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1.
The interactions of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) with chromium nitrate, potassium dichromate, and chromate were investigated using fluorescence, UV–vis absorption and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy under simulated physiological conditions. The experimental results showed that the different forms of chromium could quench the intrinsic fluorescence of KLH following a static quenching mechanism rather than by dynamic collision, which indicated that a Cr–KLH complex was formed. The Stern–Volmer quenching constants for the interaction indicated that the binding reaction of KLH with Cr(VI) was stronger the binding of KLH with Cr(III). The thermodynamic values for binding of Cr(VI) to KLH are ΔH > 0 and ΔS > 0. By contrast, the values for the interaction of Cr(III) with KLH are ΔH < 0 and ΔS < 0. The results of synchronous fluorescence, UV–vis absorption and CD spectroscopy showed that the α‐helical secondary structure and conformation of KLH were altered by different forms of chromium. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
2.
Hydroquinone is a benzene-derived metabolite. To clarify whether the reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in hydroquinone-induced cytotoxicity, we constructed transformants of Escherichia coli ( E. coli) strains that express mammalian catalase gene derived from catalase mutant mice (Cs b, Cs c) and the wild-type (Cs a) using a catalase-deficient E. coli UM255 as a recipient. Specific catalase activities of these tester strains were in order of Cs a > Cs c > Cs b > UM255, and their susceptibility to hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) showed UM255 > Cs b > Cs c > Cs a. We found that hydroquinone exposure reduced the survival of catalase-deficient E. coli mutants in a dose-dependent manner significantly, especially in the strains with lower catalase activities. Hydroquinone toxicity was also confirmed using zone of inhibition test, in which UM255 was the most susceptible, showing the largest zone of growth inhibition, followed by Cs b, Cs c and Cs a. Furthermore, we found that hydroquinone-induced cell damage was inhibited by the pretreatment of catalase, ascorbic acid, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and augmented by superoxide dismutase (both CuZnSOD and MnSOD). The present results suggest that H 2O 2 is probably involved in hydroquinone-induced cytotoxicity in catalase-deficient E. coli mutants and catalase plays an important role in protection of the cells against hydroquinone toxicity. 相似文献
3.
Although it is understood that hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) promotes cellular proliferation, little is known about its role in endothelial cell cycle progression. To assess the regulatory role of endogenously produced H 2O 2 in cell cycle progression, we studied the cell cycle progression in mouse aortic endothelial cells (MAECs) obtained from mice overexpressing a human catalase transgene ( hCatTg), which destroys H 2O 2. The hCatTg MAECs displayed a prolonged doubling time compared to wild-type controls (44.0 ± 4.7 h versus 28.6 ± 0.8 h, p < 0.05), consistent with a diminished growth rate and H 2O 2 release. Incubation with aminotriazole, a catalase inhibitor, prevented the observed diminished growth rate in hCatTg MAECs. Inhibition of catalase activity with aminotriazole abrogated catalase overexpression-induced antiproliferative action. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that the prolonged doubling time was principally due to an extended G 0/G 1 phase in hCatTg MAECs compared to the wild-type cells (25.0 ± 0.9 h versus 15.9 ± 1.4 h, p < 0.05). The hCatTg MAECs also exhibited decreased activities of the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) complexes responsible for G 0/G 1- to S-phase transition in the cell cycle, including the cyclin D–Cdk4 and cyclin E–Cdk2 complexes. Moreover, the reduction in cyclin–Cdk activities in hCatTg MAECs was accompanied by increased protein levels of two Cdk inhibitors, p21 and p27, which inhibit the Cdk activity required for the G 0/G 1- to S-phase transition. Knockdown of p21 and/or p27 attenuated the antiproliferative effect of catalase overexpression in MAECs. These results, together with the fact that catalase is an H 2O 2 scavenger, suggest that endogenously produced H 2O 2 mediates MAEC proliferation by fostering the transition from G 0/G 1 to S phase. 相似文献
4.
To evaluate the biological preference of [Yb(phen) 2(OH 2)Cl 3](H 2O) 2 (phen is 1,10-phenanthroline) for DNA, interaction of Yb(III) complex with DNA in Tris–HCl buffer is studied by various biophysical and spectroscopic techniques which reveal that the complex binds to DNA. The results of fluorescence titration reveal that [Yb(phen) 2(OH 2)Cl 3](H 2O) 2 has strongly quenched in the presence of DNA. The binding site number n, apparent binding constant K b, and the Stern–Volmer quenching constant K SV are determined. Δ H 0, Δ S 0, and Δ G 0 are obtained based on the quenching constants and thermodynamic theory (Δ H 0?>?0, Δ S 0?>?0, and Δ G 0?<?0). The experimental results show that the Yb(III) complex binds to DNA by non-intercalative mode. Groove binding is the preferred mode of interaction for [Yb(phen) 2(OH 2)Cl 3](H 2O) 2 to DNA. The DNA cleavage results show that in the absence of any reducing agent, Yb(III) complex can cleave DNA. The antimicrobial screening tests are also recorded and give good results in the presence of Yb(III) complex. 相似文献
5.
A simple and sensitive flow injection–chemiluminescence (FI–CL) method has been developed for the determination of puerarin, based on the fact that puerarin can greatly inhibit CL of the luminol–H 2O 2–haemoglobin system. The inhibition of CL intensity was linear to the logarithm of the concentration of puerarin in the range 0.08–10.0 μg/mL ( r2 = 0.9912). The limit of detection was 0.05 μg/mL (3 σ) and the relative standard deviation (RSD) for 1.0 μg/mL ( n = 11) of puerarin solution was 1.4%. Coupled with solid‐phase extraction (SPE) as the sample pretreatment, the determination of puerarin in biological samples and a preliminary pharmocokinetic study of puerarin in rats were performed. The recoveries for plasma and urine at three different concentrations were 89.2–110.0% and 91.4–104.8%, respectively. The pharmacokinetics of puerarin in plasma of rat coincides with the two‐compartment open model. The T 1/2α, T 1/2β, CL/F, V Z/F, AUC (0 – t), MRT (0 – ∞), T max and C max were 0.77 ± 0.21 h, 7.55 ± 2.64 h, 2.43 ± 1.02 L/kg/h, 11.40 ± 3.45 L/kg, 56.67 ± 10.65 mg/h/L, 5.04 ± 2.78 h, 1.00 ± 0.35 h and 19.70 ± 4.67 μg/mL, respectively. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
6.
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the U.S. Met, the receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), is over-expressed in colon tumors and is associated with poor prognosis. Recently, the green tea polyphenol (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) was reported to suppress Met activation in breast cancer cells. However, the possible confounding effect of hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2), produced when EGCG is added to cell culture media, was not assessed. In the present study, the human colon cancer cell lines HCT116 and HT29 were used to examine the relationships between Met activation, EGCG treatment, and H 2O 2 generation. At concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 5 μM, EGCG suppressed markedly the activation of Met in the presence of HGF. Concentrations of 10 μM EGCG and below generated low amounts of H 2O 2 (<1.5 μM), whereas higher H 2O 2 concentrations (>5 μM) were required to directly increase the phosphorylation of Met. Moreover, suppression of Met activation by EGCG occurred in the presence or absence of catalase, suggesting that such effects were not an ‘artifact’ of H 2O 2 generated from EGCG in cell culture media. We conclude that EGCG might be a beneficial therapeutic agent in the colon, inhibiting Met signaling and helping to attenuate tumor spread/metastasis, independent of H 2O 2-related mechanisms. 相似文献
7.
Ageing induces seed deterioration expressed as the loss of seed vigour and/or viability. Priming treatment, which consists in soaking of seeds in a solution of low water potential, has been shown to reinvigorate aged seeds. We investigate the importance of catalase in oxidation protection during accelerated ageing and repair during subsequent priming treatment of sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) seeds. Seeds equilibrated to 0.29 g H 2O g −1 dry matter (DM) were aged at 35 °C for different durations and then primed by incubation for 7 days at 15 °C in a solution of polyethylene glycol 8000 at −2 MPa. Accelerated ageing affected seed germination and priming treatment reversed partially the ageing effect. The inhibition of catalase by the addition of aminotriazol during priming treatment reduced seed repair indicating that catalase plays a key role in protection and repair systems during ageing. Ageing was associated with H 2O 2 accumulation as showed by biochemical quantification and CeCl 3 staining. Catalase was reduced at the level of gene expression, protein content and affinity. Interestingly, priming induced catalase synthesis by activating expression and translation of the enzyme. Immunocytolocalization of catalase showed that the enzyme co-localized with H 2O 2 in the cytosol. These results clearly indicate that priming induce the synthesis of catalase which is involved in seed recovery during priming. 相似文献
8.
The present study involves analysis of growth, photosynthesis, oxidant (H 2O 2) accumulation, and antioxidant enzyme activities in Nigella sativa L. as affected by foliar kinetin (KIN) application during salt stress. The test plants were treated with 75 or 150 mM NaCl
since germination and sprayed with either water or 10 μM KIN in 25 days after emergence. Salt stress, especially at the higher
NaCl concentration, was found to induce a substantial decrease in leaf relative water content and subsequently in leaf area
and stomatal conductance; chlorophyll content and δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) activity were also affected, resulting
in the lower net photosynthetic rate and dry matter production. Moreover, H 2O 2 content increased in the salt-treated plants, concomitant with an increase in superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities;
however, the activity of catalase declined. Meanwhile KIN was found to reduce appreciably the adverse effects of salinity,
besides favorably modulating antioxidant enzyme activities and alleviating oxidative stress in the test plants, to result
in a higher yield as compared to the untreated stressed plants. Overall, the results indicate an optimization of antioxidant
defense mechanisms and physiological processes by KIN and a significant role of exogenous phytohormones in conferring salt
tolerance. 相似文献
9.
Effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the release of putative elicitors from spores of rice blast causal fungus Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr were studied. While studying the influence of exogenous ROS, the spores were germinated for 5 h in the presence
of 50 μM H 2O 2 and then treated with catalase to decompose hydrogen peroxide. The spore germination fluid was then boiled to inactivate
catalase. When the resulting diffusate was applied onto rice ( Oryza sativa L.) leaves, it caused necroses and stimulated superoxide (O 2−) production. Both effects were observed with the resistant rice cultivar but not with the cultivar susceptible to the fungal
strain. The susceptible cultivar did not acquire resistance to challenge with fungal spores, which were applied one day after
the treatment. The fractionation of the spore diffusate showed that both low- and high-molecular compounds (mol wt < 3 kD
and >3 kD, respectively) should be present in combination to induce O 2− production by leaves. The diffusates from spores germinated in water also caused necroses and stimulated O 2− generation, though to a weaker extent than diffusates from spores germinated in H 2O 2. The effect of diffusates from spores germinated in water was abolished by catalase or superoxide dismutase added initially
to the spore suspension. The results suggest that germinating spores of M. grisea are able to release elicitors and this ability depends on ROS formation by spores. Presumably, the yield of elicitors is
increased additionally if fungus M. grisea is stressed or subjected to exogenous ROS. The described phenomena may be involved in incompatibility mechanisms. 相似文献
10.
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are generally sensitive to hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2), Lactobacillus sakei YSI8 is one of the very few LAB strains able to degrade H 2O 2 through the action of a heme-dependent catalase. Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains are very important probiotic starter cultures in meat product fermentation, but they are deficient in catalase. In
this study, the effect of heterologous expression of L. sakei catalase gene katA in L. rhamnosus on its oxidative stress resistance was tested. The recombinant L. rhamnosus AS 1.2466 was able to decompose H 2O 2 and the catalase activity reached 2.85 μmol H 2O 2/min/10 8 c.f.u. Furthermore, the expression of the katA gene in L. rhamnosus conferred enhanced oxidative resistance on the host. The survival ratios after short-term H 2O 2 challenge were increased 600 and 10 4-fold at exponential and stationary phase, respectively. Further, viable cells were 100-fold higher in long-term aerated cultures.
Simulation experiment demonstrated that both growth and catalase activity of recombinant L. rhamnosus displayed high stability under environmental conditions similar to those encountered during sausage fermentation. 相似文献
11.
Hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) is a key signaling molecule that also induces apoptosis. Thus, cells must rapidly sense and tightly control H 2O 2 levels. Well-characterized cellular responses to exogenous H 2O 2 involve oxidation of specific cytosolic protein-based thiols but sensing of H 2O 2 generated by mitochondrial respiration is less well described. Here we provide substantial biochemical evidence that the heme enzyme Ccp1 (cytochrome c peroxidase), which is targeted to the intermembrane space, functions primarily as a mitochondrial H 2O 2 sensing and signaling protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Key evidence for a sensing role for Ccp1 is the significantly higher H 2O 2 accumulation in ccp1-null cells( ccp1Δ) vs ccp1W191F cells producing the catalytically inactive Ccp1 W191F variant. In fact, intracellular H 2O 2 levels ( ccp1Δ>wildtype > ccp1W191F) correlate inversely with the activity of the mitochondrial (and peroxisomal) heme catalase, Cta1 ( ccp1Δ<wildtype < ccp1W191F). Mitochondrial Sod2 activity also varies in the three strains ( ccp1Δ>wildtype > ccp1W191F) and ccp1Δ cells exhibit low superoxide levels. Notably, Ccp1 W191F is a more persistent H 2O 2 signaling protein than wild-type Ccp1, and this enhanced mitochondrial H 2O 2 signaling decreases the mitochondrial fitness of ccp1W191F cells. However, these cells are fully protected from a bolus (0.4 mM) of exogenous H 2O 2 added after 12 h of growth, whereas the viability of ccp1Δ cells drops below 20%, which additionally associates Ccp1 with Yap1-dependent H 2O 2 signaling. Combined, our results strongly implicate Ccp1, independent of its peroxidase activity, in mitochondrial H 2O 2 sensing and signaling to maintain reactive oxygen species homeostasis. 相似文献
12.
A sequence alignment of yeast cytochrome- c (y-cyt- c) with mammalian cyts- c shows that the yeast protein has a five residue long N-terminal extension. A question arises: Does this N-terminal extension play any roles in the stability, structure, and folding of the yeast protein? To answer this question, in silico and in vitro studies were carried out on the wild type (WT) protein and its five deletants (Δ(?5/?5), Δ(?5/?4), Δ(?5/?3), Δ(?5/?2), and Δ(?5/?1) where Δ denotes the deletion and the numbers refer to the residues deleted, e.g. Δ(?5/?1) denotes the deletion of residues numbered from ?5 to ?1 (TEFKA), while Δ(?5/?2) denotes the deletion of resides numbered from ?5 to ?2 (TEFK) and so on). The main conclusion of the in silico study is that the order of stability of deletants and WT protein is Δ(?5/?4) > WT > Δ(?5/?3) > Δ(?5/?5) > Δ(?5/?1) ~ Δ(?5/?2). In vitro studies involved (i) measurements of thermodynamic stability of all proteins by differential scanning calorimetry and from sigmoidal curves of two different structural properties ([ θ] 222, a probe for detecting change in secondary structure, and Δ ε405, a probe for detecting alteration in the heme environment), and (ii) characterization of all proteins by various spectral properties. The main conclusions of the in vitro studies are as follows: (i) The order of thermodynamic stability of all proteins is in excellent agreement with that predicted by in silico studies, and (ii) A sequential deletion of the N-terminal extension has no effects on protein structure and folding. 相似文献
13.
CopC is a periplasmic copper Chaperone protein that has a β‐barrel fold and two metal‐binding sites distinct for Cu(II) and Cu(I). In the article, four mutants (Y79F, Y79W, Y79WW83L, Y79WW83F) were obtained by site‐directed mutagenesis. The far‐UV CD spectra of the proteins were similar, suggesting that mutations did not bring any significant changes in secondary structures. Meanwhile the effects of mutations on the protein's function were manifested by Cu(II) binding. Fluorescence lifetime measurement and quenching of tryptophan fluorescence by acrylamide and KI showed that the microenvironment around Trp83 was more hydrophobic than that around Tyr79 in apoCopC. Unfolding experiments induced by guanidinium chloride (GdnHCl), urea provided the conformational stability of each protein. The Δ<Δ G0element> obtained using the model of structural elements was used to show the role of Tyr79 and Trp83. On the one hand, the <Δ G0element> induced by urea for Y79F, Y79W have a loss of 6.51, 2.03 kJ/mol, respectively, compared with apoCopC, proving that replacement of Tyr79 by Phe or Trp all decreased the protein stability, meaning that the hydrogen bonds interactions between Tyr79 and Thr75 played an important role in stabilizing apoCopC. On the other hand, the <Δ G0element> induced by urea for Y79WW83L have a loss of 11.44 kJ/mol, but for Y79WW83F did a raise of 1.82 kJ/mol compared with Y79W. The replacement of Trp83 by Phe and Leu yields opposite effects on protein stability, which suggested that the aromatic ring of Trp83 was important in maintaining the hydrophobic core of apoCopC. 相似文献
15.
In the present work, we have investigated biochemical thermo-kinetic stability of lipases immobilized on a biocompatible polymeric material. Immobilization of lipase Candida rugosa (CRL) was carried out on biocompatible blend of poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan (CHY) support via entrapment and glutardehyde (Glu) cross-linking method to produce PVA:CHY:CRL and PVA:CHY:Glu:CRL as robust biocatalyst. These immobilized lipases were characterized by various physico-biochemical characterization techniques. Later on, thermal and solvent stability of polymer immobilized lipase was determined in term of half-life time (t
0.5), D values, enthalpy (ΔH°), entropy (ΔS°), and free energy (ΔG°) of deactivation at different temperatures and in various solvents. The thermodynamic deactivation stability trend was found as: cross-linked lipase CRL > entrapped lipase CRL > free lipase CRL. Moreover, kinetic parameters, such as K
m, V
max, and catalytic efficiency, were also determined to understand the kinetic features. The polymer immobilized enzyme was reused to investigate the economic viability of the developed biocatalyst. 相似文献
16.
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, vacuolar H +-ATPase (V-ATPase) involved in the regulation of intracellular pH homeostasis has been shown to be important for tolerances to cadmium, cobalt and nickel. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the protective role of V-ATPase against these metals remains unclear. In this study, we show that cadmium, cobalt and nickel disturbed intracellular pH balance by triggering cytosolic acidification and vacuolar alkalinization, likely via their membrane permeabilizing effects. Since V-ATPase plays a crucial role in pumping excessive cytosolic protons into the vacuole, the metal-sensitive phenotypes of the Δvma2 and Δvma3 mutants lacking V-ATPase activity were supposed to result from highly acidified cytosol. However, we found that the metal-sensitive phenotypes of these mutants were caused by increased production of reactive oxygen species, likely as a result of decreased expression and activities of manganese superoxide dismutase and catalase. In addition, the loss of V-ATPase function led to aberrant vacuolar morphology and defective endocytic trafficking. Furthermore, the sensitivities of the Δvma mutants to other chemical compounds (i.e. acetic acid, H 2O 2, menadione, tunicamycin and cycloheximide) were a consequence of increased endogenous oxidative stress. These findings, therefore, suggest the important role of V-ATPase in preventing endogenous oxidative stress induced by metals and other chemical compounds. 相似文献
17.
A comparative kinetic study of extracellular catalases produced by Penicillium piceum F-648 and their variants adapted to H 2O 2 was performed in culture liquid filtrates. The specific activity of catalase, the maximum rate of catalase-induced H 2O 2 degradation ( V
max), V
max/ K
M ratio, and the catalase inactivation rate constant in the enzymatic reaction ( k
in, s –1) were estimated in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 30°C. The effective constant representing the rate of catalase thermal inactivation ( k
in
*, s –1) was determined at 45°C. In all samples, the specific activity and K
M for catalase were maximum at a protein concentration in culture liquid filtrates of (2.5–3.5) × 10 –4 mg/ml. The effective constants describing the rate of H 2O 2 degradation ( k, s –1) were similar to that observed in the initial culture. These values reflected a twofold decrease in catalase activity in culture liquid filtrates. We hypothesized that culture liquid filtrates contain two isoforms of extracellular catalase characterized by different activities and affinities for H 2O 2. Catalases from variants 5 and 3 with high and low affinities for H 2O 2, respectively, had a greater operational stability than the enzyme from the initial culture. The method of adaptive selection for H 2O 2 can be used to obtain fungal variants producing extracellular catalases with improved properties. 相似文献
18.
Spraying mustard ( Sinapis alba L.) seedlings with salicylic acid (SA) solutions between 10 and 500 μm significantly improved their tolerance to a subsequent heat shock at 55°C for 1.5 h. The effects of SA were concentration dependent, with higher concentrations failing to induce thermotolerance. The time course of thermotolerance induced by 100 μm SA was similar to that obtained with seedlings acclimated at 45°C for 1 h. We examined the hypothesis that induced thermotolerance involved H 2O 2. Heat shock at 55°C caused a significant increase in endogenous H 2O 2 and reduced catalase activity. A peak in H 2O 2 content was observed within 5 min of either SA treatment or transfer to the 45°C acclimation temperature. Between 2 and 3 h after SA treatment or heat acclimation, both H 2O 2 and catalase activity significantly decreased below control levels. The lowered H 2O 2 content and catalase activity occurred in the period of maximum thermoprotection. It is suggested that thermoprotection obtained either by spraying SA or by heat acclimation may be achieved by a common signal transduction pathway involving an early increase in H 2O 2. 相似文献
19.
A biocatalatic pathway involving chromogenic probe has been proposed for the determination of catalase activity by means of iso-nicotinicacidhydrazide (INH) and pyrocatechol (PC). The assay is based on the enzymatic consumption of hydrogen peroxide using INH-PC system. The response of the catalase activity was ascertained by the rate of the reaction involving 14.10 mM H 2O 2. On addition of H 2O 2, INH-PC indicator system formed a chromogenic product with absorbance maxima at 490 nm. Hence the activity of catalase was directly measured by the chromogenic response in the formation of the coupled product. The catalase assay was elaborated by the kinetic response of the INH-PC system. The linearity of the catalase activity and H 2O 2 was in the range 0.2-7.0 units and 1.76-7.0 mM, respectively in 3 ml solution. The catalytic efficiency and catalytic power were calculated. The Michaelis-Menten constant of INH, PC and H 2O 2 were found to be 0.344, 0.176 and 8.82 mM, respectively. The indicator reaction was applied in the determination of catalase activity in mycelia mats and culture media. 相似文献
20.
This research investigated microbial responses to bioremediation with hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) as a supplemental oxygen source. Columns containing aquifer material from Traverse City, MI, USA, were continuously supplied
with benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene and m-xylene (BTEX) and H 2O 2 in increasing concentration. The microbial responses studied were changes in microbial numbers, community structure, degradative
ability, and activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Both adaptation to H 2O 2 and stress-related consequences were observed. Adaptation to H 2O 2 was demonstrated by increased catalase and SOD activity during the course of the experiment. The microbial community in
the untreated aquifer material used in the columns consisted primarily of Corynebacterium sp and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Following amendment with 500 mg L −1 H 2O 2, the column inlet was dominated by P. fluorescens with few Corynebacterium sp present; Xanthomonas maltophilia dominated the middle and outlet sections. Dimethyl phenols detected in the effluent of two of the biologically active columns
were probably metabolic products. The ratio of oxygen to BTEX mass consumed was approximately 0.3 before H 2O 2 addition, 0.7 following 10 mg L −1 H 2O 2 supplementation, and 2.6 over the course of the experiment. Abiotic decomposition H 2O 2 was observed in a sterile column and impeded flow at a feed concentration of 500 mg L −1 H 2O 2. Increasing the BTEX concentration supplied to the biologically active columns eliminated flow disruptions by satisfying
the carbon and energy demand of the oxygen evolved by increasing catalase activity.
Received 15 February 1996/ Accepted in revised form 15 July 1996 相似文献
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