延边地区空巢老年人生活质量及其影响因素分析

了解延边地区空巢老年人生活质量水平,分析生活质量的影响因素。方法:采用SF-36量表对450例空巢老年人及425例非空巢老年人进行问卷调查。结果:不同性别、民族、年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况均不同程度地影响空巢老人的生活质量(P0.05,P0.01)。结论:空巢老人生活质量呈中等偏低水平,生理功能较非空巢老人差。     

326例老年人上消化道出血病因及相关因素分析

上消化遭出血（UGB）是指屈氏韧带以上的食管、胃、十二指肠和胃空肠吻合术后的空肠上段和胰、胆等病变引起的出血,是消化内科常见的急症,占内科住院人数的2％～3％。老年人器官老化,其生理功能、病理生理及好发疾病和临床表现与非老年人相比有其自身的特殊性,常伴有一些慢性疾病（高血压、冠心病、慢性支气管炎、肺心病、糖尿病等）,因此老年人急性UGB并发症及死亡率较高。现就我院1995年6月～2005年6月收治的326例老年人UGB病因及相关因素作回顾性分析。     

老年低血糖症17例临床特点分析

低血糖症在临床上常见,尤以糖尿病患者发生低血糖症为多,其中老年人的临床表现多不典型,且易造成误诊。我院1994年5月-2004年5月共收治低血糖症43例,其中年龄≥60岁者17例,占39．5％。本文对其临床特点分析如下。     

神经内科住院患者感染病原菌分布及其耐药性

目的了解神经内科住院患者感染的病原菌分布特点,产生β-内酰胺酶情况及其药敏特点。方法分析2002年3月至2004年12月白求恩国际和平医院神经内科住院患者临床感染有关的病原学资料。结果共811例住院患者,有71例发生医院内感染,感染率为8．75％;60岁以上老年人51例,占71．8％;基础疾病以脑梗塞为主,有40例（占56．3％）。主要引起肺部感染（49例,69．0％）和尿路感染（20例,28．2％）。共检出103株病原菌,其中：革兰阳性球菌10株（9．71％）,肠杆菌科42株（40．78％）,非发酵菌41株（39．80％）,真菌10株（9．71％）。其中较常见的病原菌为：大肠埃希菌（23．3％）、铜绿假单胞菌（20．4％）、鲍曼不动杆菌（12.6％）、肺炎克雷伯菌（9．71％）、金黄色葡萄球菌（8．7％）、白色念珠菌（6．8％）。革兰阴性杆菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶占40．9％,AmpC酶占14．5％,金属酶占2．4％。结论大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌成为神经内科临床感染的主要病原菌,其耐药性不断增强,应当引起足够重视。     

576例脑出血患者医院感染临床分析

目的：探讨脑出血患者医院感染的临床特点、病原菌及危险因素。方法：对576例脑出血患者医院感染进行回顾性调查、分析。结果：医院感染率为18．23％,发生感染的部位以下呼吸道为首位占64.76%,致病菌主要为革兰阴性菌占62．80％,真菌占25．58％,革兰阳性球菌占12．14％。医院感染多发生在入院2周内。结论：脑出血患者医院感染率高,免疫力低下,侵入性操作、预防性使用抗生素、H2-受体阻滞剂是医院感染的高危因素,医院应予高度重视。     

805例甲真菌病真菌培养结果分析

目的了解近年来我院甲真菌病病原菌的种类和构成分布情况,并研究其流行病学特点。方法收集2008年6月-2012年11月间我院皮肤科实验室甲真菌病患者病甲真菌学培养阳性的病例并进行分析。结果共收集到805例病甲真菌培养阳性的甲真菌病病例。酵母菌407株,占50．55％,皮肤癣菌385株,占47．95％,霉菌13株,占1．61％。不同年龄段的甲真菌病患者的菌属分布存在差异。结论我院近年来甲真菌病病原菌最常见为酵母菌,其次为皮肤癣菌和霉菌。年龄是影响菌属分布的重要因素。     

2009—2012年金黄色葡萄球菌血液分离株的临床分布和耐药性研究

目的调查和分析金黄色葡萄球菌败血症患者的临床特点和菌株的耐药情况,为临床诊断和合理用药提供参考。方法收集并分析2009年至2012年血培养确诊为金黄色葡萄球菌败血症患者的临床及菌株资料。结果2009年至2012年金黄色葡萄球菌血液分离株共80株,其中甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌（methieillin resistant Staphylococcus,MRSA）占50％。2009年至2011年对甲氧西林的耐药率逐年提高,2012年呈下降趋势。其中MRSA血流感染患者多为合并基础疾病的老年人,留置静脉导管及体腔引流管、气管插管、联合使用抗生素、住院时间长为易感因素。结论金黄色葡萄球菌血液分离株中,MRSA检出率高,占50％,临床表现大多较重,合并多种基础疾病。加强抗生素的管理及重视和预防院内感染后能明显降低MRSA的检出率。     

老年嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌院内肺炎92例临床分析

目的：分析和总结老年嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌医院获得性肺炎的临床特点及对抗生素耐药情况。方法：对92例老年嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌医院获得性肺炎的临床资料进行统计、分析。用VITEK－AMS微生物自动鉴定仪鉴定细菌,并用其配套GNS－KI或GNS－201卡测定该菌体外药敏及MIC50、MIC90。结果：92例患者均有基础疾病,以恶性肿瘤（占27．2％）最常见,其次为COPD伴呼吸衰竭（占23．9％）、脑血管意外（占17．4％）及糖尿病（占14．1％）。其中重症监护病号（ICU）病房患者占72％（66／92）。不合理使用广谱抗生素、激素使用、气管切开、意识障碍、化疗、放疗等为本病高危因素。临床表现：发热（97．8％）;咯嗽、咳痰（53．3％）;肺部影像学显示,89％患者表现为双下肺斑片状阴影。药敏试验,该菌耐药严重。结论：老年嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌医院获得性肺炎多发生在有各种基础疾病、免疫功能低下者,各种高危因素又促成本病发生,临床表现危重,复杂。该菌耐药率高,合理治疗有赖于药敏结果。     

呼吸道感染病原菌分析

目的 了解老年人院内呼吸道感染与非老年人呼吸道感染病原菌分布情况。方法 回顾性调查１９９８年１月至１２月老年人院内呼吸道感染（老年组）的２８５份痰标本和同时期非老年人呼吸道感染（非老年组,含门诊和住院）的１１９２份痰标本的培养情况。结果 老年组阳性率为８９．１％（２５４／２８５）,其中２２份标本为混合感染,共检出病原菌２７６株,以非发酵菌占绝对优势（９７．８％）;非老年组阳性率为４０．３％（４８０／１１９２）,病原菌无明显集中趋势,非发酵菌２８．３％,肠杆菌科２３．８％,革兰阳性菌２５．０％,真菌２２．９％。结论 老年组阳性率明显高于非老年组（Ｘ＾２＝２１９．６,Ｐ〈０．００５）,病原菌以非发酵菌为主,非老年组病原菌各科细菌所占比例无明显差异,引起呼吸道感染的病原菌主要为条件致病菌。     

住院患者粪便标本中念珠菌检测分析

目的分析粪便中检出念珠菌孢子或假菌丝的临床意义。方法检测白求恩国际和平医院2008年4月住院患者送检的粪便标本,用科玛嘉显色培养基鉴定念珠菌菌种,并记录患者粪便常规及临床资料。结果其间共检测1011份粪便,有86份（8．51％）有真菌生长;其中念珠菌阳性76份（7．52％）。60岁以上老年人阳性者33份（占43．42％）。基础疾病以肿瘤,心、脑血管疾病三者为著（占31．58％）。有21例患者（27．63％）粪便性状有异常,以糊状便为主。结论粪便中检出芽生孢子和（或）假菌丝对诊断念珠菌性胃肠道感染有重要价值,尤其要关注抗生素应用患者。     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418