竹笋脚料过氧化物酶的提纯及酶学性质的研究

竹笋经加工成食品后,大量脚料被丢弃,严重浪费资源,污染环境。文中采用水抽提、硫酸铵分级沉淀、丙酮分级沉淀和CM-52离子交换层析三步法从竹笋脚料中快速提取并纯化该酶;同时对该酶部分的酶学性质（温度、pH对酶促反应的影响、酶的热稳定性、酸碱稳定性）进行了考查。结果表明经过纯化后的过氧化物酶的Rz值达到2．5,纯化倍数为12倍,回收率为28％。最适反应温度为55℃,最适pH为6．8,且其温度和pH的适用范围均较宽,热稳定性和酸碱稳定性均较高的中性同工酶。这些优越的酶学性质能为竹笋脚料过氧化物酶的应用提供依据。     

竹笋脚料过氧化物酶的提纯及酶学性质的研究

竹笋经加工成食品后,大量脚料被丢弃,严重浪费资源,污染环境.文中采用水抽提、硫酸铵分级沉淀、丙酮分级沉淀和CM-52离子交换层析三步法从竹笋脚料中快速提取并纯化该酶;同时对该酶部分的醇学性质(温度、pH时酶促反应的影响、酶的热稳定性、酸碱稳定性)进行了考查.结果表明经过纯化后的过氧化物酶的Rz值达到2.5,纯化倍数为12倍,回收率为28%.最适反应温度为55℃,最适pH为6.8,且其温度和pH的适用范围均较宽,热稳定性和酸碱稳定性均较高的中性同工酶.这些优越的酶学性质能为竹笋脚料过氧化物酶的应用提供依据.     

响应面法优化细脚棒束孢中N6-(2-羟乙基)腺苷的超声提取工艺研究

为提高细脚棒束孢中N ⁶-(2-羟乙基)腺苷（简称HEA）的提取效率,在超声时间、提取液pH、料液比3个单因素试验的基础上,运用响应面法对超声提取细脚棒束孢中HEA工艺进行优化。结果表明,液料比对提取效果的影响最大,其次是提取液pH,超声时间因素影响最小。响应面法优化后,细脚棒束孢的最佳超声提取工艺为：超声时间31min、液料比22:1（mL/g）、pH 4.88,Box-Behnken模型预测值为0.86mg/g,实际值为(0.86+0.03)mg/g,二者偏差为0.10%,说明响应面优化超声提取细脚棒束孢中HEA工艺稳定可行。该研究所得提取工艺适用于不同虫草类真菌腺苷类成分的提取及分析,具有省时高效、节约能源的优势,可用于虫草的质量评价及开发等研究。     

从米糠油二次皂脚中制取谷维素的研究

本课题的目的是从米糠油二次皂脚中制取谷维素。我们采用新工艺、新技术多相分步结晶,应用于实践,优选条件,谷维素的制取率为米糠油二次皂脚的1.9％,谷维素含量为98％。     

山葡萄籽中原花青素的提取

研究了提取溶剂、温度、时间、料液比4个因素对山葡萄籽中原花青素得率的影响。确定最佳提取工艺：以70％丙酮为提取荆,在60℃条件下,提取120min,料液比为1：7,原花青素的得率为2．31％     

香菇栽培配料的新工艺

在国内香菇（Ｌｅｎｔｉｎｕｓｅｄｏｄｅｓ）栽培料常规配方基础上,设计了添加１．２％盐酸取代常规配方中１％蔗糖的新工艺。经测定,两种栽培料灭菌后还原糖与总糖浓度、发菌周期与子实体产量基本一致。新配方栽培料灭菌后ｐＨ降至５．６,亦是香菇菌丝生长最适ｐＨ值。新配方工艺在山东省淄博市石马等生产单位应用,可降低生产成本１０％左右。     

实验兔脚皮炎与相对湿度的相关性及对热原筛选实验的影响分析

目的分析实验兔脚皮炎发病率与相对湿度的相关性及脚皮炎实验兔对热原筛选实验合格率的影响。方法将2006、2007年实验室相对湿度记录、实验兔脚皮炎记录及热原筛选实验记录进行汇总统计,并对数据进行生物学分析。结果实验室相对湿度超过70％时,可导致实验兔脚皮炎发病率的升高,二者存在显著相关性（P〈0．01）;有脚皮炎的实验兔可降低筛选实验的合格率,二者存在显著相关性（P〈0．01）;实验兔基础体温的高低,对筛选合格率有显著影响（P〈0．0001）。结论实验兔的脚皮炎发病率与环境相对湿度有显著的正相关性,当实验室相对湿度超过实验兔适宜湿度范围时,可导致其脚皮炎的发病率上升;有脚皮炎的实验兔与无脚皮炎的实验免相比,可显著降低热原筛选实验的合格率。     

双孢蘑菇菇脚氨基酸含量的测定及营养评价

测定了双孢蘑菇菇脚中蛋白质和氨基酸的含量,应用模糊识别法和氨基酸比值系数法,以鸡蛋蛋白为标准蛋白,以WHO/FAO的必需氨基酸参考模式为评价标准,对双孢蘑菇菇脚的蛋白质营养价值进行了全面评价,并与双孢蘑菇子实体的蛋白质进行比较.结果表明:双孢蘑菇菇脚蛋白质中总氨基酸含量为73.16％,氨基酸种类齐全,必需氨基酸含量占氨...     

用城市落叶和杂草栽培平菇试验

城市及非产棉区缺乏食用菌生产的主要培养料──棉籽壳,而同时城市秋冬季中大量存在的落叶、杂草中也含有食用菌生长所需的木质素、纤维素,针对这一情况并结合北京市及校园的实际,我们做了以阔叶树落叶和杂草为食用菌培养料的瓶栽和压块栽培试验。我们首先做了瓶栽试验。试验的时间是1996年的1、2月份。我们选用了毛白杨树的落叶和牵牛花藤作平菇的培养料。料中加入占料重0．5％的硫酸镁和1％的蔗糖,并加水使料的湿度为60％左右。然后将料装瓶密封,经高压灭菌后在超净工作台上接人平菇菌种。接着分为两组：一组在室温（15～19℃）条件…     

利用超临界CO2萃取回收β-胡萝卜素结晶脚料中有效组分的研究

应用超临界CO2萃取技术,从三孢布拉霉菌提取β-胡萝卜素后产生的结晶脚料中去除脂溶性杂质成分,以回收β-胡萝卜素.考察了萃取过程中温度(25 ℃～55 ℃)、压力(15 MPa～45 MPa)、时间(1.5 h～4.5h)对β-胡萝卜素的回收得率及产品含量的影响.结果表明,在萃取温度35 ℃、压力15 MPa、萃取时间...     

我国食用菌产业技术路线图研究初报

在对产业发展形势与文献资料分析的基础上,提出我国食用菌产业发展路线图和产业链构成图,初步绘制了我国食用菌产业的技术路线图,同时对我国食用菌产业发展所面临的知识产权与保护、资金与融资、市场与环境等进行了分析,最后提出了加速发展我国食用菌产业的建议。     

食用菌与生物资源的综合利用

叙述了食用菌生物学特性及其在工农业副产品的综合利用和农业生态系统中的重要作用。     

食药用菌液体发酵及功能活性成分研究现状与展望

利用食药用菌液体发酵技术可获得品质稳定、产物可控、富含多种有效营养和活性成分的功能性原料。本文系统总结了食药用菌液体发酵技术的研究现状和瓶颈,以及食药用菌液体发酵产物中的主要成分和功效,并与栽培子实体进行了比较。通过对食药用菌液体发酵技术瓶颈突破的展望,为食药用菌液体发酵产物的进一步应用提供参考。     

基于游离氨基酸的组分及特征比较四种食用菌与四种果蔬的营养与风味特征

为科学评价食用菌与果蔬两类食材的营养特征与口感风味,本研究选取4种常见食用菌（金针菇、斑玉蕈、香菇、双孢蘑菇）和4种常见果蔬（苹果、香蕉、胡萝卜、番茄）,采用氨基酸自动分析仪测定其游离氨基酸,系统比较了两类食材的游离氨基酸组分比例及呈味特征。主成分和聚类分析表明 4种食用菌和4种果蔬显著分为两类,食用菌类游离氨基酸总量平均是果蔬类的3倍以上,4种食用菌中各游离氨基酸的比例均衡。4种食用菌的必需氨基酸/(必需氨基酸+非必需氨基酸)在40%左右,必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸接近或大于60%,均接近理想值。4种食用菌所含的呈味氨基酸（鲜味、甜味、芳香族、苦味）均是4种果蔬的2倍以上,TAV值最显著的是：谷氨酸、苯丙氨酸、甘氨酸、苏氨酸、组氨酸、赖氨酸、缬氨酸、精氨酸和丙氨酸。这些氨基酸分属在五大氨基酸家族,在食用菌与果蔬中代谢途径相同;只有赖氨酸在二者中的合成途径不同。结果表明供试的食用菌比果蔬有优质的氨基酸比例和丰富的呈味组分,此差异体现在众多氨基酸的代谢层面,而非个别氨基酸导致。     

Seasonal variations of arsenic in mussels<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Mytilus galloprovincialis</Emphasis>

Total arsenic concentration in the edible part of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis was evaluated seasonally in the coastal area of Rijeka Bay (North Adriatic Sea, Croatia). Sampling stations were located close to the City of Bakar with no industrial facilities (site 1), in the vicinity of the oil refinery and oil thermoelectric power plant (Urinj, site 2), and 4 miles away from the Plomin coal thermoelectric power plant (Brse village, site 3). Additionally, the concentration of arsenic in the tail muscle of the lobster Nephrops norvegicus, collected in Rijeka Bay, was studied. During winter at sites 2 and 3, the total arsenic in the edible part of the mussels was 16.4 mg As/kg FW (FW=fresh weight) and 4.38 mg As/kg FW, respectively, and increased during springtime at site 2 (6.5 mg As/kg FW) compared to the rest of the year, when individual total arsenic concentration at all sites ranged from 1.7 to 3.7 mg As/kg FW. In the winter (sites 2 and 3) and springtime (site 2) there was no correlation between the length of the mussel shell and the arsenic concentration in the edible part of the mussels. In the other seasons, at sites 1, 2 and 3, there was a correlation between arsenic in the edible part of mussels and shell length in most cases (correlation coefficients r varied from 0.64 to 0.85; P <0.05 to P <0.01). Correlation between shell length (in the narrow range of shell lengths from 3.4 to 5.0 cm) and arsenic in the edible part of the mussels shows linearity with a high regression coefficient ( r =0.914; P <0.001). The increase of arsenic in the mussels during winter and spring was suggested at least partially as a result of a low nutritional status, i.e. reduced weight of the mussels edible part during winter. In addition, a linear relationship was found between body length and arsenic concentration in the tail muscle (mean 17.11±4.48 mg As/kg FW) of the Norway lobster.Communicated by H.-D. Franke     

Injurious tail biting in pigs: how can it be controlled in existing systems without tail docking?

Tail biting is a serious animal welfare and economic problem in pig production. Tail docking, which reduces but does not eliminate tail biting, remains widespread. However, in the EU tail docking may not be used routinely, and some ‘alternative’ forms of pig production and certain countries do not allow tail docking at all. Against this background, using a novel approach focusing on research where tail injuries were quantified, we review the measures that can be used to control tail biting in pigs without tail docking. Using this strict criterion, there was good evidence that manipulable substrates and feeder space affect damaging tail biting. Only epidemiological evidence was available for effects of temperature and season, and the effect of stocking density was unclear. Studies suggest that group size has little effect, and the effects of nutrition, disease and breed require further investigation. The review identifies a number of knowledge gaps and promising avenues for future research into prevention and mitigation. We illustrate the diversity of hypotheses concerning how different proposed risk factors might increase tail biting through their effect on each other or on the proposed underlying processes of tail biting. A quantitative comparison of the efficacy of different methods of provision of manipulable materials, and a review of current practices in countries and assurance schemes where tail docking is banned, both suggest that daily provision of small quantities of destructible, manipulable natural materials can be of considerable benefit. Further comparative research is needed into materials, such as ropes, which are compatible with slatted floors. Also, materials which double as fuel for anaerobic digesters could be utilised. As well as optimising housing and management to reduce risk, it is important to detect and treat tail biting as soon as it occurs. Early warning signs before the first bloody tails appear, such as pigs holding their tails tucked under, could in future be automatically detected using precision livestock farming methods enabling earlier reaction and prevention of tail damage. However, there is a lack of scientific studies on how best to respond to outbreaks: the effectiveness of, for example, removing biters and/or bitten pigs, increasing enrichment, or applying substances to tails should be investigated. Finally, some breeding companies are exploring options for reducing the genetic propensity to tail bite. If these various approaches to reduce tail biting are implemented we propose that the need for tail docking will be reduced.     

食（药）用真菌比较基因组分析揭示其生态特性

食（药）用真菌可以产生多种酶系家族来降解环境中的木质纤维素,从而获得营养或与植物共生或寄生。通过注释和比较不同营养模式的食（药）用真菌中降解木质纤维素的酶类,有利于我们更好地认识食（药）用真菌的生活模式,并进一步改善培养条件。本文系统地研究了46个食（药）用真菌和3个降解木质纤维素模式真菌的基因组,根据预测蛋白质组解析了糖苷水解酶（glycoside hydrolases,GHs）、糖基转移酶（glycosyltransferases,GTs）、多糖裂解酶（polysaccharide lyases,PLs）、碳水化合物酯酶（carbohydrate esterases,CEs）、碳水化合物结合模块（carbohydrate-binding modules,CBMs）以及附属活力酶（auxiliary activities,AAs）和细胞色素P450（cytochromes P450）的种类分布。比较基因组学结果显示,食（药）用真菌中降解木质纤维素相关酶系家族的数量和种类差别很大,同时酶系家族的多样性与食（药）用真菌的生态类型也有一定的相关性。一般情况下,腐生营养真菌比共生营养真菌中降解木质纤维素酶类更多,而腐生营养中的白腐真菌和草腐真菌的酶系比褐腐真菌多。     

Soluble lipase-catalyzed synthesis of methyl esters using a blend of edible and nonedible raw materials

Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering - This work investigates the use of blends of edible and nonedible raw materials as an alternative feedstock to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) production...     

Preparation and mechanical properties of edible pectin-soy flour films obtained in the absence or presence of transglutaminase

Whole soy flour and apple pectin were used as raw materials for producing hydrocolloid edible films. The best ratio between the two components (2:1 mg cm(-2), pectin-soy flour) was determined in order to obtain films which could be perfectly handled for their consistence. Films were also prepared in the presence of transglutaminase, an enzyme able to produce isopeptide bonds among the soy polypeptide chains. The latter films showed a smoother surface and higher homogeneity, as demonstrated by microstructural analyses, whereas studies on the mechanical properties indicated that transglutaminase increased their strength and reduced their flexibility. Our results suggest a possible use of the transglutaminase polymerized pectin-soy protein films as edible food or drug coatings.     

Anisakis simplex (s.s.) larvae in wild Alaska salmon: no indication of post-mortem migration from viscera into flesh

The prevalence, mean intensity and distribution of Anisakis nematode third-stage larvae (L3) in the muscle and viscera of wild-caught chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta, pink salmon O. gorbuscha and sockeye salmon O. nerka were compared immediately after catch. Salmon were collected during the fishing season in July 2007 in Bristol Bay and Prince William Sound close to Cordova, Alaska (USA). All fish were infected, and more than 90% of the nematode larvae were found in the edible muscle meat. The isolated anisakid L3 were genetically identified as A. simplex (s.s.). The distribution of nematodes in the muscle meat of fresh-caught salmon was examined in 49 O. keta, 50 O. nerka and 12 O. gorbuscha from Cordova. Most of the larvae were detected in the muscle parts around the body cavity, but nematodes were also found in the tail meat and epaxial muscle (loins). The mean intensity of Anisakis larvae in the edible part was 21 individuals for O. gorbuscha, 62 individuals for O. keta and 63 individuals for O. nerka. No difference in the intensity of Anisakis larvae in the hypaxial muscle was found between fresh-caught and immediately gutted salmon and individuals stored ungutted for 24 h either on ice or in refrigerated sea water.