气候变化对内蒙古草原典型植物物候的影响

自然物候期是气候变化最直观的植物信号记录,自然物候变化是气候与自然环境变化的综合指标。基于1983—2009年内蒙古草甸草原、典型草原和荒漠草原区典型植物马兰草、霸王、贝加尔针茅和羊草生长期物候观测资料和同时段的气象观测资料,利用数理统计等方法,分析了不同草原区典型植物物候期与气候要素间的相互关系,结果表明:(1)1983—2009年内蒙古草原区植物物候期总体呈提前趋势,但地域差异明显,典型草原区植物萌芽返青、开花及黄枯期等物候提早趋势最为明显,说明不同草原区植物物候对气候变暖的区域响应不同。(2)内蒙古草原区植物物候期与气候变化密切相关。春季3—5月累积气温与植物萌芽返青期和开花期呈显著负相关,与日照时数为正相关,降水量对其影响不同草原区差异较大。荒漠草原和典型草原区植物黄枯期早晚与黄枯前1—2个月平均气温呈显著负相关,草甸草原区植物黄枯期与前1—2个月的降水量和日照时数有关,与气温关系不显著。(3)随着气候变暖,马兰草生长期缩短,霸王、贝加尔针茅和羊草生长期延长,其中典型草原区主要植物针茅生长季延长趋势最为明显,荒漠草原次之,草甸草原延长最少。     

昆虫物候模型研究进展

物候是昆虫的重要生物学性状之一。物候模型预测昆虫发育事件的时间,在种群动态、物种分布和进化动态等科学研究以及农林业生产中具有重要作用。本文回顾了常见的物候模型及在昆虫学研究上的应用,包括热性能曲线、生物物理模型、基于概率的模型、分布时滞模型、发育进度曲线、物候匹配模型和物候变迁模型。     

干旱沙区46种木本植物的物候研究——以民勤沙生植物园栽培植物为例

以民勤沙生植物园 46种主要沙生、旱生和中生木本栽培植物为观测对象 ,研究其物候特性 ,绘制物候谱 ,以植物物候期对应的日平均温度、≥ 5℃积温、地面温度、日照时数进行多元统计分析 ,初步划分出这些植物的萌动期、展叶期、开花期、叶变色期的物候类型各 4种。     

青藏高原东缘高寒草甸植物群落的开花物候

利用2008年整个生长季的地面花期物候观测数据,初步研究了青藏高原东缘高寒草甸植物群落开花物候的动态、格局、参数间的联系及其与物种共存的关系.结果表明:植物群落的花期从5月初开始,8月上旬进入开花数目的高峰期,到10月初结束,遍及整个生长季节;不同物种进入花期的时间、峰值期及持续时间不同,各物种花期物候生态位相分离,但群落中大部分物种开花峰值期主要集中在7-8月;不同物种的开花峰值期时间与花期持续时间有负相关关系:开花越早的植物其花期持续时间越长;物种间的开花物候差异主要是由植物本身的特性和环境条件共同决定的,而群落水平上的开花物候格局主要受非生物因素的控制.

Abstract：

Based on the observation on the flowering phenology in the whole growth season of 2008, the dynamics, patterns, and relationships among various parameters of flowering phenology of alpine meadow plant community in eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau were studied, and the potential effects of above-mentioned factors on the species coexistence of the plant community were approached. The flowering period of the plant community started from early May, came into peak period in the first ten days of August, and ended in early October, extending all over whole growth period. Different species had their different first flowering date, peak flowering period, and flowering duration, and their flowering phenologieal niches differentiated obviously. Most species had their peak flowering period centralized in July-August. There was a negative rela-tionship between peak flowering period and flowering duration: the earlier the flowering, the lon-ger the flowering duration. The differences in flowering phonology among the species were mainly determined by species per se characteristics and environmental conditions, but the flowering phe-nological pattern on community level was primarily controlled by abiotic factors.     

基于物候特征的盐渍化信息数据挖掘研究

盐渍化是影响植被和作物长势的重要因素,精确反演盐渍化的时空分布信息至关重要。基于MOD13A1-NDVI数据反演生长季开始日期(SOS)、生长季结束日期(EOS)、生长季长度(LEN)等物候参数和计算出能高精度反演盐渍化空间分布的多种植被指数、盐分指数、地形指数、干旱指数等参数后作为BP-ANN人工神经网络的输入因子来反演盐渍化信息,同时按照植被类型和地貌类型进行分区来反演盐渍化信息,以探讨盐渍化受植被和地貌类型的影响。主要结论如下:(1)盐渍化的形成受多种因素的影响,与物候参数大多呈非线性关系,不能单纯的以某拟合公式来进行表达,需要借助人工神经网络超强的非线性拟合能力来反演盐渍化信息。(2)通过深入挖掘植被物候信息,在融入物候参数后的反演精度显著提高。可决系数R2从0.68(非物候参数)增加到0.79(包括物候参数),但是需要加入地形、影像数据和土壤水分等方面的信息来更加精确的反演盐渍化信息。生物累积量指标LSI(Large seasonal integral)和SSI(Small seasonal integral)能够很好的表征盐渍化的信息。(3)划分植被类型后的盐渍化提取精度进一步提高,可决系数R~2达到了0.88。(4)以地貌特征作为类型分区后,反演结果的R~2达到了0.85,精度较高,比以植被类型作为分区的精度略小。高程较低区域的盐渍化现象普遍较重,盐渍化程度受到地形和地貌因素的影响显著。(5)农用地区域多为非盐渍化和轻度盐渍化地,稀疏植被区多为重盐渍化地。研究区的非盐渍化和轻盐渍化地、中盐渍化地和重度盐渍化地比例分别为53.42%,13.71%,32.87%。以上的研究结果提出了一种融合物候信息和非物候参数来反演盐渍化信息的方法,进行深入的协同植被物候监测盐渍化信息方面的数据挖掘,在融入了物候参数后,盐渍化的预测精度显著提高。     

Multispecies comparisons of adaptability to climate change: A role for life‐history characteristics?

Phenological advancement allows individuals to adapt to climate change by timing life‐history events to the availability of key resources so that individual fitness is maximized. However, different trophic levels may respond to changes in their environment at different rates, potentially leading to a phenological mismatch. This may be especially apparent in the highly seasonal arctic environment that is experiencing the effects of climate change more so than any other region. During a 14‐year study near Utqia?vik (formerly Barrow), Alaska, we estimated phenological advancement in egg laying in relation to snowmelt for eight arctic‐breeding shorebirds and investigated potential linkages to species‐specific life‐history characteristics. We found that snowmelt advanced 0.8 days/year—six times faster than the prior 60‐year period. During this same time, six of the eight species exhibited phenological advancement in laying dates (varying among species from 0.1 to 0.9 days earlier per year), although no species appeared capable of keeping pace with advancing snowmelt. Phenological changes were likely the result of high phenotypic plasticity, as all species investigated in this study showed high interannual variability in lay dates. Commonality among species with similar response rates to timing of snowmelt suggests that nesting later and having an opportunistic settlement strategy may increase the adaptability of some species to changing climate conditions. Other life‐history characteristics, such as migration strategy, previous site experience, and mate fidelity did not influence the ability of individuals to advance laying dates. As a failure to advance egg laying is likely to result in greater phenological mismatch, our study provides an initial assessment of the relative risk of species to long‐term climatic changes.     

植物物候学研究进展

植物物候变化在研究陆地生态系统对气候变化的响应时被誉为"矿井中的金丝雀",全球气候变化愈演愈烈,重新引起了人们对植物物候研究的广泛关注。随着观测技术的发展,在各种空间和生态尺度上收集到的物候观测数据迅速累积,尽管已经在多个尺度上（物种、群落和景观尺度）观察到物候变化,但物候变化的机理仍然没有得到很好的理解。回顾了国内外植物物候研究的发展历程;总结了物候数据收集技术进展和全球物候变化的主要趋势;归纳了植物物候变化的机理与驱动因素;探讨了物候模型研究及物候对气候变化响应研究的主要方向。随着物候观测技术在不同尺度上应用的增加,物候研究进入了一个新的阶段。未来物候研究需要制定跨区域标准化观测指南,融合所有相关学科,改进物候模型,拓展研究区域;同时融合有效的历史物候资料,采用新技术和长期收集的物候数据为大数据时代植物物候学研究提供基础。     

陕西耀州产黄芩生长发育规律的研究

通过观测陕西耀州产1年生和2年生黄芩(Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi)的物候期及2年生植株生长的动态变化,对黄芩的生长发育规律进行了研究。结果表明,1年生黄芩的各物候期均晚于2年生黄芩,其生育天数和生长天数均较短;2年生黄芩的地上部分和根系均有2个较快的生长时期,分别出现在生殖生长期前后;地上部分的干质量和鲜质量都有2个生长高峰,均出现在7月20日和9月20日,而根系的干质量和鲜质量则持续增长;2年生黄芩的根冠比在10月20日达最大值(0.50);2年生植株的株高、根直径及根系的干质量和鲜质量等均优于1年生植株。依据实验结果提出了黄芩优质高产的栽培技术。     

Tracking ice phenology by migratory waterbirds: settling phenology and breeding success of species with divergent population trends

Dependence on climate‐driven environmental cues in the initiation of life cycle stages is a critical attribute when assessing vulnerability of species to climate change impacts. This study focused on spring ice phenology as a cue to the settling of migratory waterbirds, asking whether there is an asynchrony between ice phenology and settling phenology that could affect breeding success of six species with divergent population trends. In the 37 study lakes in southeastern Finland, the ice‐out date not only varied considerably between years, but became progressively earlier during the study period, 1991–2018. Settling phenology of all species tracked inter‐annual variation in ice phenology. However, the degree of asynchrony between ice phenology and settling phenology varied between species, allowing discrimination between early and late settlers. Considerable inter‐annual variation also occurred within species, but in only one species did the degree of asynchrony correlate with the ice‐out date: for the horned grebe Podiceps auritus an earlier ice‐out date meant greater asynchrony between settling phenology and ice phenology. The degree of asynchrony between settling phenology and ice phenology did not affect breeding success in any species. However, ice phenology per se affected breeding success of horned grebes: earlier ice‐out was associated with lower annual breeding success. Breeding numbers of horned grebe showed a long‐term decline. Results suggest that short‐distance migratory birds are able to respond to climate change‐driven phenological changes in their breeding environments, and that this ability may not depend on the relative timing of breeding.     

物候模型研究进展

近年来随着全球气候变暖,物候提前,物候学的研究越来越受到人们的关注.通过建立物候模型使物候期的预知成为可能,从而为生产实践活动提供依据和指导.本文探讨了物候模型研究的意义,总结了影响植物和昆虫物候的温度、水分、光和养分等主要环境因子的作用.根据国内外物候模型的研究现状,重点介绍了作物、树木、植被和昆虫4类物候模型的研究内容和进展.作物物候模型注重生理生态过程;树木物候模型以统计方法为主,但近期也有尝试将激素水平作为物候的决定因素;植被物候模型以遥感技术的应用为发展趋势;昆虫物候模型则进一步对发育起点的确定和对温度因子的修正,GIS的引入将昆虫物候模型的应用范围扩大.最后指出了目前物候模型研究中存在的问题.     

Application of the extended BBCH scale for the description of the growth stages of coffee (Coffea spp.)

The extended BBCH (BBCH = Biologische Bundesantalt, Bundessortenamt and CHemische Industrie, Germany) scale and its associated decimal code were used to describe the growth stages of the coffee plant. Principal growth stages included germination and vegetative propagation, leaf development on the shoot of the young plant and branches of the tree, formation of branches, branch elongation, inflorescence and flower development, flowering, development of fruit, ripening of fruit and seed, and senescence. Secondary stages were also identified for each of the principal stages. Through a two digit decimal code, it is possible to identify the principal growth stages and their respective secondary stages. This scale will be of great help to coffee growers and researchers around the world for the more efficient planning of management practices and experiments.     

啶虫脒防治葡萄斑叶蝉的残留安全性分析

为了解啶虫脒在葡萄上使用的安全性,采用高效液相色谱的方法,研究了啶虫脒于葡萄不同物候期防治斑叶蝉时,在果实与叶片上的残留动态。结果表明:3%啶虫脒微乳剂在葡萄开花期至硬核期叶片上的半衰期为3.55～3.93d,在葡萄着色期至成熟期果实上的半衰期为4.14～5.60d,虽然在果实中降解稍慢,但最终残留量相差较小。按推荐剂量22.5g·hm-2(a.i.)和加倍剂量45g·hm-2(a.i.)各施3%啶虫脒微乳剂3次,间隔期7d,末次施药后7d葡萄果实中的残留量均小于0.2mg·kg-1,14d残留量均小于0.1mg·kg-1,本方法的最低检出量为0.5ng,最低检出浓度为0.01mg·kg-1。参照美国、韩国与日本的最大残留限量(MRL),药后7d葡萄果实是安全的。建议用3%啶虫脒微乳剂在葡萄开花期防治斑叶蝉的第1代若虫、成虫,硬核期至着色期防治第2代若虫、成虫,最多使用3次,用量为22.5g·hm-2(a.i.),安全间隔期为7d。     

Mismatch managed? Phenological phase extension as a strategy to manage phenological asynchrony in plant–animal mutualisms

Species‐specific shifts in phenology (timing of periodic life cycle events) are occurring with climate change and are already disrupting interactions within and among trophic levels. Phenological phase duration (e.g. beginning to end of flowering) and complementarity (patterns of nonoverlap), and their responses to changing conditions, will be important determinants of species' adaptive capacity to these shifts. Evidence indicates that extension of phenological duration of mutualistic partners could buffer negative impacts that occur with phenological shifts. Therefore, we suggest that techniques to extend the length of phenological duration will contribute to management of systems experiencing phenological asynchrony. Techniques of phenological phase extension discussed include the role of abiotic heterogeneity, genetic and species diversity, and alteration of population timing. We explore these approaches with the goal of creating a framework to build adaptive capacity and address phenological asynchrony in plant–animal mutualisms under climate change.     

杜仲次生代谢物合成积累与物候期的研究

通过对南温带和北亚热带生长的杜仲不同月份次生代谢物含量与物候期关系的研究,发现杜仲次生代谢物合成积累的第一次高峰期出现在“芽开绽期”后的70d左右;第二次高峰期出现在“落叶盛期”。当掌握了杜仲次生代谢物合成积累高峰期(最佳采收期)的物候期时,无论南方、北方,也无论高山、平原地区,就可根据这一物候期,大致估算出该地区杜仲的最佳采收期。     

Phenological growth stages of olive trees (Olea europaea)

This paper describes the phenological growth stages of olive trees using the BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt, Chemische Industrie) scale. Eight principal growth stages for bud, leaf and shoot development, inflorescence emergence, flowering, fruit development, fruit maturity and senescence and 32 secondary growth stages are described. Advantages of the BBCH scale over other methods are discussed.     

黑龙江省蕨类植物孢子成熟期的调查

黑龙江省严寒而干燥的气候,极不利于蕨类生长。但野生的90余种蕨类,不但能完成营养生长和生殖生长,而且长势强劲,生长量大,因此具有特殊的生理生态学意义。本文首次报导了黑龙江野生拟蕨类和真蕨类共22科38属67种(含3亚种)的孢子成熟期。表明大多数种类的孢子都在7月中旬至8月中旬成熟,水生真蕨类后延20天左右,楔叶类和旱生类孢子发育期较为特殊。本文还简要分析了生态因素与孢子成熟期的关系。     

Seasonal dynamic of plant phenophases in Beijing—A case study in Beijing Botanical Garden

季节性是北京植物景观的典型特征, 而个体物候是植物景观季节动态的基础。该研究基于北京植物园内120种落叶树种的周年物候数据, 对北京植物景观的物候季节动态进行分析。物候观测以中国物候观测法为标准, 采用a、b、c三级物候代码进行物候记录; 数据分析以二十四节气中的候(5日)为基本时间变量, 基于频率分布型法探究北京物候季节划分及其物候构成动态, 基于SPSS 20.0频数分布统计等探究各类物候现象发生期及持续期的时间分布特征等。物候季节划分及物候构成特征结果为: 6-19候为春, 物候期发生频数占全年总量的54.03%, 以发芽、展叶、开花为主要物候特征, 后期有少数树种结果; 20-45候为夏, 物候量占全年的12.95%, 此期全部观测树种完成展叶, 春花树种进入结果期, 并有较少夏花开放及秋色叶出现; 46-59候为秋, 物候量占全年的27.19%, 以秋色叶及落叶物候为主并伴有较少结果和开花物候发生; 60候至次年春季起始前为冬, 其中60-72候物候量仅占全年的0.6%, 全为落叶物候。各类物候期的时间分布特征如下: 展叶物候期分布于3-23候, 华北珍珠梅(Sorbaria kirilowii)、旱柳(Salix matsudana)等展叶最早, 展叶期平均持续3.27候。秋色物候期分布于40-63候, 49-56候为最佳观赏期, 蒙椴(Tilia mongolica)、山杏(Armeniaca sibirica)等最早显秋色; 秋色期平均持续8.2候, 卫矛(Euonymus alatus)、接骨木(Sambucus williamsii)等秋色期较长。叶幕期平均持续44.2候, 糯米条(Abelia chinensis)、旱柳、棣棠(Kerria japonica)等叶幕期最长。花物候期分布于1-53候, 始花期为1-41候, 盛花期平均发生于始花后1.81候, 8-23候为集中观赏期, 蜡梅(Chimonanthus praecox)、迎春(Jasminum nudiflorum)、榆(Ulmus pumila)、毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)等开花最早, 木香薷(Elsholtzia stauntoni)开花最晚; 花期平均持续 6.7候, 华北珍珠梅、木槿(Hibiscus syriacus)、紫薇(Lagerstroemia indica)等夏秋开花树种花期最长。果物候期分布于8-59候, 榆、郁香忍冬(Lonicera fragrantissima)等果实成熟最早; 持果期平均持续29.0候, 果实宿存树种及黑果荚蒾(Viburnum melanocarpum)、‘金叶’风箱果(Physocarpus opulifolius ‘Luteus’)等具有较长的果实观赏期。与20世纪80年代同类研究结果对比分析, 北京2017年的物候季节与30年前相比, 入春提早1候, 夏季延长4候, 入秋延后3候, 秋季缩短2候, 且不同季节持续期长短的差距加大。     

结缕草属（Zoysia Willd．）植物物候期的差异分析

于2005年至2006年在南京市对结缕草属（Zoysia Willd．）5种1变种共109份种源的物候期进行了系统观测分析。结果表明,不同种源间各植物物候期的时间存在不同程度的差异,其中进入盛花期、枯黄期、返青期、结实期、初花期和孕穗初期的时间分别相差58、56、38、35、33和29d;不同种源的青绿期为215～277d。孕穗初期的早晚与初花期、盛花期、结实期和枯黄期的早晚及青绿期的长短呈显著正相关,返青期早晚与青绿期的长短呈极显著负相关,而枯黄期的早晚与青绿期的长短则呈极显著正相关,说明返青期越早青绿期越长,枯黄期越早青绿期越短。另外,结缕草属植物的返青期、孕穗初期、初花期、盛花期及枯黄期均随原分布地纬度的增加显著提前。