)和半膜沟垄垄播(T6)种植方式的产量分别比传统平畦不覆膜(T1)方式高50.1%、75.9%、86.8%、69.6%和60.6%;水分利用效率(WUE)分别提高47.0%、82.7%、84.0%、75.2%和54.3%,其中,T4、T3产量和WUE增加幅度最大.与传统方式相比,各覆膜及沟垄处理普遍优化了马铃薯各产量构成性状,其中T4和T3最有利于大薯率和中薯率的提高、绿薯率和烂薯率的降低,其单株结薯数和单株薯产量也较高.因此,全膜双垄垄播和全膜双垄沟播为半干旱区马铃薯适宜的抗旱节水高产种植模式.     

Ridge course of the whorls: Classification and methods

In dermatoglyphic methodology the system of gross classification of digital pattern types needs modifications. More attention should be focussed on the study of minute morphological variations among pattern types in order to understand fully the genetic mechanisms involved in pattern variations. A systematic classification to record many of the morphological peculiarities is lacking. This paper proposes a classification and methods of identification of the direction of the course of the ridges inside the pattern area of true whorls. In all, nine ridge course types are identified, named and described. Data analysed on the basis of the above methods and classification reveal significant bilateral differences for clockwise and counter-clockwise types of ridge directions. Mode of inheritance, bisexual differences, etc., of the polymorphic course of these ridges should be studied. Its usefulness in the field of personal identification, population genetics and medicine should also be evaluated.     

蝗虫前肠形态及其在分类学上的意义：直翅目：斑腿蝗科

本文采用体视显微影技术对斑腿蝗科４属６种蝗虫前前肠形态结构及其分类学意义进行了研究。     

云南曲靖张家营一肺鱼齿板

<正> 本文记述的肺鱼齿板是1979年在云南进行野外工作时采获的。标本产自云南曲靖张家营东山中泥盆统曲靖组。登记号V6257 经观察这一标本很可能属于双翼鱼科(Dipteridae),代表一新属、新种。特征一保存不完整的齿板,冠面呈扇形。具9条齿脊,彼此近于平行,脊上具有数目不等的齿突,表面具有琺琅质层。齿谷表面粗糙并缺失琺琅质层。靠近齿板外缘内侧,在齿板冠面上有一浅槽。描述一件保存不完整的左下齿板,仅前侧具脊的部分被保存下来,而后中光滑的台面部分则缺失。齿板中等大小,呈扇形。保存部分的最大长度21毫米,最大宽度16毫     

Epidermal ridge formation in the human fetus: a correlation to the appearance of basal cell heterogeneity and the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor and cytokeratin polypeptides in the epidermis.

This paper aims to clarify an expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and cytokeratin 10 and/or 11 in relation to primary and secondary epidermal ridge formation of the human fetus. Firstly, scanning electron microscopy revealed heterogeneity in basal cell morphology during epidermal ridge formation. Basal cells had a uniform, smooth, and polygonal dermal surface until formation of the primary epidermal ridges. Thereafter, the dermal surface became ruffled and elliptic except at the primary epidermal ridges. Secondly, EGFR was detected by monoclonal antibody and autoradiography using 125I-EGF. The antibody reacted with primary epidermal ridge, stratum basale, stratum intermedium, and outer layer of sweat duct. The reactivity became stronger at the primary epidermal ridge than at the secondary one. The binding of 125I-EGF was concentrated in the primary epidermal ridge and sweat duct. Thirdly, cytokeratin 10 and/or 11, a maturation marker of keratinocytes, was detected by monoclonal antibody. The antibody reacted only with the stratum intermedium before secondary epidermal ridge formation. Afterward, it also reacted with the stratum basale of the secondary epidermal ridge but never reacted with that of primary epidermal ridge. The results indicate that basal cells of the secondary epidermal ridge enter the maturation process and suggest a localization of epidermal stem cells on the primary epidermal ridges. Concerning epidermal ridge formation, we suppose that the formation of the primary epidermal ridge causes the segregation of the epidermal stem cells, and that the increased density of the basal cells between the two primary epidermal ridges brings about the change in their dermal surface shape and the formation of the secondary epidermal ridge.     

Transcriptional diversity in myogenesis.

Duodenal morphogenesis in the chick embryo has been studied to see if changes in organization of extracellular fibers are associated with villus formation. Three major processes occur during morphogenesis; longitudinal ridges form, then these ridges become zigzag in shape, and finally a double row of villi form from each zigzag ridge. Tissues of different developmental stages were progressively trypsinized to remove cellular material and were prepared for scanning microscopy to show the organization of extracellular fibers. Results show that fiber systems of increasing complexity form as the dudoenum develops, and suggest that some cellular events such as initial ridge formation precede these changes. Tissues with longitudinal ridges contain only randomly organized fibers. In tissues with zigzag ridges, oriented fibers appear along the ridges and some extend laterally from flexures of each zigzag ridge, but interridge fibers are still randomly organized. When villi form, fibers in the body of the villus are random but fibers at the base of villi and between villi are highly oriented. Transmission microscopy and collagenase treatment of partially trypsinized tissue indicate that most, if not all extracellular fibers viewed by scanning microscopy are collagenous. Therefore, since collagen fiber organization is so closely related to morphogenetic changes, we presume it plays an important role.     

Theory of the growth and evolution of feather shape

We present the first explicit theory of the growth of feather shape, defined as the outline of a pennaceous feather vane. Based on a reanalysis of data from the literature, we propose that the absolute growth rate of the barbs and rachis ridges, not the vertical growth rate, is uniform throughout the follicle. The growth of feathers is simulated with a mathematical model based on six growth parameters: (1) absolute barb and rachis ridge growth rate, (2) angle of helical growth of barb ridges, (3) initial barb ridge number, (4) new barb ridge addition rate, (5) barb ridge diameter, and (6) the angle of barb ramus expansion following emergence from the sheath. The model simulates growth by cell division in the follicle collar and, except for the sixth parameter, does not account for growth by differentiation in cell size and shape during later keratinization. The model can simulate a diversity of feather shapes that correspond closely in shape to real feathers, including various contour feathers, asymmetrical feathers, and even emarginate primaries. Simulations of feather growth under different parameter values demonstrate that each parameter can have substantial, independent effects on feather shape. Many parameters also have complex and redundant effects on feather shape through their influence on the diameter of the follicle, the barb ridge fusion rate, and the internodal distance. Simulated isochrones-the loci, or sets, of feather cells of the same age-have the same oblique chevron-shaped position in the mature feather as fault bars, which are isochronic defects in the barbules created by a disruptions during development. Accurate simulation of fault bar shape and position confirms the uniform absolute growth rate hypothesis and the general realism of the model. The theory defines a six-parameter feather morphospace, and provides many predictions about the developmental determination of feather shape that can be tested with detailed observations and experiments on developing feathers. This theory also provides testable predictions about the changes in developmental mechanisms required to evolve different feather shapes to accomplish various functions.     

Study of the cuspal ridges of the upper first molars in a modern Japanese population

Materials used were dental casts of the upper first molars of modern Japanese subjects, comprising 29 males and 25 females. Their molar occlusal surfaces were photographed by moiré contourography using the standard trigonal plane. The ridges of a cusp, comprising a central ridge and mesial and distal accessory ridges, were identified from the patterns of the moiré fringes. The central ridge was observed in all cusps except for the hypocone in both sexes. Frequencies of the mesial and distal accessory ridges of trigonal cusps were over 90% except for the distal accessory ridge of the metacone, and those of the hypocone were under 25% in both sexes. These values were generally higher in males than in females, especially for the distal accessory ridge of the metacone. The running pattern of the cuspal ridges showed little difference between sexes. The oblique ridge which was higher than the central groove formed a saddle-like structure. This ridge was observed in all materials, but its heights and structural components varied remarkably. In this study, the distal accessory ridge of the metacone was found to be incorporated into the oblique ridge in about 13% of cases. Variability in the running pattern of the ridges within a single cusp was highest in the hypocone and lowest in both the paracone and protocone. The results obtained are considered to represent the stability or reductive tendency of cusps in the upper first molars.     

镇海棘螈的精子结构

应用透射电镜和扫描电镜对镇海棘螈Echinotritonchinhaiensis精子的超微结构进行了研究。结果表明 :镇海棘螈的精子具有蝾螈科精子的一些共同特征 ,如精子头部较长、前端有顶体钩、细胞核周围有核脊、尾部轴丝旁有边缘丝 ,但也具有其自身的形态结构特点 ,如精子颈部的长度、核脊的形状和大小等与有尾两栖类物种的精子存在明显差别。镇海棘螈精子发达的颈部和丰富的核脊具类群特异性     

Morphology of Females and Cysts of Globodera tabacum tabacum,G. t. virginiae,and G. t. solanacearum (Nemata: Heteroderinae)

Detailed morphological comparisons with light and scanning electron microscopy were made of white females and cysts of several isolates of Globodera tabacum sspp. tabacum (GTT), virginiae (GTV), and solanacearum (GTS). Observations focused on body shape, anterior region including head shape, lip pattern, stylet morphology, and the terminal area in females; and body shape and terminal area of cysts. The most useful characters to separate the three subspecies were forms of the female body, cyst, stylet knobs, tail region, perineal tubercles, anal-fenestral ridge patterns, and the distinctiveness of the anus. GTT is characterized by having round females and cysts, sharply back sloped stylet knobs, clumped perineal tubercles in the vulval region, tight parallel ridges in the cyst anal-fenestral region, and a uniformly conoid tail region. GTV is characterized by its ovoid to ellipsoid female and cyst shape, the "Dutch shoe" shape of the dorsal stylet knob, the more dispersed perineal tubercles, a maze-like pattern of ridges in the anal-fenestral region, and an indistinct anus. GTS is characterized by its ovoid to ellipsoid female and cyst shape, moderately backward sloped stylet knobs, more widely separated ridges, a distinct anus, and a usually crescent shaped tail region. Much variability in shape and patterns is visible among all the isolates of the different subspecies. Tubercles in the neck, as well as bullae, are reported, and their taxonomic value is discussed.