定点突变提高苯丙氨酸羟化酶的热稳定性

嗜热菌中,蛋白质存在Ala替换Gly以及Arg替换Lys的趋势。为了提高紫色色杆菌来源的苯丙氨酸羟化酶的热稳定性,将该酶中所有Gly突变成Ala,Lys突变成Arg,筛选获得热稳定性提高的突变体,并进行组合突变,对突变酶的酶学性质进行研究。结果表明,突变酶K94R和G221A在50℃的半衰期分别为26.2 min、16.8 min,比原始酶(9.0 min)分别提高了1.9倍、0.9倍,同时组合突变酶K94R/G221A在50℃处理1 h后仍保留65.6%的酶活,比原始酶(8.6%)高出6.6倍。圆二色谱结果显示原始酶和突变酶K94R、G221A及K94R/G221A的T_m值分别为51.5℃、53.8℃、53.1℃和54.8℃。蛋白三维结构模拟推测突变体热稳定性提高机理为:突变体K94R中Arg94与Ile95之间形成额外氢键,稳定其所在的柔性区域;突变体G221A中Ala221与Leu281产生疏水作用,稳定酶分子C-端柔性区。该研究结果为蛋白质热稳定性改造提供了参考,也为苯丙氨酸羟化酶在功能性食品领域的应用奠定了基础。     

基于结构B因子分析指导的头孢菌素C酰化酶动力学稳定性改造

【目的】筛选Pseudomonas sp.SE83 acy Ⅱ定点饱和突变库,获得动力学稳定性提高的头孢菌素C(CPC)酰化酶突变体,并对突变酶进行初步的结构-功能关系分析。【方法】靶标酶Pseudomonas sp.SE83 acy Ⅱ与Pseudomonas diminuta N176具有较高的同源性,通过分析N176的结构B因子,构建CPC酰化酶SE83定点饱和突变库;基于pH指示剂显色法,采用Biomek FX~P自动工作站建立CPC酰化酶高通量筛选方法,获得优良突变酶,对其活性、稳定性等酶学性质进行表征;利用SWISS-MODEL对突变体进行同源建模,探讨突变体结构与功能的关系。【结果】通过B因子分析和同源结构比对,共找出9个靶标位点;经过3轮筛选,发现R218及K226位点突变显著提高酶的热稳定性,其中最显著的R218Q和K226V在40°C的半衰期分别为野生型的3.77和2.77倍,催化效率k_(cat)/K_m分别为野生型的1.8和3.1倍。同源建模分析表明氢键作用和疏水相互作用的增加可能是突变体稳定性提高的原因。【结论】B因子指导的酶分子改造是一种高效可靠的动力学稳定性改造策略,突变体R218Q和K226V均可提高CPC酰化酶的稳定性和催化效率,对进一步的CPC酰化酶分子改造具有一定的参考价值和指导意义。     

Thermobifida fusca角质酶突变体D204C/E253C高效可溶表达及其应用

Thermobifida fusca角质酶突变体D204C/E253C是通过在野生型角质酶中引入二硫键获得的热稳定性突变体.由于二硫键的引入,导致突变体D204C/E253C在表达过程中,易错误折叠形成大量包涵体,可溶表达比率极低.这极大地限制了其发酵制备以及在PET纤维改性中的应用.为了加强突变体D204C/E253...     

扩展青霉脂肪酶K56R叠加突变对热稳定性的影响

目的:扩展青霉脂肪酶随机突变体ep8是一株热稳定性比野生型有所提高的突变体.获得热稳定性提高的优良菌株.方法:在ep8的基础上利用重叠延伸PCR构建叠加突变重组质粒pPIC3.5K-ep8一K56R,将该质粒电转毕赤酵母(Pichia paaoris)GS115进行异源表达.结果:该叠加突变脂肪酶在毕赤酵母中获得了活性表达.15%SDS-PACE结果分析表明突变脂肪酶PEL-ep8-K56R-GS分子量与野生型PEL-GS一致,约为28kDa.叠加突变脂肪酶在37℃时酶活为852U/mL、野生型为760u/mL、随机突变体为824u/mL,叠加突变体酶活相比野生型提高了21.1%,相比随机突变体提高了3.4%.热稳定性分析数据表明叠加突变脂肪酶Tm值为40.1℃、野生型为38.7℃、随机突变体为39.9℃,Tm值相比野生型提高了1.4℃,相比随机突变体提高了0.2℃.     

P197E与ep8叠加突变对扩展青霉脂肪酶热稳定性的影响

为提高脂肪酶的热稳定性,作者利用重叠延伸PCR对扩展青霉脂肪酶(PEL)基因进行了体外定点突变,构建了P197E(即将第197位的脯氨酸突变为谷氨酸)与随机突变体ep8叠加突变的重组质粒pPIC3.5K-ep8-P197E。将该质粒电转化至毕赤酵母Pichiapastoris GS115中,进行异源表达。与野生型酶和单点突变酶PEL-ep8的酶学性质比较,结果表明:叠加突变体PEL-ep8-P197E在40°C温育处理30min后,残余酶活分别比野生型PEL和随机突变体PEL-ep8提高了42.13%和37.3%。叠加突变体PEL-ep8-P197E的Tm值为41.51°C,比野生型酶PEL提高了2.81°C,比随机突变体脂肪酶PEL-ep8提高了2.25°C。通过对脂肪酶PEL的叠加突变,提高了该酶的热稳定性,并为结构与功能的进一步研究提供了材料。     

改进重叠延伸PCR技术构建定点双突变

目的:目的DNA片段中快速构建位点不同的定点双突变体。方法: 借鉴DNA shuffling技术中DNA小片段延伸扩增获得全长DNA片段的工作原理,与常规基因定点突变技术相结合,改进重叠延伸PCR技术构建定点双突变。结果:对嗜酸热脂肪杆菌(Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius)Tc-12-31的甘露聚糖酶基因AamanA中两个可能的活性位点E151和E231进行双点突变,先后经过无引物和有引物两步PCR,扩增获得全长DNA,测序结果表明得到预期的定点双突变体;酶活性检测和薄层层析结果表明双点突变体丧失了酶的活性。结论: 改良的重叠PCR技术,能经济、简便、高效地获得双点定点突变体,在酶的催化机理的阐述、蛋白质结构改造等分子生物学领域中具有较高的应用价值。     

重组链激酶及其三种突变体的活性研究

利用PCR技术从Streptococucspyogenes的基因组DNA中扩增了链激酶的编码基因ska,并进行了序列分析 ,利用基因删除及定点位变技术获得了删除了C-末端 42个氨基酸残基编码区的突变链激酶基因skaΔC42 ,第 5 9位Lys残基突变为Glu的突变链激酶基因skaK5 9E以及删除C-末端 42个氨基酸且第 5 9位Lys残基突变为Glu的突变链激酶基因skaΔC42K5 9E ,将ska及其三种突变体分别克隆到表达载体pET 1 5b上 ,构建分别表达野生型链激酶 (SK)、C-末端缺失 42个氨基酸残基的突变体 (SKΔC42 )、第 5 9位Lys残基突变为Glu的突变体 (SKK5 9E)及C-末端缺失 42个氨基酸且第 5 9位Lys残基突变为Glu突变体 (SKΔC42K5 9E)的表达载体pSK ,pSKΔC42 ,pSK K5 9E ,pSKΔC42K5 9E ,分别转化E .coliBL2 1 (DE3) ,IPTG诱导后在大肠杆菌中实现了高效表达 ,经亲和层析、离子交换层析及分子筛层析 ,获得了rSK、rSKΔC42、rSKK5 9E及rSKΔC42K5 9E ,活性分析表明rSK与其三种突变体具有相同的比活性。     

易错PCR法提高土芽孢杆菌ZH1羧酸酯酶的热稳定性

摘要:【目的】对土芽孢杆菌(Geobacillus sp.) ZH1的羧酸酯酶基因进行定向进化,筛选得到酶热稳定性提高的突变酶。【方法】利用易错PCR技术向羧酸酯酶基因中随机引入突变,建立酶基因突变文库,筛选获得热稳定性提高的突变体,并对突变酶进行诱导表达、纯化及部分酶学性质研究。【结果】通过筛选,获得羧酸酯酶热稳定性提高的突变菌株65。序列分析表明,突变酯酶65有2个氨基酸发生了改变,包括T113S和M160K。突变酶的三维结构模拟显示,突变T113S位于酶分子的第5个β-折叠上;突变M160K处在酶分子第5个和第6个α-螺旋之间的环结构上,位于酶分子表面,突变后的Lys160与邻近的Thr162形成一个额外氢键。在90 ℃下,突变酶65和亲本酶的半衰期分别为3.1 h 和1.9 h,表明筛选到的突变酶65比亲本酶的热稳定性好。【结论】基于易错PCR技术对Geobacillus sp．ZH1羧酸酯酶的热稳定性进行了定向进化,对改善酶的性质、扩大酯酶的应用范围,以及研究酯酶的结构与功能的关系具有重要意义。     

应用拉氏图信息提高短乳杆菌谷氨酸脱羧酶催化性能

谷氨酸脱羧酶(Glutamate decarboxylase,GAD)是用于催化L-谷氨酸脱羧合成γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyrate,GABA)的唯一酶,提高GAD的催化活力或热稳定性,有利于GABA的高效制备和生产。以热稳定性和活性为筛选目标,通过研究短乳杆菌GAD1407三维模拟结构的拉氏图,确定不稳定氨基酸残基位点K413,采用定点突变的方法构建该位点的突变体,并测定野生型酶和突变酶的热稳定性和活力。结果表明突变酶K413A和突变酶K413I分别在热稳定性和酶活力上获得了提高,突变酶K413A在50℃的半衰期为105 min,是野生酶的2.1倍;突变酶K413I热稳定性没有明显的提高,但其酶活力却得到了有效提高,约为野生型的1.6倍。因此,通过拉氏图提供的结构信息可为利用理性设计提高GAD活性和热稳定性提供指导。     

理性设计盐桥构建伯克霍尔德菌脂肪酶热稳定突变体

【目的】借助蛋白质工程技术提高伯克霍尔德菌ZYB002脂肪酶LipA的热稳定性,以期更好地将其应用于工业生产中。【方法】利用YASARA、Fold X、Rosetta、Gromacs等生物信息学软件,构建1个脂肪酶Lip A的热稳定性提高的微型突变体电子文库;通过对突变体的结构信息和自由能变化进行评估,筛选出潜在的有价值的突变体。继而利用基因定点突变技术,构建上述候选突变体的突变基因文库,通过实验筛选出热稳定性提高的脂肪酶LipA突变体。【结果】利用上述方法,从构建的20个脂肪酶LipA突变体中,筛选到热稳定性有显著提高的3个突变体LipA-Asn~(125)Asp、LipA-Asn~(125)Glu和LipA-Gln~(262)Glu。经55°C处理12 min后,上述3个突变体的T1250值较野生型分别提高4.0°C、5.5°C和4.4°C;在55°C下的半衰期较野生型分别提高了2.2倍、3.8倍和2.6倍。【结论】利用生物信息学软件,构建脂肪酶LipA突变体电子文库,结合蛋白质的结构信息,可以快速筛选到热稳定性提高的脂肪酶LipA突变体。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.