世界黑莓产业发展和研究现状及前景

在查阅大量文献资料的基础上,结合作者的研究成果,对国内外黑莓(Rubus spp.)产业发展及研究现状进行了综述,并分析了存在的问题,阐述了中国黑莓产业的发展优势和产业化前景.目前黑莓在全世界的种植面积约为20 035 hm2,年产量1.5×105 ～2.0×105 t,栽培区域遍及各大洲,其中塞尔维亚的黑莓种植面积位居世界第一,美国的黑莓年产量居世界第一,亚洲仅中国种植黑莓;近几年来,罗马尼亚、波兰、墨西哥、智利、匈牙利、中国以及美国的黑莓种植面积增长较快;因黑莓极不易贮存,绝大多数鲜果用于加工.国外以常规育种技术为主、分子技术为辅培育出许多黑莓品种,栽培技术已经非常成熟,成功实现了机械化采收,并逐步推广黑莓的有机生产体系和大棚栽培技术.国外黑莓生产中面临的主要问题是经济、冻害和病虫害等.黑莓于1986年引入中国,从1994年开始推广,至2010年种植面积约4 500 hm2,主要集中在江苏省的溧水县、赣榆县和溧阳市,90％以上鲜果加工成速冻果出口.在国外引种和国内野生种质资源收集的基础上,中国的研究者开展了黑莓的选种和育种研究,并培育和筛选出适宜于本地种植的黑莓优良品种;黑莓的栽培、加工技术研究也取得了显著的成果,并研制出一些加工产品.当前中国黑莓产业主要面临主栽品种单一、农药残留量超标、栽培条件差等方面的问题,制约了黑莓产业的发展.由于黑莓适于低山丘陵栽培,具有结果早、见效快、营养价值高等优势,在中国具有广阔的发展前景.     

江苏省黑莓区域性栽培试验

以黑莓（Rubus spp.）的Hull和Chester2个品种为试材在江苏省开展了区域性栽培试验。分析认为,在江苏全省各地黑莓均可正常生长、开花和结果,即为适宜生长区。从高产优质的角度考虑,宁镇扬低山丘陵地带和以连云港为主的滨海丘陵地区是黑莓种植的最适宜地区,但要注意适时灌溉;徐淮黄泛平原地区和沂沭河丘陵平原地带是黑莓的适宜栽培区,不利因素是干旱;江淮湖洼平原、里下河地区和沿海平原地区是黑莓的次适宜栽培区,不利偏多,不提倡大力发展。试验结果显示,适宜的自然条件是黑莓优质和高产的重要因素,但针对不利条件采取各种不同的栽培措施也十分重要。通过栽植地点的优化选择和栽培管理措施的强化加以弥补和调整,克服不利因子,在江苏全省范围内获得黑莓优质高产是完全可能的。     

树莓和黑莓对土壤物理性质的影响

对陕西杨陵阳坡台地树莓、黑莓引种示范园土壤容重、有机质、水稳性团聚体等相关指标的测定表明,种植树莓(黑莓)对土壤物理性质具有明显的影响,树莓、黑莓地土壤较裸地土壤抗蚀性有明显提高,而且表层土壤抗蚀性要强于下层,且随着土层深度增加土壤抗蚀性减弱。同时,树莓、黑莓地丰富的根系以及合理的耕作措施对保水保土有促进作用。     

不同黑莓品种的抗冻性分析

采用电导法测定了7个黑莓（Rubusspp．）品种及1个树莓品种（对照）经冷冻处理后电解质渗出率的变化,并用二项式和Logisties方程对测定数据进行了拟合。结果表明,经0℃至～35℃的冷冻处理后,7个黑莓品种枝条的电解质渗出率大多高于对照;黑莓品种‘Young’枝条的电解质渗出率相对较小。二项式的拟合度高于Logistics．方程,二项式拟合结果表明,供试黑莓品种的抗冻性均低于树莓品种‘Reveille’,其中黑莓品种‘Young’的抗冻性较强,LT50为-31．0℃;黑莓品种‘Brazos’和‘Arapaho’的LT50分别为-19．4℃和-19．9℃,抗冻性较弱。     

不同品种黑莓鲜果营养成分的比较

对5个黑莓(Rubusspp.)新品种鲜果的营养成分进行了比较分析。结果显示,5个品种黑莓鲜果的糖酸比较低,为3.11~6.18,风味偏酸。VC含量较高,达0.064~0.566 mg.g-1;VE含量为0.013~0.049 mg.g-1,品种间差异较大,以品种‘Triple Crown’的VE含量最高。矿质元素含量较高,其中品种‘Boysen’的Se含量最高,是其他品种的6~13倍;品种‘Young’的K、Ca、Zn和Fe含量都较高。黑莓鲜果含有8种人体必需氨基酸,不同品种黑莓鲜果的总氨基酸含量差异较大,其中品种‘Brazos’的总氨基酸含量最高,可达15.21 mg.g-1。     

不同品种黑莓的花期生物学特征及花粉活力观察

对黑莓(Rubusspp.)9个品种的开花物候期、花器官性状及花粉生活力进行了观察,并对其花粉的贮藏条件进行了初步研究。结果表明,黑莓开花期为4月中旬至6月初,花期长19~35 d;每株有花穗50.67~127.33个,花穗长8.30~14.95 cm,每穗有花4.95~7.63朵;花色为白色、粉红色和红色,花冠直径3.07~5.28 cm。黑莓不同品种的花期、花穗数量与大小、花色和花冠大小等均存在显著差异。不同黑莓品种的花粉萌发率可达50.29%~85.16%;随贮藏时间的延长,花粉萌发率逐渐下降;在0℃~4℃、相对湿度10%~20%条件下密封贮存,有利于保持花粉的生活力。     

黑莓果实色素的稳定性分析

研究了光照、温度、pH值、氧化剂（H2O2）和还原剂（Na2SO3）对黑莓（Rubus spp．）果实色素水溶液稳定性的影响。结果表明,黑莓果实色素为水溶性花色苷类化合物,对光和热有较好的耐受性,对pH、H2O2和Na2SO3较敏感,且耐还原性略强于耐氧化性。在小于pH4．0、温度低于50℃及避光条件下黑莓果实色素的稳定性较好,可作为食品色素添加剂使用。     

黑莓引种的理论导向

根据我国亚热带丘陵山区大量退化生态系统急待改良的需要,在经济生态学分析基础上,提出以小果类作为开发南方丘陵山区的作物之一。应用“生境因子分析法”理论,论证了黑莓在江苏省引种的可行性。针对黑莓原产区与新引种区水热和土壤因子的差别,提出了选地和及时立支架、土壤改良、土面覆盖、病虫害调查与防治四项栽培技术要点。论证了小果类发展应以加工研究为前导和保证。同时开展了大规模国产悬钩子野生种质资源调查,发现存在富含ＶＥ、ＳＯＤ和微量元素Ｓｅ的种质,发掘出２１种优良种类,分别有直立性强、丰产、果大、色素含量高、抗病虫等优点,是未来黑莓和树莓育种值得注意的原始材料。最后指出下世纪我国黑莓和树莓生产的前景。     

外源咖啡酸和阿魏酸对黑莓汁中花色苷的辅色研究

为增强黑莓汁中花色苷的稳定,添加适量咖啡酸和阿魏酸到黑莓清汁中,采用可见吸收光谱和高效液相色谱-质谱研究其对黑莓花色苷的辅色作用。研究结果表明:黑莓汁中添加咖啡酸和阿魏酸显著增加了花色苷的最大吸收值(Aλmax),最大吸收波长(λmax)红移,说明咖啡酸和阿魏酸对黑莓汁中花色苷产生了辅色作用,辅色效应随时间的延长和咖啡酸、阿魏酸浓度的增加显著增强。HPLC-DAD-MS分析发现,咖啡酸辅色产生了两种新的花色苷衍生物(矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷-4-乙烯基儿茶酚和矢车菊-3-O-草酸酐酰葡萄糖苷-4-乙烯基儿茶酚),阿魏酸辅色产生了三种新的花色苷衍生物(矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷-4-乙烯基愈创木酚、矢车菊-3-O-草酸酐酰葡萄糖苷-4-乙烯基愈创木酚和矢车菊-3-O-阿拉伯糖苷-4-乙烯基愈创木酚),这些衍生物均为羟苯基-吡喃花色苷。     

黑莓叶片对水分处理的生理反应

黑莓（Ｒｕｂｕｓ ｓｐｐ．）赫尔（Ｈｕｌｌ）品种扦插苗在土壤相对含水量分别为８５％以上、７０％￣８０％、５０％￣６０％、４５％￣５０％和３０％￣３５％的条件下处理２０ｄ,以土壤相对含水量７０％￣８０％的处理为对照,测定其叶片单个复叶的鲜重,单位叶面积鲜重、叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量及可溶性蛋白质含量的变化。结果表明：当土壤相对含水量达８５％以上时,所测各项指标与对照相比均无显著差异,黑莓生长良好,     

中国悬钩子属植物的利用价值概述

主要报道中国悬钩子属植物作为果树种质资源和药用植物的利用价值及果实色素和香味成分的利用潜力。经过十余年的调查１引种栽培和观测评价,发现一些种类可以作为野生小果类果树直接利用,其中２３种４变种是悬钩子类果树选育种的优良种质。据文献记载和民间调查发现。４５种４变种悬钩子植物可以作为中草药治疗多种疾病。对灰白毛莓、高梁泡、蓬、掌叶复盆子和黑莓果实色素的研究结果表明：悬钩子果实色素以醇提法为佳,水提法效果     

广东省胡颓子属植物种质资源及果实利用评价

在标本查阅和野外调查的基础上,对广东省胡颓子属（Elaeagnus L．）植物资源现状进行了综合评价,并对产量高且可生产性强的部分种类的果实矿质元素及氨基酸等营养成分的含量进行了分析测定。结果表明,广东产胡颓子属植物11种1变种,其中一些种类的果实中含有丰富的矿质元素;角花胡颓子（E．gonyanthes Benth．）和密花胡颓子（E．cottferta Roxb．）果实的营养价值较高、果实较大、有明显酸味,可作为第3代果品加工的生产资源;生存环境的保护对广东省胡颓子属植物资源的保护极其重要。     

龙葵果实综合利用的研究

龙葵是一种分布很广的野生植物。夏、秋之季果实累累,成熟果皮呈紫色,可作为提取天然食用色素的原料.果肉酸甜,可做成果酱.种籽中含油脂丰富,以不饱和酸酯为主,可提取特殊保健食用油.一物多用很有开发价值.     

Testing the defence trade-off hypothesis: how contents of nutrients and secondary compounds affect fruit removal

Fruit removal has been attributed to the contents of nutrients and secondary compounds. We tested two alternative models of the chemical defence of fruits for the contents of nutrients, phenols, and condensed tannins and the nutrient content pypothesis stating that nutrient rich fruits are preferably removed. The defence trade-off hypothesis assumes that the retention of deterrent secondary metabolites in ripe fruits reflects a trade-off between defence against pests and attraction of dispersers. The removal-rate model of this hypothesis predicts a negative relationship of nutrients and levels of secondary compounds due to short persistence and thus low infection risk of fruits. The nutrient-toxin titration model postulates a positive relationship assuming that profitable fruits are able to afford high levels of protection due to a compensatory effect of high nutrient levels for consumers. Fruit removal by the entire frugivorous community for 33 plant species was best described by a dose–response curve, mediated by the stimulating effects of lipid, carbohydrate, and nitrogen contents, while the contents of phenols and water deterred removal. Moreover, traits that stimulated removal prevailed in ripe fruits except for nitrogen, unripe fruits had higher contents of phenols and nitrogen. Profitable fruits were quickly removed and had low phenolic contents. Thus, fruit removal was characterised by the nutrient content hypothesis and pulp contents by the removal-rate model. The selective pressure of 84 frugivorous species integrated into an unidirectional preferential removal of nutrient rich fruits. The consistency of consumers' preferences implies the potential for habitat shaping processes due to differential recruitment of plant species based on dispersers' choices.     

兔眼蓝浆果品种果实养分测定

对南京地区引自美国的１２个兔眼蓝浆果品种果实主要营养成分包括可溶性固形物、糖、酸、水溶性维生素、氨基酸、矿质元素进行了测定,并与原产地进行了比较。大多数品种果实糖分含量高而酸度低,糖酸比高,风味甜而微酸。Ｂ族维生素含量明显高于苹果、柑橘和黑莓。氨基酸含量品种间差异大,Ｄｅｌｉｔｅ、Ｗｏｏｄａｒｄ、Ｃｅｎｔｕｒｉｏｎ和Ｇａｒｄｅｎｂｌｕｅ含量最高。Ｇａｒｄｅｎｂｌｕｅ大部分矿质元素,特别是Ｃａ、Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ、Ｋ的含量较高,Ｐｒｅｍｉｅｒ和Ｗｏｏｄａｒｄ的Ｓｅ含量高,Ｃｌｉｍａｘ的Ｚｎ含量高。考虑到品种的适应性,特别是丰产性表现,认为Ｇａｒｄｅｎｂｌｕｅ和Ｔｉｆｂｌｕｅ二品种在南京地区发展前途较大。     

Fruit quality attributes of blackberry (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rubus sanctus</Emphasis>) mutants obtained by <Superscript>60</Superscript>Co gamma irradiation

Blackberry mutants were induced by the irradiation of blackberry shoots with 5 kilo radians of cobalt (⁶⁰Co) gamma irradiation. Seven mutant plants demonstrating improved plant growth properties were selected for evaluation of the fruit quality characteristics, such as size, shape, color, firmness, soluble solids content, juice acidity, nutritive value (e.g. ascorbic acid) and overall fruit flavor. The organoleptic properties, including texture, firmness, flavor, sweetness, acidity, color, and overall fruit flavor, were evaluated by a consumer panel. The results indicated that irradiation induced changes in some of the quality parameters of blackberry fruits, as well as increased the fruit shelf-life.     

Domestication Syndrome in Caimito (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Chrysophyllum cainito</Emphasis> L.): Fruit and Seed Characteristics

Domestication Syndrome in Caimito ( Chrysophyllum cainito L.): Fruit and Seed Characteristics: The process of domestication is understudied and poorly known for many tropical fruit tree crops. The star apple or caimito tree (Chrysophyllum cainito L., Sapotaceae) is cultivated throughout the New World tropics for its edible fruits. We studied this species in central Panama, where it grows wild in tropical moist forests and is also commonly cultivated in backyard gardens. Using fruits collected over two harvest seasons, we tested the hypothesis that cultivated individuals of C. cainito show distinctive fruit and seed characteristics associated with domestication relative to wild types. We found that cultivated fruits were significantly and substantially larger and allocated more to pulp and less to exocarp than wild fruits. The pulp of cultivated fruits was less acidic; also, the pulp had lower concentrations of phenolics and higher concentrations of sugar. The seeds were larger and more numerous and were less defended with phenolics in cultivated than in wild fruits. Discriminant Analysis showed that, among the many significant differences, fruit size and sugar concentration drove the great majority of the variance distinguishing wild from cultivated classes. Variance of pulp phenolics among individuals was significantly higher among wild trees than among cultivated trees, while variance of fruit mass and seed number was significantly higher among cultivated trees. Most traits showed strong correlations between years. Overall, we found a clear signature of a domestication syndrome in the fruits of cultivated caimito in Panama.     

Plasticity in oviposition and foraging behavior in the invasive pest Drosophila suzukii across natural and agricultural landscapes

The effects and extent of the impacts of agricultural insect pests in and around cropping systems is a rich field of study. However, little research exists on the presence and consequence of pest insects in undisturbed landscapes distant from crop hosts. Research in such areas may yield novel or key insights on pest behavior or ecology that is not evident from agroecosystem-based studies. Using the invasive fruit pest Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) as a case study, we investigated the presence and resource use patterns of this agricultural pest in wild blackberries growing within the southern Appalachian Mountain range of North Carolina over 2 years. We found D. suzukii throughout the sampled range with higher levels of infestation (D. suzukii eggs/g fruit) in all ripeness stages in natural areas when compared with cultivated blackberry samples, but especially in under-ripe fruit. We also explored a direct comparison of oviposition preference between wild and cultivated fruit and found higher oviposition in wild berries when equal weights of fruit were offered, but oviposition was higher in cultivated berries when fruit number was equal. Forest populations laid more eggs in unripe wild-grown blackberries throughout the year than populations infesting cultivated berries. This suggests D. suzukii may change its oviposition and foraging behavior in relation to fruit type. Additionally, as D. suzukii exploits a common forest fruit prior to ripeness, further research is needed to explore how this affects wild food web dynamics and spillover to regional agroecosystems.     

Application of Pseudomonas fluorescens to Blackberry under Field Conditions Improves Fruit Quality by Modifying Flavonoid Metabolism

Application of a plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR), Pseudomonas fluorescens N21.4, to roots of blackberries (Rubus sp.) is part of an optimised cultivation practice to improve yields and quality of fruit throughout the year in this important fruit crop. Blackberries are especially rich in flavonoids and therefore offer potential benefits for human health in prevention or amelioration of chronic diseases. However, the phenylpropanoid pathway and its regulation during ripening have not been studied in detail, in this species. PGPR may trigger flavonoid biosynthesis as part of an induced systemic response (ISR) given the important role of this pathway in plant defence, to cause increased levels of flavonoids in the fruit. We have identified structural genes encoding enzymes of the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways catalysing the conversion of phenylalanine to the final products including flavonols, anthocyanins and catechins from blackberry, and regulatory genes likely involved in controlling the activity of pathway branches. We have also measured the major flavonols, anthocyanins and catechins at three stages during ripening. Our results demonstrate the coordinated expression of flavonoid biosynthetic genes with the accumulation of anthocyanins, catechins, and flavonols in developing fruits of blackberry. Elicitation of blackberry plants by treatment of roots with P.fluorescens N21.4, caused increased expression of some flavonoid biosynthetic genes and an accompanying increase in the concentration of selected flavonoids in fruits. Our data demonstrate the physiological mechanisms involved in the improvement of fruit quality by PGPR under field conditions, and highlight some of the genetic targets of elicitation by beneficial bacteria.