体内的抗炎机制及其意义

炎症过程,体内不仅有致炎因子和防御反应这一对矛盾,还有炎症和抗炎的矛盾。体内的抗炎机制对于机体稳态的维持至关重要,体内抗炎机制包括许多方面,糖皮质激素可能是其中最重要的。体内抗炎机制减弱可能是某些炎症性疾病发生的原因之一。     

低分子肝素的抗炎作用及机制

低分子肝素(low molecular weight heparin, LMWH)除作为抗凝血和抗血栓药在临床上广为应用外,近年来其抗炎活性也颇受重视.LMWH抗炎机制涉及炎症细胞、炎症因子和黏附分子等环节.目前对LMWH的抗炎机制研究还处在初级阶段,但是LMWH独特的性质使其有望成为有效且安全的新型抗炎药物.     

肝素的抗炎作用与抗细胞粘附调节

肝素类药物具有抗凝以外的包括抗炎在内的多种生物学活性。炎症反应是多种因子、细胞参与的复杂的病生理过程,其物质基础是粘附分子介导的白细胞粘附及其粘附级联反应。近来研究证实肝素抗炎机制主要与抗细胞粘附调节有关,肝素通过竞争抑制L—、P—选择素与其配基sLe^X的结合,阻止白细胞粘附活化及调抑炎症级联反应,进而起到抗炎作用。对肝素抗炎机制的深入研究,将有助于进一步阐明抗粘附／抗炎的作用机制。     

脂氧素的抗炎镇痛与神经保护作用研究进展

脂氧素是一类来源于花生四烯酸具有抗炎和促炎症消退的脂类介质。作为炎症过程中的负性调控因子,被广泛用于治疗各种急慢性炎症、疼痛、脑血管疾病及各种恶性肿瘤。该文将就其在抗炎镇痛和神经保护方面的研究进展作一综述。     

木瓜苷抗炎作用研究进展

木瓜苷是从药食两用植物木瓜中提取的苷类成分,研究表明木瓜苷具有良好的抗炎作用。木瓜苷除对多种炎症模型都有明确的防治作用外,还可抑制炎症相关诱导酶类的合成以及多种炎症介质的释放。在抗炎的分子机制方面,已有研究表明,以木瓜苷为主要抗炎成分的木瓜提取物可抑制佛波酯和钙离子载体诱导的ERK、p38和JNK的激活。     

蜂胶的抗炎作用及其机制研究进展

本文通过查阅近年来蜂胶抗炎活性研究的相关文献,对近年来蜂胶改善炎症效果以及蜂胶和部分抗炎药物之间的相互作用进行了综述,并通过分析蜂胶中抗炎活性成分对蜂胶抗炎的作用途径及机制进行了探讨。指出蜂胶的抗炎活性研究对于探讨蜂胶对心血管疾病、消化系统疾病以及内分泌系统疾病的治疗作用机制有着重要的意义,蜂胶和部分抗炎药物之间呈现的协同作用对于开发复方抗炎药物提供了理论基础。     

胆碱能抗炎通路在炎症反应中的作用

胆碱能抗炎通路是调节免疫系统的一种神经生理机制,其在脾脏、肝脏和胃肠道等网状内皮系统通过释放乙酰胆碱抑制细胞因子的合成,控制炎症反应。乙酰胆碱与巨噬细胞和其他分泌细胞因子细胞表面的α7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体相互作用,抑制致炎细胞因子的合成与释放,防止组织损伤。本文着重综述胆碱能抗炎通路调节炎症反应的神经生理机制及其在炎症性疾病中的干预价值。     

n-3脂肪酸代谢产物抗炎作用的研究进展

炎症反应是机体正常组织对感染和损伤的应答,然而过度的炎症反应往往会引起急性和慢性疾病的发生.最近研究发现,由n-3多不饱和脂肪酸二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸代谢产生的resolvins和protectins两类化合物,具有很强的抗炎和炎症修复活性.综述了resolvins和protectin D1的来源、抗炎作用和抗炎机制,为进一步开展n-3多不饱和脂肪酸及其代谢产物的抗炎作用研究、为炎症的防治提供新的思路.     

α7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体与炎症调节

由促炎因子介导的炎症反应是机体对感染和损伤的一种防御机制。适量的促炎因子有利于激活免疫系统清除病原体,并可促进组织修复;而过量产生的促炎因子则可造成组织损伤,因此维持炎症反应的平衡十分重要。以往认为体液机制是炎症反应的唯一调节因素,新近发现的胆碱能神经抗炎通路对炎症反应的调节越来越受到人们的重视,而α7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体（α7nAChR）是介导神经抗炎通路的关键分子。本文主要介绍α7nAChR的结构、分布及其介导的抗炎作用机制,并对α7nAChR激动剂及其临床应用研究和尚待解决的问题予以综述。     

柯萨奇B3病毒性心肌炎的免疫抗炎症研究

病毒性心肌炎(viral myocarditis,VMC)属感染性心肌疾病,可由多种病毒诱导,其中以柯萨奇B组3型病毒(Coxsackie virus B3,CVB3)最为常见。由CVB3引起的VMC典型表现为心肌细胞炎症反应所导致的心肌损伤和坏死,并最终发展为慢性炎症或扩张性心肌病,在人类有很高的发病率和致死率。目前,柯萨奇B3病毒性心肌炎抗炎症治疗措施仍不完善,且相关免疫抗炎症治疗机理未完全阐明,因此探索其免疫抗炎症治疗机理和作用可能成为治疗柯萨奇B3病毒性心肌炎的重要靶点。现主要从Wnt11基因、巨噬细胞、半乳糖凝集素3、锌指抗病毒蛋白、蜂毒素和丙戊酸6个免疫抗炎症相关方面,对柯萨奇B3病毒性心肌炎的最新免疫抗炎症研究予以综述。     

Spatholobi Caulis dispensing granule reduces deep vein thrombus burden through antiinflammation via SIRT1 and Nrf2

BackgroundDeep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a kind of blood stasis syndrome. Spatholobi Caulis (SC) has been widely used for the treatment of blood stasis syndrome in China, but the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood.PurposeThe aim of present study was to investigate the anti-DVT mechanism of Spatholobi Caulis dispensing granule (SCDG).Study design/methodsA rat model of inferior vena cava (IVC) stenosis-induced DVT and a cell model of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) were performed. Rats were orally administered with SCDG solution once daily for seven consecutive days. IVC stenosis-induced DVT was operated on the sixth day. Thrombi were harvested and weighed on the seventh day. Pathological changes were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β of serum were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured with turbidimetric immunoassay. Protein expressions in thrombosed IVCs and/or OGD-stimulated EA. hy926 cells were evaluated by western blot and/or immunofluorescence analyses.ResultsSCDG dramatically decreased thrombus weight. SCDG decreased tissue factor (TF) protein expression, inflammatory cells influxes in thrombosed vein wall and serum levels of inflammatory cytokines and CRP. Further, SCDG up-regulated Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) protein expression and down-regulated acetylated-NF-κB p65 (Ace-p65) protein expression. Moreover, SCDG up-regulated nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein expressions, and down-regulated phosphorylated-NF-κB p65 (p-p65) protein expression. In the OGD cell model, SCDG medicated serum decreased the protein expression of TF. SCDG medicated serum enhanced SIRT1 protein expression and reduced Ace-p65 nuclear protein expression. SCDG medicated serum promoted protein expressions of nuclear Nrf2 and total HO-1, and inhibited translocation of p65. Furthermore, inhibiting SIRT1 and Nrf2 reversed the protective effect of SCDG medicated serum on OGD-induced EA. hy926 cells.ConclusionSCDG may prevent DVT through antiinflammation via SIRT1 and Nrf2.     

The involvement of a G-protein in phytochrome-regulated, Ca2+-dependent swelling of etiolated wheat protoplasts

The red light (R)-induced swelling of mesophyll protoplasts, isolated from dark-grown wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Arminda) leaves, was inhibited by guanosine-5'-0-(2-thiodiphosphate) (GDP-β-S). In darkness or after control irradiation with far-red light (FR), guanosine-5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP-γ-S) induced swelling to the same extent as after R. Both GDP-β-S and GTP-γ-S were introduced into the cytoplasm by means of electroporation. The possibility of R-induced activation of the phosphatidylinositol pathway of transmembrane signalling was investigated. Neomycin, Li⁺ and l-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H₇) inhibited the R-induced swelling. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) induced swelling after control irradiation with FR. Neomycin and Li⁺ also inhibited GTP-γ-S-induced swelling. These results suggest that a GTP-binding protein is involved in the phytochrome-regulated swelling response. Addition of N⁶, 2'-0-dibutyryladenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (DB-cAMP) induced swelling to the same extent as R-irradiation. The calmodulin antagonist N-(6-aminohexyl)5-chloro-l-naphthalenesulfonamide (W₇) induced swelling after FR, while R-induced swelling was not affected. The less active analogue N-(6-aminohexyl)-l-naphthalenesulfonamide (W₅) induced no swelling after FR. It is speculated that the protoplast volume is correlated with the cytoplasmic concentration of free Ca²⁺.     

Swelling in Bean Shoot Mitochondria Induced by a Series of Potassium Salts of Organic Anions

A series of potassium salts of organic anions were examined for their effect on the volume change of bean shoot mitochondria as measured by spectrophotometric light scatterings. A passive osmotic swelling (substrate independent) as well as an active osmotic swelling (substrate dependent) was shown with a series of organic anions. Both oxidizable substrates and non-oxidizable substrates induce swelling. The monocarboxylic acids including acetate, β-OH-butyrate, propionate, and pyruvate induce active swelling which is partially inhibited by the presence of an ATP generating system or the uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). Dicarboxylic acids produce less extensive rates and amounts of active swelling. Moreover, the swelling induced by dicarboxylic acids is inhibited less completely by an ATP generating system or by DNP. Metabolizable substrates including citrate, pyruvate, glutarate, and α-oxo-glutarate induced swelling despite their poor rates or lack of oxidation. It was concluded that with these anions, penetration across the inner membrane as measured by osmotic swelling of isolated mitochondria is not the rate limiting step in their metabolism.     

Red cell volume regulation: the pivotal role of ionic strength in controlling swelling-dependent transport systems.

A volume increase of trout erythrocytes can be induced either by beta-adrenergic stimulation of a Na+/H+ antiport in an isotonic medium (isotonic swelling) or by suspending red cells in an hypotonic medium (hypotonic swelling). In both cases cells regulate their volume by a loss of osmolytes via specific pathways. After hypotonic swelling several volume-dependent pathways were activated allowing K+, Na+, taurine and choline to diffuse. All these pathways were fully inhibited by furosemide and inhibitors of the anion exchanger (DIDS, niflumic acid), and the K+ loss was mediated essentially via a 'Cl(-)-independent' pathway. After isotonic swelling, the taurine, choline and Na+ pathways were practically not activated and the K+ loss was strictly 'Cl(-)-dependent'. Thus cellular swelling is a prerequisite for activation of these pathways but, for a given volume increase, the degree of activation and the degree of anion-dependence of the K+ pathway depend on the nature of the stimulus, whether hormonal or by reduction of osmolality. It appears that the pattern of the response induced by hormonal stimulation is not triggered by either cellular cAMP (since it can be reproduced in the absence of hormone by isotonic swelling in an ammonium-containing saline) or by the tonicity of the medium in which swelling occurs since after swelling in an isotonic medium containing urea, the cells adopt the regulatory pattern normally observed after hypotonic swelling. We demonstrated that the stimulus is the change in cellular ionic strength induced by swelling: when ionic strength drops, the cells adopt the hypotonic swelling pattern; when ionic strength increases, the isotonic swelling pattern is activated. To explain this modulating effect of ionic strength a speculative model is proposed, which also allows the integration of two further sets of experimental results: (i) all the volume-activated transport systems are blocked by inhibitors of the anion exchanger and (ii) a Cl(-)-dependent, DIDS-sensitive K+ pathway can be activated in static volume trout red cells (i.e., in the absence of volume increase) by the conformational change of hemoglobin induced by the binding of O2 or CO to the heme.     

Inhibitory effects of calcium antagonists on mitochondrial swelling induced by lipid peroxidation or amchidonic acid in the rat brain in vitro

Inhibitory effects of calcium antagonists, efonidipine (NZ-105), nicardipine, nifedipine, nimodipine and flunarizine, on mitochondrial swelling induced by lipid peroxidation or arachidonic acid in the rat brain in vitro were investigated. Mitochondrial swelling and lipid peroxidation induced by FeSO₄ and ascorbic acid system showed a close and significant relationship. Mitochondrial swelling and lipid peroxidation induced by FeSO₄ and ascorbic acid were inhibited by all of calcium antagonists tested. The order of inhibition was: flunarizine>nicardipine>efonidipine>nimodipine>nifedipine. This result suggests that calcium antagonists tested have antiperoxidant activities resulting in protection of mitochondrial membrane damage and that each moiety of these structures would play an important role in appearance of anti-peroxidant activities. Furthermore, flunarizine and efonidipine inhibited mitochondrial swelling induced by arachidonic acid, which is not associated with lipid peroxidation. In contrast, nicardipine, nifedipine, and nimodipine did not inhibited this swelling. It is possible that flunarizine and efonidipine could directly interact with mitochondrial membrane. In conclusion, it is capable that calcium antagonists tested may protect from the membrane damage induced by lipid peroxidation and that flunarizine and efonidipine could stabilize the membrane, which is attributed to a direct interaction with the membrane.     

Ultrastructural studies on mitochondrial swelling

Mitochondrial swelling induced by valinomycin, calcium chloride and P(i) was studied after potassium permanganate fixation in suspension. Valinomycin induces a rapid K(+) influx, increase of the matrix space and out-folding of the cristae, with good preservation of the matrix material. This swelling is reversible but the cristae do not completely re-form and have a blebbed appearance. On repeated swelling and contraction cycles there is a gradual loss of matrix material. Calcium chloride and P(i) produce a slow swelling of the matrix space. Shrinkage induced by ATP was partial and not associated with return to the original structure.     

Cell swelling inhibits proteolysis in perfused rat liver.

Exposure of isolated single-pass-perfused rat liver to hypo-osmotic media resulted in liver cell swelling and an inhibition of release of branched-chain amino acids. Similarly, cell swelling inhibited [3H]leucine release from perfused livers from rats in which liver proteins were prelabelled in vivo by intraperitoneal injection of L-[4,5-3H]leucine 16-20 h before the experiment. The effects of cell swelling on [3H]leucine release were fully reversible. [3H]Leucine release was also inhibited when cell swelling was induced by addition of glutamine (0.5-2 mM). There was a close relationship between the inhibition of [3H]leucine release and the degree of liver cell swelling, regardless of whether cell swelling was induced by hypo-osmotic perfusion or addition of glutamine. The data suggest that the known anti-proteolytic effect of glutamine is in large part due to glutamine-induced hepatocyte swelling.     

Characterization of 2,3-bis(chloromethyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone induced mitochondrial swelling

Mitochondrial swelling induced by 2,3-bis(chloromethyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone (CMNQ) was found to be a non-energy linked, oxygen and sulfhydryl-dependent, substrate-independent, osmotic process, that lacks cation specificity. Swelling was inhibited by cysteine and DTNB, and the CMNQ induced swelling resulted in a decrease in mitochondrial reactive sulfhydryl groups; thus, mitochondrial sulfhydryl interaction was mandatory in the CMNQ swelling process. The non-enzymatic reaction of CMNQ with cysteine but not cystine resulted in the consumption of oxygen, implicating sulfhydryl redox activity in the swelling process. High levels of tocopherol and histidine depressed the CMNQ induced swelling, suggesting that free radicals and singlet oxygen are important in the CMNQ induced swelling process.These findings support the proposition that CMNQ interacts with mitochondrial reductase systems and sulfhydryl groups in such a way as to generate superoxide radical which subsequently may dismute to H₂O₂ and produce ·OH and possibly singlet oxygen. These toxic oxygen species may be responsible for the CMNQ-promoted sulfhydryl depletion and mitochondrial swelling.     

The impairing effects of chaetochromin D on mitochondrial respiration and structure

Chaetochromin D, a toxic secondary metabolite ofChaetomlum graclle, was examined for impairing effects on mitochondrial respiration and structure (swelling-induction) using isolated rat liver mitochondria to gain Insight into the molecular mechanism for Its cytotoxicity. Chaetochromin D exerted similar mode of effects to those of chaetochromin A, cephalochromin, and ustilaginoldin A on mitochondrial reactions, causing uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, depression of state 3 respiration, and induction of drastic swelling In mitochondria. Chaetochromin D induced the same style of swelling as that induced by chaetochromin A, being characterized by a very high rate and small amplitude of swelling. The swelling terminated In the middle and the amplitude was about half of the full swelling. Once the quick swelling ceased in the middle, subsequent swelling could not be elicited by the second addition of chaetochromin D at any of the concentrations tested.     

Influence of cations on spheroplasts of marine bacteria functioning as osmometers

Penetration of substrates into marine bacteria as influenced by cations has been demonstrated by the effects of increased osmotic pressure in spheroplasts of these cells. Spheroplasts of Pseudomonas natriegens, stabilized with lactose, underwent a metabolic swelling in the presence of a substrate to which they had been induced. Maximal and persistent swelling was achieved only by addition of catabolizable substrate and both Na(+) and K(+). Addition, along with substrate, of Na(+) alone or K(+) alone did not stimulate swelling; no metabolic swelling occurred in the presence of a sugar to which the cells had not been induced. Confirmation of rapid uptake by induced cells of the inducer sugar, l-arabinose, but not the d-isomer, was obtained with (14)C-labeled substrate. Addition of NaN(3) completely inhibited swelling, and 2, 4-dinitrophenol and ouabain each suppressed it by 50%, indicating requirement for energy metabolism and involvement of an adenosine triphosphatase in the penetration phenomena of these cells.