Yield potential of Miscanthus energy crops in the Loess Plateau of China

Growing second‐generation energy crops on marginal land is conceptualized as one of the primary means of future bioenergy development. However, the extent to which marginal land can support energy crop production remains unclear. The Loess Plateau of China, one of the most seriously eroded regions of the world, is particularly rich in marginal land. On the basis of the previous field experiment of planting Miscanthus species in Qingyang of the Gansu Province, herein, we estimated the yield potential of Miscanthus lutarioriparius, the species with the highest biomass, across the Loess Plateau. On the basis of the radiation model previously developed from Miscanthus field trials, annual precipitation was introduced as an additional variable for yield estimate in the semiarid and semihumid regions of the Loess Plateau. Of 62 million hectares (Mha) of the Loess Plateau, our model estimated that 48.7 Mha can potentially support Miscanthus growth, with the average yield of 17.8 t ha^?1 yr^?1. After excluding high‐quality cropland and pasture and land suitable for afforestation, a total of 33.3 Mha of presumably marginal land were left available for producing the energy crop at the average yield of 16.8 t ha^?1 yr^?1 and the total annual yield of 0.56 billion tons. The analysis of environmental factors indicated that erosion, aridity, and field steepness were the primary contributors to the poor quality of the marginal land. The change of land uses from traditional agriculture to energy crop production may prevent further erosion and land degradation and consequently establish a sustainable economy for the region.     

Cadmium tolerance and accumulation in eight potential energy crops

The production of energy crops that can be used for biodiesel production is a sustainable approach for the removal of metal pollutants by phytoremediation. This study investigated the cadmium (Cd) accumulation and tolerance of eight potential energy crops. After growth for 28 days in substrates containing 0, 50, 100 or 200 mg Cd·kg^− 1, seedlings were evaluated for growth parameters, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and Cd accumulation. All eight crops were moderately tolerant to Cd toxicity, with four [i.e., hemp (Cannabis sativa), flax (Linum usitatissimum), castor (Ricinus communis) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea)] being more tolerant than the others. Three of these crops (hemp, flax and peanut) had higher Cd accumulation capacities. The roots of peanut and hemp had high bioconcentration factors (BCF > 1000), while flax shoots accumulated a higher concentration of Cd (> 100 mg/kg). These results demonstrate that it is possible to grow energy crops on Cd-contaminated soil. Hemp, flax and peanut are excellent candidates for phytoremediation.     

Influence of differences in nutrition on important quality characteristics of some agricultural crops

Summary Over a period of several years, quality characteristics of plant products have been studied intensively. Next to variety, climate and location, the types and amounts of fertilizers used appeared to exert strong influences on quality parameters. In recent research it could be shown that especially N-, but also P-, K- and Mg-supply affected dry matter content and furthermore starch, crude protein, amino acids, nitrate, sugars and citric acid in cauliflower, lettuce, potato, spinach and tomato. Altogether the results showed that the influence of variations in nutrient supply on the quality of important compounds in usable plant parts is relatively high, but that different plants react not similarly to increasing or decreasing amounts of nutrients. These relations are of special importance when the qualitative and nutritive values of plant products are evaluated for consumption and processing purposes.     

中国北方气候暖干化对粮食作物的影响及应对措施

东北、华北和西北50a来的平均气温增幅高于全国平均水平,气候变暖明显,尤其冬季增温最显著。区域增暖的极端最低气温远比极端最高气温的贡献大。东北、华北大部、西北东部降水量明显减少,平均每10a减少20—40mm,尤其春夏季减少最明显。这种趋势一直延续到20世纪90年代以后,干旱化趋势非常突出。在综述我国北方现代气候变化基本特征是暖干化的基础上,重点阐述了喜凉作物冬小麦、春小麦、马铃薯和喜温作物水稻、玉米、谷子、糜子等7种主要粮食作物的生长发育、品种熟性、种植区域与面积、产量与品质等对气候暖干化的响应特征。揭示了气候暖干化使春播作物播期提早,苗期生长发育速度加快,营养生长期提前,生殖生长期和全生育期延长;秋作物发育期推迟,生殖生长期和全生长期延长;越冬作物播期推迟,越冬死亡率降低,种植风险减少,春初提前返青,生殖生长期提早,全生育期缩短。使作物适宜种植区域向高纬度高海拔扩展;品种熟性向偏中晚熟高产品种发展;喜温作物和越冬作物以及冷凉气候区的作物种植面积迅速扩大;在旱作区种植不较耐旱的玉米、春小麦等作物种植面积受到制约。对雨养农业区的作物气候产量影响严重,尤其对不够耐旱的小麦和玉米的气候产量受影响最大;对较耐旱的谷子、糜子、马铃薯等影响较轻。从作物属性而言,对喜温作物水稻、玉米和越冬作物冬小麦有利于气候产量提高;对喜凉作物春小麦和马铃薯的气候产量将产生不利影响。同时,提出了从5个方面应对气候暖干化的技术措施,调整作物种植结构,确保粮食生产安全;根据不同气候年型调整各种作物种植比例;针对不同气候区域发展优势作物和配置作物种植格局;采取不同栽培技术和管理模式应对气候变化;采取综合配套技术提髙抵御灾害能力。为粮食作物安全生产和种植结构调整与布局提供科学依据。     

庙岛群岛北五岛景观格局特征及其生态效应

海岛由于自然特征的空间差异、人类活动的日益增强以及生态系统的脆弱性,其景观格局空间分异性明显且生态效应趋于复杂。以庙岛群岛北五岛为研究区,基于现场调查和3S技术,从景观尺度、海岛尺度和区块尺度分析海岛景观格局空间特征,进而探讨景观格局与净初级生产力(NPP)、植物多样性和土壤性质的关系。结果显示:(1)不同尺度景观格局均表现出了空间差异。景观尺度上,针叶林、阔叶林和草地3类植被景观面积最大,斑块密度、边缘密度和平均形状指数总体较高,建筑用地也具有较大规模,其斑块密度较高,平均形状指数处于最低值,裸地也具有一定规模,其各项景观指标处于中间位置;海岛尺度上,随着海岛面积、人口和GDP的增加,斑块密度和人为干扰指数均明显增大;区块尺度上,斑块密度、边缘密度和平均形状指数与海拔呈显著正相关,人为干扰指数与海拔和坡度均呈显著负相关。海岛面积、地形和人类活动分别是北五岛景观格局的基本因子、重要限制因子和直接驱动因子。(2)海岛景观格局的生态效应与尺度密切相关。景观尺度上,各项生态效应指标在不同景观类型上均具有显著差异,海岛尺度上的生态效应指标对景观格局的响应不甚灵敏;区块尺度上,生态效应指标与景观格局指数表现出了显著的简单相关性和偏相关性,但二者结果具有差异。NPP和土壤水分主要受到景观类型和植被生长状况的影响,多样性和土壤养分同时受到景观类型和景观格局破碎度、边缘效应的影响,人为活动强度的增大地带来了各项生态效应指标的降低。控制建设规模、优化景观布局与改进开发利用方式是维系海岛生态系统稳定性的重要措施。     

间作对不同类型饲料作物光能利用特征及生产能力的影响

为探究豆-禾间作模式中的光能利用特征及产量效应,本研究以苜蓿、小黑麦、燕麦、玉米、甜高粱5种单作模式为参照,对苜蓿-小黑麦、苜蓿-燕麦、苜蓿-玉米和苜蓿-甜高粱4种间作模式开展田间试验,研究其光能利用特征和生产能力,并采用通径分析法探讨光能利用各指标对产量形成的贡献程度.结果表明: 光能利用各指标对产量的贡献由大到小依次是叶面积指数(LAI,1.236)、净光合速率(P_n,0.519)、冠层开度(DIFN,0.302)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i,-0.026)、气孔导度(g_s,-0.116)、蒸腾速率(T_r,-0.188)、光合有效辐射(PAR)截获率(FIPAR,-1.708);光能利用率(LUE)作为光能利用各指标的综合体现,其数值最大(1.367).与单作相比,间作提高了4种禾本科牧草的LAI、P_n、g_s、T_r和FIPAR,降低了DIFN和C_i,而苜蓿则呈相反的变化趋势.4种禾本科牧草间作下LUE与单作相比均显著提高,其中,小黑麦和燕麦的平均增幅(35.2%和30.4%)高于玉米和甜高粱(28.7%和26.3%),且与小黑麦、燕麦间作的苜蓿其LUE的平均降幅(6.1%和8.3%)明显低于与玉米、甜高粱间作(21.8%和24.5%).4种间作模式的土地当量比(LER)均大于1,其中,苜蓿-小黑麦和苜蓿-燕麦的LER值显著大于苜蓿-玉米和苜蓿-甜高粱.LAI对产量的直接贡献最大,其次是P_n.4种间作模式中,苜蓿-小黑麦和苜蓿-燕麦的光能利用提升潜力和增产潜力更大.     

广西两种能源植物种植对土壤动物多样性的影响

在广西武鸣地区以木薯(Manihot esculenta)平地为参照,于2012年7月从能源植物种类筛选(甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum)与木薯)、种植模式(套作与单作)和地形选择(坡地与平地)等方面,对主要能源植物甘蔗和木薯种植地进行了土壤动物和土壤环境质量的调查.结果表明:在甘蔗种植地,土壤动物的数量、多样性、生物学质量均出现了显著下降,特别是生物学质量下降幅度达53％(P=0.032);在木薯平地上套种花生(Arachis hypogaea)对土壤动物的数量、群落组成及生物学质量无明显影响,但生物多样性显著上升;地形选择对土壤动物的效果明显,坡地的土壤动物数量、生物多样性及生物学质量均出现普遍下降.这些结果表明,木薯比甘蔗更适合长期种植,且通过优化种植模式,选择适当地形还可以缓冲木薯种植过程对土壤生物多样性和土壤质量的负面影响,因此可初步断定在广西可以优先选择木薯作为一种长期发展的能源植物.     

Mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphisms of five ethnic populations from northern China

To study the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphisms in a total of 232 individuals from five ethnic populations (Daur, n=45; Ewenki, n=47; Korean, n=48; Mongolian, n=48; Oroqen, n=44) in northern China, we analyzed the control region sequences and typed for a number of characteristic mutations in coding regions (especially the region 14576–16047), by direct sequencing or restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. With the exception of 14 individuals belonging to the European-specific haplogroups R2, H, J, and T, the mtDNAs considered could be assigned into the East Asian-specific haplogroups described recently. The polymorphisms in cytochrome b sequence were found to be very informative for defining or supporting the haplogroups status of East Asian mtDNAs in addition to the reported regions 10171–10659 and 14055–14590 in our previous study. The haplogroup distribution frequencies varied in the five ethnic populations, but in general they all harbored a large amount of north-prevalent haplogroups, such as D, G, C, and Z, and thus were in agreement with their ethnohistory of northern origin. The two populations (Ewenki and Oroqen) with small population census also show concordant features in their matrilineal genetic structures, with lower genetic diversities observed.     

五种作物基因库种子繁殖更新技术研究

用大白菜、荞麦、多花菜豆、薏苡和芝麻等五种作物,每作物4个品种,各设25、50、100、150、200株不同群体的田间种植试验.采用纱网隔离,人工链式杂交,成对杂交,混合授粉,人工辅助授粉或虫媒(蜜蜂、苍蝇)等不同传粉方法.观察、记载主要农艺性状.室内考种并测定各繁种方法与原种繁殖前后10种同工酶,计算遗传多样性指数;比较不同种群及原种与不同繁种方法繁殖后代间的差异显著性(遗传相似性).提出这5种作物基因库种子最佳繁种措施大白菜种植50～100株,群体内进行人工链式杂交;荞麦在网罩内种50～100株,采用家蝇传粉;多花菜豆在全封闭网棚内种50株以上,放蜜蜂传粉;薏苡种50～150株群体,套袋人工混合授粉;芝麻采用非隔离区种植40～50株或利用温室隔离种植.     

Molds on vegetables at the time of harvest.

The mean numbers of colony-forming units of molds present on vegetables at the time of harvest were in the range of 4.2 X 10(3) to 6.7 X 10(3)/g for all vegetables except cucurbits and asparagus. The numbers were not influenced by cultivars within species, duration of the growing season, distant separation of the growing fields, or elevation above ground. Numbers increased with rainfall during either of 3 days before harvest and decreased when the mean daily temperature exceeded 24 degrees C. The most frequently isolated fungi were Aureobasidium pullulans, Fusarium species, Alternaria tenuis, Epicoccum nigrum, Mucor species, Chaetomium fimeti, Rhizopus nigricans, and Phoma species, in decreasing order. All other molds comprised less than 2% of the isolates. Aspergilli and penicillia occurred sporadically and in low numbers. Fusarium species were dominant on cucurbits.     

中国主要农产品虚拟要素贸易网络结构特征分析

据虚拟水概念定义虚拟要素,并将其划分为虚拟资源要素和虚拟生态要素两类,选取虚拟资源要素中的耕地要素和虚拟生态要素中的化肥/农药要素为研究对象,定量分析2002—2016年以粮食贸易为载体的虚拟耕地、虚拟化肥/农药要素的贸易量,构建虚拟要素贸易网络,通过复杂网络的研究方法,结果表明:2002—2016年我国主要农产品虚拟耕地、化肥/农药要素的贸易总量呈下降趋势,降幅分别约25.51%、8.01%;虚拟耕地要素网络节点入度较大的为长江中下游、华南、西南地区,出度较大的为黄淮海和东北地区,虚拟化肥/农药要素网络与之相反;地区间节点强度的差异性大,虚拟耕地要素差值最大可达1459.56万hm²,虚拟化肥/农药要素达61.38万t;二者网络节点度和强度的累积分布均符合幂律分布规律,其尾部的"重尾"现象揭示了节点度和强度的高可变性以及网络结构的脆弱性;虚拟耕地要素的输入区网络同配,输出区网络异配,揭示了地区间耕地要素的流动既呈集聚又有分散的态势,虚拟化肥/农药要素网络节点相关性皆为减函数,网络异配,揭示了虚拟化肥/农药要素在八大区域间联通的状况。网络结构特征分析为研究网络抗毁...     

中国北方5种栎属树木多度分布及其对未来气候变化的响应

植物分布与气候之间的关系是预估未来气候变化对生态系统影响的实现基础。以往的物种分布模型通常以物种的分布区或者分布点的物种存在数据作为物种分布的响应变量。相较于物种存在数据, 多度反映了一个物种占用资源并把资源分配给个体的能力, 更能衡量物种对区域生态系统的影响。该研究通过野外调查获取了华北及周边地区1 045个样方的栎属树木多度, 利用广义线性模型、广义加性模型和随机森林模型模拟栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)、麻栎(Q. acutissima)、槲栎(Q. aliena)、锐齿槲栎(Q. aliena var. acuteserrata)和蒙古栎(Q. mongolica) 5个树种多度的地理分布及未来2个不同时期(2050年和2070年)的潜在分布。结果表明: 随机森林模型对5个栎属树种的多度的拟合结果要优于广义线性模型和广义加性模型; 典型浓度路径(RCP) 8.5下的5个栎属树种在未来两个时期的多度变化幅度都要大于RCP 2.6下的变化, 在超过一半面积的区域中麻栎、槲栎、锐齿槲栎和蒙古栎的多度减少, 其中内蒙古东北部和黑龙江北部地区是5种栎属植物多度减少的集中分布地区。未来气候变化背景下, 需要加强对这几个区域的监测与物种保护。     

冷浸田水旱轮作对作物生产及土壤特性的影响

通过连续2年4茬的田间试验,研究了冷浸田由单季稻改制为水旱轮作对作物生产及土壤特性的影响.结果表明:油菜-水稻(R-R)、春玉米-水稻(C-R)、紫云英-水稻(M-R)、蚕豆-水稻(B-R)4种轮作模式两年的水稻平均产量较水稻-冬闲模式(CK)提高5.3％～26.7％,其中C-R和R-R模式与CK差异显著.除M-R模式外,各轮作模式的年均经济效益较CK增加79.0％ ～ 392.4％,总产投比增加0.06～ 0.72个单位,均以C-R模式最高.水旱轮作模式均提高了水稻分蘖盛期叶片的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量和净光合速率.轮作下水稻收获期的土壤锈纹锈斑丰度明显,尤其是R-R、C-R、B-R模式;各轮作模式下的耕层土壤水稳性大团聚体(＞2mm)数量均较CK有不同程度降低,而中团聚体(0.25～2 mm)数量(除M-R模式外)和微团聚体(＜0.25 mm)数量则相反;各轮作模式的土壤活性还原性物质含量逐渐下降,而速效养分含量呈上升趋势.与CK相比,C-R和B-R模式的土壤细菌数分别提高285.7％ ～ 403.0％,B-R的真菌数提高221.7％,R-R、C-R、B-R的纤维素菌提高64.6％ ～ 92.2％,B-R的固氮菌提高162.2％,差异均显著.冷浸田由冬闲-单季稻改制为C-R、R-R、B-R轮作模式,对提高作物总产量和经济效益有较好的效果,土壤理化生化性状得到改善,表现出脱潜特征.     

冬季作物种植对双季稻根系酶活性及形态指标的影响

基于湖南长沙7a定位试验,以冬闲为对照,研究了冬种马铃薯、紫云英及油菜为前茬作物对早、晚稻根系酶活性、形态指标及产量的影响.结果表明,与冬闲相比,冬种作物后早、晚稻根系丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,但其根系的活性氧清除能力更强(SOD、POD和CAT活性高),能够在一定程度上缓解膜脂过氧化作用带来的伤害;冬种不同作物对早晚稻根系形态的影响表现不一.冬种马铃薯和紫云英处理在早稻生育后期的根系优势明显,并能在一定程度上促进晚稻根系生长,双季稻总产量较对照分别增加6.29％和7.76％,而冬种油菜抑制了晚稻根系生长,导致晚稻产量及双季稻总产分别降低6.31％和1.96％;相关性分析表明,灌浆期较高的根长、根数、根体积和根表面积是冬种作物改善双季稻产量的主要原因.综合来看,冬种马铃薯和紫云英对于促进双季稻根系生长,提高稻谷产量具有重要作用,而冬种油菜则不利于提高双季稻的稻谷生产力.     

中国北方杂草稻光合与水分生理特性

杂草稻是一类重要的稻属种质资源,具有耐寒、耐旱、耐瘠薄等优良特性.本文以88份中国北方杂草稻资源和4份栽培稻为材料,研究了中国北方杂草稻的光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度等光合与水分生理特性及其相互关系.结果表明: 北方杂草稻资源的光合和水分生理特性存在较大差异,具有丰富的多样性.杂草稻的光合速率变化范围在12.47～28.67 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,瞬时水分利用效率的变化范围在1.39～3.40 mg·g^-1.光合参数中,胞间CO₂浓度的变异系数最小,气孔导度的变异系数最大.光合速率与蒸腾速率、气孔导度呈极显著的二次曲线关系,光合速率与胞间CO₂浓度呈显著的直线关系,瞬时水分利用效率与蒸腾速率、气孔导度呈极显著的二次曲线关系.可用杂草稻材料的优越性能对栽培稻进行品种改良.     

Influence of the membrane potential on the free energy of an intrinsic protein

A modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation is developed from statistical mechanical considerations to describe the influence of the transmembrane potential on macromolecular systems. Using a Green's function formalism, the electrostatic free energy of a protein associated with the membrane is expressed as the sum of three terms: a contribution from the energy required to charge the system's capacitance, a contribution corresponding to the interaction of the protein charges with the membrane potential, and a contribution corresponding to a voltage-independent reaction field free energy. The membrane potential, which is due to the polarization interface, is calculated in the absence of the protein charges, whereas the reaction field is calculated in the absence of transmembrane potential. Variations in the capacitive energy associated with typical molecular processes are negligible under physiological conditions. The formulation of the theory is closely related to standard algorithms used to solve the Poisson-Boltzmann equation and only small modifications to current source codes are required for its implementation. The theory is illustrated by examining the voltage-dependent membrane insertion of a simple polyalanine alpha-helix and by computing the electrostatic potential across a 60-A-diameter sphere meant to represent a large intrinsic protein.     

Pushed for time or saving on fuel: fine-scale energy budgets shed light on currencies in a diving bird

Animals may forage using different currencies depending on whether time minimization or energy maximization is more pertinent at the time. Assessment of net energy acquisition requires detailed information on instantaneous activity-specific power use, which varies according to animal performance, being influenced, for example, by speed and prey loading, and which has not been measured before in wild animals. We used a new proxy for instantaneous energy expenditure (overall dynamic body acceleration), to quantify foraging effort in a model species, the imperial shag Phalacrocorax atriceps, during diving. Power costs varied nonlinearly with depth exploited owing to depth-related buoyancy. Consequently, solutions for maximizing the gross rate of gain and energetic efficiency differed for dives to any given depth. Dive effort in free-ranging imperial shags measured during the breeding season was consistent with a strategy to maximize the gross rate of energy gain. We suggest that the divergence of time and energy costs with dive depth has implications for the measurement of dive efficiency across diverse diving taxa.     

Studies on the dynamic accumulations of Sophora alopecuroides L. Alkaloids in different harvest times and the appropriate harvest time

A sensitive and accurate method for the simultaneous determination of five alkaloids, namely 9α-hydroxymatrine (M1), matrine (M2), sophoridine (M3), oxymatrine (M4), alopecurin A (M5) in different parts (seed, legume, stem, and root) and different harvest times of Sophora alopecuroides L. was developed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array detector (PDA) for the first time. The separation by gradient elution was achieved on Scienhome Kromasil C(18) (4.6×250 mm, 5 μm) column at 30°C with acetonitrile (A)/0.1% phosphatic acid+0.1% triethylamine (B) as the mobile phase. The detection wavelength was 205 nm. The optimized method provided a good linear relation (r≥0.9993 for all the target compounds), satisfactory precision (RSD values less than 2.3%) and good recovery (96.4-103.6%). The limits of detection ranged between 0.11×10(-3) and 4.70×10(-3) μg for the different analytes. The method was successfully applied to analysis and quality control of alkaloid extracts from the traditional Chinese herbal drugs of S. alopecuroides L.     

中国能源消费碳排放的时空特征

选择联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)的部门方法和8大类能源,采用1990年至2009年的中国能源统计数据,按照自下而上的思路,对我国各省区的碳排放量进行估算,并从碳排放量、碳排放强度、人均碳排放量和碳排放密指标出发,深入分析了各省区碳排放的时空特征差异。以期对国内碳排放的时空特征分析,有助于决策者和能源分析家提高节能减排政策制定的有效性。     

Influence of agricultural crops on the actinomycetes flora in soil

Summary The influence of various crops on the actinomycetes flora was studied in different soil types. The influence of soil types on the numbers and species appeared to be more important than that of the crop grown. However, the crop did influence the actinomycetes, especially in the newly reclaimed soil of Oostelijk Flevoland. There it was found that were sugar beets had been grown the number of actinomycetes decreased; this was especially the case with the frequency of Streptomyces scabies. The actinomycetes flora of the rhizoplane differs from that of rhizosphere.