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1.
F1-ATPase is the water-soluble part of ATP synthase and is an ATP-driven rotary molecular motor that rotates the rotary shaft against the surrounding stator ring, hydrolyzing ATP. Although the mechanochemical coupling mechanism of F1-ATPase has been well studied, the molecular details of individual reaction steps remain unclear. In this study, we conducted a single-molecule rotation assay of F1 from thermophilic bacteria under various pressures from 0.1 to 140 MPa. Even at 140 MPa, F1 actively rotated with regular 120° steps in a counterclockwise direction, showing high conformational stability and retention of native properties. Rotational torque was also not affected. However, high hydrostatic pressure induced a distinct intervening pause at the ATP-binding angles during continuous rotation. The pause was observed under both ATP-limiting and ATP-saturating conditions, suggesting that F1 has two pressure-sensitive reactions, one of which is evidently ATP binding. The rotation assay using a mutant F1(βE190D) suggested that the other pressure-sensitive reaction occurs at the same angle at which ATP binding occurs. The activation volumes were determined from the pressure dependence of the rate constants to be +100 Å3 and +88 Å3 for ATP binding and the other pressure-sensitive reaction, respectively. These results are discussed in relation to recent single-molecule studies of F1 and pressure-induced protein unfolding. 相似文献
2.
Naciye Esma Tirtom Daichi Okuno Masahiro Nakano Ken Yokoyama Hiroyuki Noji 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2013,288(1):619-623
V1-ATPase is a rotary motor protein that rotates the central shaft in a counterclockwise direction hydrolyzing ATP. Although the ATP-binding process is suggested to be the most critical reaction step for torque generation in F1-ATPase (the closest relative of V1-ATPase evolutionarily), the role of ATP binding for V1-ATPase in torque generation has remained unclear. In the present study, we performed single-molecule manipulation experiments on V1-ATPase from Thermus thermophilus to investigate how the ATP-binding process is modulated upon rotation of the rotary shaft. When V1-ATPase showed an ATP-waiting pause, it was stalled at a target angle and then released. Based on the response of the V1-ATPase released, the ATP-binding probability was determined at individual stall angles. It was observed that the rate constant of ATP binding (kon) was exponentially accelerated with forward rotation, whereas the rate constant of ATP release (koff) was exponentially reduced. The angle dependence of the koff of V1-ATPase was significantly smaller than that of F1-ATPase, suggesting that the ATP-binding process is not the major torque-generating step in V1-ATPase. When V1-ATPase was stalled at the mean binding angle to restrict rotary Brownian motion, kon was evidently slower than that determined from free rotation, showing the reaction rate enhancement by conformational fluctuation. It was also suggested that shaft of V1-ATPase should be rotated at least 277° in a clockwise direction for efficient release of ATP under ATP-synthesis conditions. 相似文献
3.
Yoshihiro Minagawa Hiroshi Ueno Mayu Hara Yoshiko Ishizuka-Katsura Noboru Ohsawa Takaho Terada Mikako Shirouzu Shigeyuki Yokoyama Ichiro Yamato Eiro Muneyuki Hiroyuki Noji Takeshi Murata Ryota Iino 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2013,288(45):32700-32707
V-ATPases are rotary molecular motors that generally function as proton pumps. We recently solved the crystal structures of the V1 moiety of Enterococcus hirae V-ATPase (EhV1) and proposed a model for its rotation mechanism. Here, we characterized the rotary dynamics of EhV1 using single-molecule analysis employing a load-free probe. EhV1 rotated in a counterclockwise direction, exhibiting two distinct rotational states, namely clear and unclear, suggesting unstable interactions between the rotor and stator. The clear state was analyzed in detail to obtain kinetic parameters. The rotation rates obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a maximal rotation rate (Vmax) of 107 revolutions/s and a Michaelis constant (Km) of 154 μm at 26 °C. At all ATP concentrations tested, EhV1 showed only three pauses separated by 120°/turn, and no substeps were resolved, as was the case with Thermus thermophilus V1-ATPase (TtV1). At 10 μm ATP (⪡Km), the distribution of the durations of the ATP-waiting pause fit well with a single-exponential decay function. The second-order binding rate constant for ATP was 2.3 × 106
m−1 s−1. At 40 mm ATP (⪢Km), the distribution of the durations of the catalytic pause was reproduced by a consecutive reaction with two time constants of 2.6 and 0.5 ms. These kinetic parameters were similar to those of TtV1. Our results identify the common properties of rotary catalysis of V1-ATPases that are distinct from those of F1-ATPases and will further our understanding of the general mechanisms of rotary molecular motors. 相似文献
4.
Hidenobu?C. Arai Ayako Yukawa Ryu?John Iwatate Mako Kamiya Rikiya Watanabe Yasuteru Urano Hiroyuki Noji 《Biophysical journal》2014,107(1):156-164
Molecular machines fueled by NTP play pivotal roles in a wide range of cellular activities. One common feature among NTP-driven molecular machines is that NTP binding is a major force-generating step among the elementary reaction steps comprising NTP hydrolysis. To understand the mechanism in detail,in this study, we conducted a single-molecule rotation assay of the ATP-driven rotary motor protein F1-ATPase using uridine triphosphate (UTP) and a base-free nucleotide (ribose triphosphate) to investigate the impact of a pyrimidine base or base depletion on kinetics and force generation. Although the binding rates of UTP and ribose triphosphate were 103 and 106 times, respectively, slower than that of ATP, they supported rotation, generating torque comparable to that generated by ATP. Affinity change of F1 to UTP coupled with rotation was determined, and the results again were comparable to those for ATP, suggesting that F1 exerts torque upon the affinity change to UTP via rotation similar to ATP-driven rotation. Thus, the adenine-ring significantly enhances the binding rate, although it is not directly involved in force generation. Taking into account the findings from another study on F1 with mutated phosphate-binding residues, it was proposed that progressive bond formation between the phosphate region and catalytic residues is responsible for the rotation-coupled change in affinity. 相似文献
5.
Sawako Enoki Rikiya Watanabe Ryota Iino Hiroyuki Noji 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2009,284(34):23169-23176
F1-ATPase is a rotary molecular motor in which the γ-subunit rotates against the α3β3 cylinder. The unitary γ-rotation is a 120° step comprising 80 and 40° substeps, each of these initiated by ATP binding and ADP release and by ATP hydrolysis and inorganic phosphate release, respectively. In our previous study on γ-rotation at low temperatures, a highly temperature-sensitive (TS) reaction step of F1-ATPase from thermophilic Bacillus PS3 was found below 9 °C as an intervening pause before the 80° substep at the same angle for ATP binding and ADP release. However, it remains unclear as to which reaction step the TS reaction corresponds. In this study, we found that the mutant F1(βE190D) from thermophilic Bacillus PS3 showed a clear pause of the TS reaction below 18 °C. In an attempt to identify the catalytic state of the TS reaction, the rotation of the hybrid F1, carrying a single copy of βE190D, was observed at 18 °C. The hybrid F1 showed a pause of the TS reaction at the same angle as for the ATP binding of the incorporated βE190D, although kinetic analysis revealed that the TS reaction is not the ATP binding step. These findings suggest that the TS reaction is a structural rearrangement of β before or after ATP binding.F1-ATPase (F1)2 is an ATP-driven rotary motor protein. The subunit composition of the bacterial F1-ATPase is α3β3γδϵ, and the minimum complex of F1-ATPase as a rotary motor is α3β3γ subcomplex. This motor protein forms the FoF1-ATP synthase complex by binding to another rotary motor, namely, Fo, which is driven by the proton flux resulting from the proton motive force across the membranes (1–4). Under physiological conditions, where the proton motive force is sufficiently large, Fo forcibly rotates F1-ATPase in the reverse direction of F1-ATPase, leading the reverse reaction of ATP hydrolysis, i.e. ATP synthesis from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi). When the proton motive force diminishes or F1 is isolated from Fo, F1-ATPase hydrolyzes ATP to rotate the γ-subunit against the α3β3 stator ring in the counterclockwise direction as viewed from the Fo side (5). The catalytic sites are located at the interface of the α- and β-subunits, predominantly on the β-subunit (6). Each β-subunit carries out a single turnover of ATP hydrolysis during the γ-rotation of 360° following the common catalytic reaction pathway, whereas they are 120° different in the catalytic phase. In this manner, the three β-subunits undergo different reaction steps of ATP hydrolysis upon each rotational step. The rotary motion of the γ-subunit has been demonstrated by biochemical (7) and spectroscopic methods (8) and directly proved in single-molecule observation studies (5).Since the establishment of the single-molecule rotation assay, the chemomechanical coupling scheme of F1 has been studied extensively by resolving the rotation into discrete steps. The stepping rotation was first observed under an ATP-limiting condition where F1 makes discrete 120° steps upon ATP binding (9). Then, high speed imaging of the rotation with a small probe of low friction was performed, which revealed that the 120° step comprises 80 and 40° substeps, each initiated by ATP binding, and two unknown consecutive reactions, respectively (10). This finding necessitated the identification of the two reactions that trigger the 40° substep. Hence, the rotation assay was performed using a mutant, namely F1(βE190D), and a slowly hydrolyzed ATP analog, namely ATPγS (11). Glutamate 190 of the β-subunit of F1, derived from thermophilic Bacillus PS3 and the corresponding glutamates from other F1-ATPases (Glu-181 of F1 from Escherichia coli and Glu-188 of F1 from bovine mitochondria), has been identified as one of the most critical catalytic residues for ATP hydrolysis (6, 12–15). When this glutamate was substituted with aspartic acid, which has a shorter side chain than that of glutamate, the ATP cleavage step of F1 was drastically slowed. In the rotation assay, this mutant showed a distinct long pause before the 40° substep. ATPγS also caused a long pause before the 40° substep. These observations established that the 40° substep is initiated by hydrolysis. Accordingly, the pause angles before the 80 and 40° substeps are referred to as to the binding angle and the catalytic angle, respectively. Then, the rotation assay was performed in the presence of a high amount of Pi in the solution. It was shown that Pi rebinding caused the long pause at the catalytic angle, suggesting that Pi is released before the 40° substep (16).However, the reaction scheme of F1 cannot be established by simply assigning each reaction step to either the binding angle or the catalytic angle, because each reaction step must be assigned to one of the three binding or catalytic angles when considering the 360° cyclic reaction scheme of each β-subunit. Direct information about the timing of ADP release was obtained by simultaneous imaging of fluorescently labeled nucleotides and γ rotation, which showed that each β retains ADP until the γ rotates 240° after binding of the nucleotide as ATP and releases ADP between 240 and 320° (16, 17). Another powerful approach is the use of a hybrid F1 carrying a mutant β that causes a characteristic pause during the rotation. In a previous study, the hybrid F1 carrying a single copy of β(E190D), α3β2β(E190D)γ, showed a distinct pause caused by the slow hydrolysis of β(E190D) at +200° from the ATP binding angle of the mutant β (18). From this observation, it was confirmed that each β executes the chemical cleavage of the bound ATP at +200° from the angle where the ATP binds to β. The asymmetric feature of the pause of the hybrid F1 was also utilized in other experiments as a marker in the rotational trajectory to correlate the rotational angle and the conformational state of β (19) or to determine the state of F1 in the crystal structures as the pausing state at catalytic angle (20).Recently, we have found a new reaction intermediate of F1 rotation as a clear intervening pause before the 80° substep in the rotation assay below 9 °C (21). Furuike et al. (22) also observed the TS reaction in a high speed imaging experiment. The rate constant of this reaction was remarkably sensitive to temperature, giving a Q10 factor around 19. When ADP was added to solution, the pause before the 80° substep was prolonged, whereas the solution Pi caused a longer pause before the 40° substep (21). Although this result can be explained by assuming that the temperature-sensitive (TS) reaction is ADP release, it was not decisive for the identification of the TS reaction.In this study, we found that the mutant F1(βE190D) also exhibits the distinct pause of the TS reaction but at a higher temperature than for the wild-type F1, i.e. at 18 °C. This feature was advantageous in identifying the angle position of the TS reaction in the catalytic cycle for each β-subunit coupled with the 360° rotation. Taking advantage of the feature of the hybrid F1, we analyzed the rotational behavior of the hybrid F1 at 18 °C in order to assign the angle position of the TS reaction in the catalytic cycle of the 360° rotation, and we have shown that the TS reaction is not directly involved in the ADP release but in some conformational rearrangement before or after ATP binding step. 相似文献
6.
One rotary mechanism for F1-ATPase over ATP concentrations from millimolar down to nanomolar 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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Sakaki N Shimo-Kon R Adachi K Itoh H Furuike S Muneyuki E Yoshida M Kinosita K 《Biophysical journal》2005,88(3):2047-2056
F1-ATPase is a rotary molecular motor in which the central γ-subunit rotates inside a cylinder made of α3β3-subunits. The rotation is driven by ATP hydrolysis in three catalytic sites on the β-subunits. How many of the three catalytic sites are filled with a nucleotide during the course of rotation is an important yet unsettled question. Here we inquire whether F1 rotates at extremely low ATP concentrations where the site occupancy is expected to be low. We observed under an optical microscope rotation of individual F1 molecules that carried a bead duplex on the γ-subunit. Time-averaged rotation rate was proportional to the ATP concentration down to 200 pM, giving an apparent rate constant for ATP binding of 2 × 107 M−1s−1. A similar rate constant characterized bulk ATP hydrolysis in solution, which obeyed a simple Michaelis-Menten scheme between 6 mM and 60 nM ATP. F1 produced the same torque of ~40 pN·nm at 2 mM, 60 nM, and 2 nM ATP. These results point to one rotary mechanism governing the entire range of nanomolar to millimolar ATP, although a switchover between two mechanisms cannot be dismissed. Below 1 nM ATP, we observed less regular rotations, indicative of the appearance of another reaction scheme. 相似文献
7.
Furuike S Adachi K Sakaki N Shimo-Kon R Itoh H Muneyuki E Yoshida M Kinosita K 《Biophysical journal》2008,95(2):761-770
F1-ATPase, a water-soluble portion of the enzyme ATP synthase, is a rotary molecular motor driven by ATP hydrolysis. To learn how the kinetics of rotation are regulated, we have investigated the rotational characteristics of a thermophilic F1-ATPase over the temperature range 4-50°C by attaching a polystyrene bead (or bead duplex) to the rotor subunit and observing its rotation under a microscope. The apparent rate of ATP binding estimated at low ATP concentrations increased from 1.2 × 106 M−1 s−1 at 4°C to 4.3 × 107 M−1 s−1 at 40°C, whereas the torque estimated at 2 mM ATP remained around 40 pN·nm over 4-50°C. The rotation was stepwise at 4°C, even at the saturating ATP concentration of 2 mM, indicating the presence of a hitherto unresolved rate-limiting reaction that occurs at ATP-waiting angles. We also measured the ATP hydrolysis activity in bulk solution at 4-65°C. F1-ATPase tends to be inactivated by binding ADP tightly. Both the inactivation and reactivation rates were found to rise sharply with temperature, and above 30°C, equilibrium between the active and inactive forms was reached within 2 s, the majority being inactive. Rapid inactivation at high temperatures is consistent with the physiological role of this enzyme, ATP synthesis, in the thermophile. 相似文献
8.
Rikiya Watanabe Yoshihiro Minagawa Hiroyuki Noji 《Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society》2014,23(12):1773-1779
F1-ATPase (F1) is a rotary motor protein fueled by ATP hydrolysis. Although the mechanism for coupling rotation and catalysis has been well studied, the molecular details of individual reaction steps remain elusive. In this study, we performed high-speed imaging of F1 rotation at various temperatures using the total internal reflection dark-field (TIRDF) illumination system, which allows resolution of the F1 catalytic reaction into elementary reaction steps with a high temporal resolution of 72 µs. At a high concentration of ATP, F1 rotation comprised distinct 80° and 40° substeps. The 80° substep, which exhibited significant temperature dependence, is triggered by the temperature-sensitive reaction, whereas the 40° substep is triggered by ATP hydrolysis and the release of inorganic phosphate (Pi). Then, we conducted Arrhenius analysis of the reaction rates to obtain the thermodynamic parameters for individual reaction steps, that is, ATP binding, ATP hydrolysis, Pi release, and TS reaction. Although all reaction steps exhibited similar activation free energy values, ΔG‡ = 53–56 kJ mol−1, the contributions of the enthalpy (ΔH‡), and entropy (ΔS‡) terms were significantly different; the reaction steps that induce tight subunit packing, for example, ATP binding and TS reaction, showed high positive values of both ΔH‡ and ΔS‡. The results may reflect modulation of the excluded volume as a function of subunit packing tightness at individual reaction steps, leading to a gain or loss in water entropy. 相似文献
9.
Yuko Iko 《FEBS letters》2009,583(19):3187-758
F1-ATPase (F1) is a reversible ATP-driven rotary motor protein. When its rotary shaft is reversely rotated, F1 produces ATP against the chemical potential of ATP hydrolysis, suggesting that F1 modulates the rate constants and equilibriums of catalytic reaction steps depending on the rotary angle of the shaft. Although the chemomechanical coupling scheme of F1 has been determined, it is unclear how individual catalytic reaction steps depend on its rotary angle. Here, we report direct evidence that the ATP-binding rate of F1 increases upon the forward rotation of the rotor, and its binding affinity to ATP is enhanced by rotation. 相似文献
10.
Hidenobu C. Arai Ayako Yukawa Ryu John Iwatate Mako Kamiya Rikiya Watanabe Yasuteru Urano Hiroyuki Noji 《Biophysical journal》2014
Molecular machines fueled by NTP play pivotal roles in a wide range of cellular activities. One common feature among NTP-driven molecular machines is that NTP binding is a major force-generating step among the elementary reaction steps comprising NTP hydrolysis. To understand the mechanism in detail,in this study, we conducted a single-molecule rotation assay of the ATP-driven rotary motor protein F1-ATPase using uridine triphosphate (UTP) and a base-free nucleotide (ribose triphosphate) to investigate the impact of a pyrimidine base or base depletion on kinetics and force generation. Although the binding rates of UTP and ribose triphosphate were 103 and 106 times, respectively, slower than that of ATP, they supported rotation, generating torque comparable to that generated by ATP. Affinity change of F1 to UTP coupled with rotation was determined, and the results again were comparable to those for ATP, suggesting that F1 exerts torque upon the affinity change to UTP via rotation similar to ATP-driven rotation. Thus, the adenine-ring significantly enhances the binding rate, although it is not directly involved in force generation. Taking into account the findings from another study on F1 with mutated phosphate-binding residues, it was proposed that progressive bond formation between the phosphate region and catalytic residues is responsible for the rotation-coupled change in affinity. 相似文献
11.
Watanabe-Nakayama T Toyabe S Kudo S Sugiyama S Yoshida M Muneyuki E 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2008,366(4):951-957
F1-ATPase is a rotary molecular motor powered by the torque generated by another rotary motor F0 to synthesize ATP in vivo. Therefore elucidation of the behavior of F1 under external torque is very important. Here, we applied controlled external torque by electrorotation and investigated the ATP-driven rotation for the first time. The rotation was accelerated by assisting torque and decelerated by hindering torque, but F1 rarely showed rotations in the ATP synthesis direction. This is consistent with the prediction by models based on the assumption that the rotation is tightly coupled to ATP hydrolysis and synthesis. At low ATP concentrations (2 and 5 μM), 120° stepwise rotation was observed. Due to the temperature rise during experiment, quantitative interpretation of the data is difficult, but we found that the apparent rate constant of ATP binding clearly decreased by hindering torque and increased by assisting torque. 相似文献
12.
Yohsuke Kikuchi Yusuke Naka Hidemitsu Osakabe Tetsuaki Okamoto Tomoko Masaike Hiroshi Ueno Shoichi Toyabe Eiro Muneyuki 《Biophysical journal》2013,105(11):2541-2548
Rotation of the γ subunit of the F1-ATPase plays an essential role in energy transduction by F1-ATPase. Hydrolysis of an ATP molecule induces a 120° step rotation that consists of an 80° substep and 40° substep. ATP binding together with ADP release causes the first 80° step rotation. Thus, nucleotide binding is very important for rotation and energy transduction by F1-ATPase. In this study, we introduced a βY341W mutation as an optical probe for nucleotide binding to catalytic sites, and a βE190Q mutation that suppresses the hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphate (NTP). Using a mutant monomeric βY341W subunit and a mutant α3β3γ subcomplex containing the βY341W mutation with or without an additional βE190Q mutation, we examined the binding of various NTPs (i.e., ATP, GTP, and ITP) and nucleoside diphosphates (NDPs, i.e., ADP, GDP, and IDP). The affinity (1/Kd) of the nucleotides for the isolated β subunit and third catalytic site in the subcomplex was in the order ATP/ADP > GTP/GDP > ITP/IDP. We performed van’t Hoff analyses to obtain the thermodynamic parameters of nucleotide binding. For the isolated β subunit, NDPs and NTPs with the same base moiety exhibited similar ΔH0 and ΔG0 values at 25°C. The binding of nucleotides with different bases to the isolated β subunit resulted in different entropy changes. Interestingly, NDP binding to the α3β(Y341W)3γ subcomplex had similar Kd and ΔG0 values as binding to the isolated β(Y341W) subunit, but the contributions of the enthalpy term and the entropy term were very different. We discuss these results in terms of the change in the tightness of the subunit packing, which reduces the excluded volume between subunits and increases water entropy. 相似文献
13.
Rikiya Watanabe Yuki Matsukage Ayako Yukawa Kazuhito V. Tabata Hiroyuki Noji 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2014,289(28):19331-19340
F1-ATPase (F1) is the rotary motor protein fueled by ATP hydrolysis. Previous studies have suggested that three charged residues are indispensable for catalysis of F1 as follows: the P-loop lysine in the phosphate-binding loop, GXXXXGK(T/S); a glutamic acid that activates water molecules for nucleophilic attack on the γ-phosphate of ATP (general base); and an arginine directly contacting the γ-phosphate (arginine finger). These residues are well conserved among P-loop NTPases. In this study, we investigated the role of these charged residues in catalysis and torque generation by analyzing alanine-substituted mutants in the single-molecule rotation assay. Surprisingly, all mutants continuously drove rotary motion, even though the rotational velocity was at least 100,000 times slower than that of wild type. Thus, although these charged residues contribute to highly efficient catalysis, they are not indispensable to chemo-mechanical energy coupling, and the rotary catalysis mechanism of F1 is far more robust than previously thought. 相似文献
14.
F1-ATPase is an ATP-driven motor in which γε rotates in the α3β3-cylinder. It is attenuated by MgADP inhibition and by the ε subunit in an inhibitory form. The non-inhibitory form of ε subunit of thermophilic Bacillus PS3 F1-ATPase is stabilized by ATP-binding with micromolar Kd at 25 °C. Here, we show that at [ATP] > 2 μM, ε does not affect rotation of PS3 F1-ATPase but, at 200 nM ATP, ε prolongs the pause of rotation caused by MgADP inhibition while the frequency of the pause is unchanged. It appears that ε undergoes reversible transition to the inhibitory form at [ATP] below Kd. 相似文献
15.
Naman B. Shah Marcus L. Hutcheon Brian K. Haarer Thomas M. Duncan 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2013,288(13):9383-9395
F1-ATPase is the catalytic complex of rotary nanomotor ATP synthases. Bacterial ATP synthases can be autoinhibited by the C-terminal domain of subunit ϵ, which partially inserts into the enzyme''s central rotor cavity to block functional subunit rotation. Using a kinetic, optical assay of F1·ϵ binding and dissociation, we show that formation of the extended, inhibitory conformation of ϵ (ϵX) initiates after ATP hydrolysis at the catalytic dwell step. Prehydrolysis conditions prevent formation of the ϵX state, and post-hydrolysis conditions stabilize it. We also show that ϵ inhibition and ADP inhibition are distinct, competing processes that can follow the catalytic dwell. We show that the N-terminal domain of ϵ is responsible for initial binding to F1 and provides most of the binding energy. Without the C-terminal domain, partial inhibition by the ϵ N-terminal domain is due to enhanced ADP inhibition. The rapid effects of catalytic site ligands on conformational changes of F1-bound ϵ suggest dynamic conformational and rotational mobility in F1 that is paused near the catalytic dwell position. 相似文献
16.
《Biophysical journal》2023,122(3):554-564
F1-ATPase is the world’s smallest biological rotary motor driven by ATP hydrolysis at three catalytic β subunits. The 120° rotational step of the central shaft γ consists of 80° substep driven by ATP binding and a subsequent 40° substep. In order to correlate timing of ATP cleavage at a specific catalytic site with a rotary angle, we designed a new F1-ATPase (F1) from thermophilic Bacillus PS3 carrying β(E190D/F414E/F420E) mutations, which cause extremely slow rates of both ATP cleavage and ATP binding. We produced an F1 molecule that consists of one mutant β and two wild-type βs (hybrid F1). As a result, the new hybrid F1 showed two pausing angles that are separated by 200°. They are attributable to two slowed reaction steps in the mutated β, thus providing the direct evidence that ATP cleavage occurs at 200° rather than 80° subsequent to ATP binding at 0°. This scenario resolves the long-standing unclarified issue in the chemomechanical coupling scheme and gives insights into the mechanism of driving unidirectional rotation. 相似文献
17.
Rikiya Watanabe Kazuma Koyasu Huijuan You Mizue Tanigawara Hiroyuki Noji 《Biophysical journal》2015,108(5):1144-1152
F1-ATPase (F1) is an ATP-driven rotary motor in which the three catalytic β subunits in the stator ring sequentially induce the unidirectional rotation of the rotary γ subunit. Many lines of evidence have revealed open-to-closed conformational transitions in the β subunit that swing the C-terminal domain inward. This conformational transition causes a C-terminal protruding loop with conserved sequence DELSEED to push the γ subunit. Previous work, where all residues of DELSEED were substituted with glycine to disrupt the specific interaction with γ and introduce conformational flexibility, showed that F1 still rotated, but that the torque was halved, indicating a remarkable impact on torque transmission. In this study, we conducted a stall-and-release experiment on F1 with a glycine-substituted DELSEED loop to investigate the impact of the glycine substitution on torque transmission upon ATP binding and ATP hydrolysis. The mutant F1 showed a significantly reduced angle-dependent change in ATP affinity, whereas there was no change in the equilibrium for ATP hydrolysis. These findings indicate that the DELSEED loop is predominantly responsible for torque transmission upon ATP binding but not for that upon ATP hydrolysis. 相似文献
18.
Ei-Ichiro Sunamura Takashi Kamei Hiroki Konno Nobuyuki Tamaoki Toru Hisabori 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2014
Motor enzymes such as F1-ATPase and kinesin utilize energy from ATP for their motion. Molecular motions of these enzymes are critical to their catalytic mechanisms and were analyzed thoroughly using a single molecule observation technique. As a tool to analyze and control the ATP-driven motor enzyme motion, we recently synthesized a photoresponsive ATP analog with a p-tert-butylazobenzene tethered to the 2′ position of the ribose ring. Using cis/trans isomerization of the azobenzene moiety, we achieved a successful reversible photochromic control over a kinesin-microtubule system in an in vitro motility assay. Here we succeeded to control the hydrolytic activity and rotation of the rotary motor enzyme, F1-ATPase, using this photosensitive ATP analog. Subsequent single molecule observations indicated a unique pause occurring at the ATP binding angle position in the presence of cis form of the analog. 相似文献
19.
F1-ATPase catalyzes ATP hydrolysis to drive the central γ-shaft rotating inside a hexameric cylinder composed of alternating α and β subunits. Experiments showed that the rotation of γ-shaft proceeds in steps of 120° and each 120°-rotation is composed of an 80° substep and a 40° substep. Here, based on the previously proposed models, an improved physical model for chemomechanical coupling of F1-ATPase is presented, with which the two-substep rotation is well explained. One substep is driven by the power stroke upon ATP binding, while the other one resulted from the passage of γ-shaft from previous to next adjacent β subunits via free diffusion. Using the model, the dynamics and kinetics of F1-ATPase, such as the rotating time of each substep, the dwell time at each pause and the rotation rate, are analytically studied. The theoretical results obtained with only three adjustable parameters reproduce the available experimental data well. 相似文献
20.
Isolation and Antigenic Characterization of Corn Mitochondrial F(1)-ATPase 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
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Corn mitochondrial F1-ATPase was purified from submitochondrial particles by chloroform extraction. Enzyme stored in ammonium sulfate at 4°C was substantially activated by ATP, while enzyme stored at −70°C in 25% glycerol was not. Enzyme in glycerol remained fully active (8-9 micromoles Pi released per minute per milligram), while the ammonium sulfate preparations steadily lost activity over a 2-month storage period. The enzyme was cold labile, and inactived by 4 minutes at 60°C. Treatment with octylglucoside resulted in complete loss of activity, while vanadate had no effect on activity. The apparent subunit molecular weights of corn mitochondrial F1-ATPase were determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be 58,000 (α), 55,000 (β), 35,000 (γ), 22,000 (δ), and 12,000 (ε). Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies used in competitive binding assays demonstrated that corn mitochondrial F1-ATPase was antigenically distinct from the chloroplastic CF1-ATPases of corn and spinach. Monoclonal antibodies against antigenic sites on spinach CF1-ATPase β and γ subunits were used to demonstrate that those sites were either changed substantially or totally absent from the mitochondrial F1-ATPase. 相似文献