Four cypermethrin isomers induced stereoselective metabolism in H295R cells

Cypermethrin (CP) is widely used for controlling agricultural and indoor vermin. Previous studies have reported the stereoselective difference of CP in biological activities. However, little is known about their potential mechanisms between metabolic phenotypes and endocrine-disrupting effects. Herein, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics combining metabolite identification and pathway analysis were applied to evaluate the stereoselective metabolic cdisorders induced by CP isomers in human adrenocortical carcinoma cells (H295R) culture medium. Then, gene expression levels related to disturbed metabolic pathways were assessed to verify according to metabolic phenotypes. Metabolomics profiles showed that [(S)-cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl](1R,3R)-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate [(1R,3R,αS)-CP] induced the most significant changes in metabolic phenotypes than did the other stereoisomers. There are 10 differential metabolites (isoleucine, valine, leucine, ethanol, alanine, acetate, aspartate, arginine, lactate, and glucose) as well as two significantly disturbed pathways, including “pyruvate metabolism” and “alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism,” that were confirmed in H295R cells culture medium of (1R,3R,αS)-CP compared with other stereoisomers. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array also confirmed the results of metabolomics. Our results can help to understand the potential mechanisms between the isomer selectivity in metabolic phenotypes and endocrine-disrupting effects. Data provided here not only lend authenticity to the cautions issued by the scientists and researchers but also offer a solution for the balance between environment and political regulations.     

Expression of glutathione transferase isoenzymes in the human H295R adrenal cell line and the effect of forskolin

In previous studies in our laboratory (L. Mankowitz, L. Staffas, M. Bakke, and J. Lund, Biochem J, 1995, 305, 111-118; L. Staffas, L. Mankowitz, M. S?derstr?m, A. Blanck, I. Porsch-H?llstr?m, C. Sundberg, B. Mannervik, B. Olin, J. Rydstr?m, and J.W. DePierre, Biochem J, 1992, 286, 65-72) isoenzymes of GST, primarily of the mu class, have been shown to be downregulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in rat and mouse adrenal cells. In the present investigation the human adrenal H295R cell line (W.E. Rainey, I.M. Bird, and J.I. Mason, Mol Cell Endocrinol, 1994, 100, 45-50) was examined in a similar manner. Analysis by reverse-phase HPLC revealed that these cells express four isoenzymes of GST, i.e., A1, A2, P1, and M4, as well as another unidentified protein that was retained by our affinity column (elution time of 32 min) and, thus, presumably binds glutathione. Among these forms, A1 was present at the highest level. Upon addition of forskolin (an activator of adenylate cyclase which has been shown previously to mimic the effect of ACTH on adrenal cells) to the culture medium, the level of A1 decreased approximately 70% by forskolin, whereas the levels of the other isoenzymes were slightly increased, and that of the unknown form doubled. Thus, the influence of ACTH on expression of GST isoenzymes in this human adrenal cell line differs from that in rat and mouse adrenal cells.     

Toxic effect of heavy metals on cells isolated from the rat adrenal and testis

Summary Heavy metals including mercury, cadmium, cobalt, and copper (100 μM) exerted an adverse effect on the viability of isolated rat adrenal capsular (zona glomerulosa), adrenal decapsular (fasciculata and reticularis), and Leydig cells of the testis with mercury being the most potent. Due to the decreased cell viability there was a parallel reduction in corticotropin-stimulated, corticosterone production by adrenal decapsular cells and luteinizing hormone-stimulated testosterone production by Leydig cells. The results indicated a direct toxic action of these heavy metals on steroid-producing cell in the adrenal gland and the tectis. Other metals tested, including lead, zinc, aluminum, chromium, iron, nickel, and lithium, did not exert any deleterious effect on cell viability or hormone-induced steroidogenesis, in adrenal and Leydig cells when tested up to a concentration of 100 μM.     

Gap junctions and ACTH sensitivity in Y-1 adrenal tumor cells

Initial studies of adrenocorticotropin-sensitive (ACTH-sensitive) and ACTH-insensitive Y-1 adrenal cortical tumor cell lines suggest a relationship between responsiveness to ACTH and the presence of gap junctions. An ACTH-sensitive clone of Y-1 cells possesses gap junctions and these junctions appear to enlarge with ACTH treatment. Gap junctions have not been observed, however, in an ACTH-insensitive clone of Y-1 tumor cells even when stimulated to produce cyclic adenosine monophosphate and steroids with cholera toxin.     

Effects of a water-soluble extract of Cordyceps sinensis on steroidogenesis and capsular morphology of lipid droplets in cultured rat adrenocortical cells

Cordyceps sinensiscontains a factor that stimulates corticosteroid production in the animal model. However, it is not known whether this drug acts directly on the adrenal glands or indirectly via the hypothalamus-pituitary axis. In the present study, we used primary rat adrenal cell cultures to investigate the pharmacological function of a water-soluble extract of Cordyceps sinensis(CS) and thesignaling pathway involved. Radioimmunoassay of corticosterone indicated that the amount of corticosterone produced by adrenal cells is increased in a positively dose-dependent manner by CS, reaching a maximun at 25 μg/ml. This stimulating effect was seen 1 h after CS treatment and was maintained for up to 24 h. Concomitantly, the lipid droplets in these cells became small and fewer in number. Immunostaining with a monoclonal antibody, A2, a specific marker for the lipid droplet capsule, demonstrated that detachment of the capsule from the lipid droplet occurs in response to CS application and that the period required for decapsulation is inversely related to the concentration of CS applied. The mechanism of CS-induced steroidogenesis is apparently different from that for ACTH, since intracellular cAMP levels were not increased in CS-treated cells. However, combined application with calphostin C, a PKC inhibitor, completely blocked the effect of CS on steroidogenesis, suggesting that activation of PKC may be responsible for the CS-induced steroidogenesis. J. Cell. Biochem. 69:483–489, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

The role of chloride ions in the regulation of steroidogenesis in rat Leydig cells and adrenal cells

The role of chloride ions in the regulation of steroidogenesis in rat Leydig cells and adrenal cells has been investigated. It was found that the chloride channel blocker 4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulphonic acid (DIDS) inhibited LH but not dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP)-stimulated steroidogenesis in the Leydig cells. This was found to be via an inhibition of cAMP production, because both LH- and forskolin-stimulated cAMP productions were inhibited by DIDS. The exclusion of chloride ions enhanced steroidogenesis during incubation of Leydig cells and adrenal cells with dbcAMP. The adrenal cells were found to be more sensitive to dbcAMP than Leydig cells and the enhancing effects of chloride removal were higher. In the presence of chloride ions, near maximum steroidogenesis was achieved with approximately 60 μM and 1 mM dbcAMP in the adrenal and Leydig cells, respectively. In the absence of chloride ions the concentrations required decreased approximately 50-fold and 10-fold, respectively. It is concluded that although LH may regulate DIDS sensitive chloride channels, the enhanced stimulation of cAMP-mediated steroidogenesis by chloride exclusion is not mediated via these channels. We propose a model based on the present and previous studies [1] with Leydig tumour (MA10) cells i.e. that intracellular chloride ion depletion enhances the action of cAMP on protein synthesis which results in increased synthesis of the Steroidogenic Acute Regulator (StAR) protein and consequently increased steroidogenesis.     

Modulation of adrenal cell functions by cadmium salts. 1. Cadmium chloride effects on basal and ACTH-stimulated steroidogenesis

Cultured Y-1 mouse adrenal tumor cells, which secrete 20--hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-DHP), were used to investigate the acute nonlethal effects of incremental cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) concentrations on basal and maximally stimulated steroid secretion. In addition, cumulative CdCl₂ effects during 4-hr incubations, effect reversibility, and viability were determined. Cells were incubated in 1 ml serum-free Eagle's Minimal Essential Medium (FMEM) with or without 0.5 IU (ca. 1.5 M) adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) in the presence or absence of CdCl₂. Following incubation, cell viability was quantitated using trypan blue exclusion. The 20-DHP secreted into the experimental incubation medium was measured by radioimmunoassay. CdCl₂ levels of 10.0 g/ml or greater significantly inhibited basal 30 min steroid secretion in a dose-dependent manner; ACTH-stimulated steroid secretion was significantly inhibited by levels 5.0 g/ml or greater. At least 80% of all control and stimulated cells in the presence or absence of cadmium ions excluded trypan blue. The reduction in ACTH-stimulated steroid secretion was greater than the reduction in basal steroid secretion at any cadmium concentration level. The CdCl₂ concentration that reduced stimulated steroid hormone secretion by 50% (IC₅₀) was 45.0 g/ml. Exposing Y-1 cells to either 5.0, 10.0, 45.0 or 500.0 g CdCl₂/ml FMEM for periods ranging from 0.5 to 4 hr inhibited ACTH-stimulated steroid secretion in a time-dependent manner. After 30 min exposure to 10.0, 45.0 or 500.0 g CdCl₂/ml FMEM with or without ACTH, cadmium inhibition was irreversible. When 5.0 g CdCl₂/ml was used, basal and stimulated inhibition was reversible by reincubating in medium containing ACTH alone. The relatively greater cadmium effects on ACTH stimulated steroidogenesis might suggest that cadmium modulated the rate-limited transducing system between the ACTH plasma membrane receptor complex and cholesterol side-chain cleaving mitochondrial enzymes. However, cadmium influences on basal secretion indicated effects on the non-rate-limited steroidogenic pathway.Abbreviations ACTH adrenocorticotropin - ANOVA analysis of variance - CdCl₂ cadmium chloride - Ci Curie - DNA deoxyribonucleic acid - FMEM serum-free Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium - HEPES N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-1,2-ethanesulfonic acid - IC₅₀ concentration inhibiting stimulated steroid secretion by 50% - IU international unit - MEM Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium - RIA radioimmunoassay - RNA ribonucleic acid - SEM standard error of the mean - SMEM serum-containing Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium - 20-DHP 20--hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one     

雷公藤内酯醇对 PC12细胞增殖的抑制作用及机制初探

目的:研究雷公藤内酯醇(triptolide)对PC12细胞增殖的影响及其作用的机制,为其在临床上治疗肿瘤提供实验依据.方法:利用形态学观察、四甲基偶氮唑(MTT)比色分析、流式细胞术和逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RTPCR)检测雷公藤内酯醇对体外培养的嗜铬细胞瘤细胞(PC12 cell)增殖的影响.结果:雷公藤内酯醇(5×103、25×103 g/L)与PC12细胞作用24 h、48 h或72 h均可抑制PC12细胞的增殖,并且这种抑制作用可随着雷公藤内酯醇浓度的增加而增强.但低浓度的雷公藤内酯醇(1×103g/L)对PC12细胞增殖无明显影响.5×103 g/L雷公藤内酯醇与PC12细胞作用24 h后,可使细胞周期中的G0～G1期比例增加,S期比例下降.PC12细胞与雷公藤内酯醇作用后,细胞的翻译延伸因子2A3-2的表达减弱,而且作用48 h与作用24 h相比,2A3-2的表达减弱更为明显.结论:雷公藤内酯醇可抑制PC12细胞的增殖,该抑制可能是通过改变2A3-2基因的表达从而阻止细胞的G0～G1期向S期过渡来实现的.     

Modulation of adrenal cell functions by cadmium salts. 5. Cadmium acetate and sulfate effects on basal and ACTH-stimulated steroidogenesis

In vitro and in vivo cadmium toxicity studies focus almost exclusively on CdCl₂ effects. Only a few studies have used adrenocortical cells and tissue to determine cadmium salt effects during stress of adrenocorticotropin stimulation. Because several biologically relevant water-soluble cadmium salts exist, this study extended work with CdCl₂ to evaluate the acute adrenocortical cell steroid secretory responses to non-lethal cadmium acetate (CdAc₂) and CdSO^{4 4} concentrations. Control or ACTH-stimulated cultured Y-1 mouse adrenal tumor cells (ATCC) which secrete 20-dihydroprogesterone (20-DHP) were incubated for 0.5 h in serum-free medium (FMEM) with or without 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 50.0, 100.0, 500.0 and 1000.0 µg CdAc₂ or CdSO⁴/ml FMEM (1.9, 3.8, 19.0, 38.0, 190.0, 380.0 and 1900.0 µmol/L, respectively). For each salt, cell viability was measured at the end of the incubation using live cell trypan blue exclusion. In addition, cumulative CdAc₂ effects during 4 h incubations and effect reversibility were determined for control and stimulated cells. After each experimental incubation, the 20-DHP secreted into the medium was determined by radioimmunoassay. Over 80% of all control or ACTH-stimulated cells were viable after incubation in the presence or absence of various CdAc₂ or CdSO⁴ concentrations. Cadmium acetate and sulfate inhibited basal and ACTH-stimulated steroid secretion in a dose-dependent manner. For basal steroid secretion the CdAc₂ concentration that first significantly inhibited was 0.5 µg/ml medium (1.9 µmol/L); stimulated secretion was significantly inhibited beginning at 5.0 µg/ml (19.0 µmol/L) and the concentration reducing stimulated 20-DHP secretion by 50% (IC₅₀) was 5.6 µg/ml (21.3 µmol/L). Similarly, the first CdSO⁴ concentration to significantly inhibit basal and ACTH-stimulated steroid secretion was 10.0 µg/ml medium (39.0 µmol/L); the IC₅₀ was 7.8 µg/ml (29.8 µmol/L). Except that basally secreting Cd^{2+ 2+}-treated cells almost doubled 20-DHP secretion after Cd²⁺ removal and subsequent incubation with ACTH, all basal and ACTH-stimulated steroid secretion was irreversibly inhibited by every CdAc₂ concentration. All CdAc₂ concentrations initiated and maintained cumulative inhibitory effects on basal and ACTH-stimulated steroid secretion over a 4 h period. Reversibility and cumulative CdSO⁴ treatment studies were not conducted. Based on the results from the present studies, both CdAc₂ and CdSO⁴ appeared to incrementally inhibit control and ACTH-stimulated steroidogenesis without affecting cell viability and to be more potent inhibitors of adrenocortical cell steroid secretion than CdCl₂. Finally, CdAc₂ effects on control and stimulated cells were cumulative and irreversible.     

Reconstitution of human adrenocortical specification and steroidogenesis using induced pluripotent stem cells

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The influence of Aspalathus linearis (Rooibos) and dihydrochalcones on adrenal steroidogenesis: quantification of steroid intermediates and end products in H295R cells

The steroid hormone output of the adrenal gland is crucial in the maintenance of hormonal homeostasis, with hormonal imbalances being associated with numerous clinical conditions which include, amongst others, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Aspalathus linearis (Rooibos), which has been reported to aid stress-related symptoms linked to metabolic diseases, contains a wide spectrum of bioactive phenolic compounds of which aspalathin is unique. In this study the inhibitory effects of Rooibos and the dihydrochalcones, aspalathin and nothofagin, were investigated on adrenal steroidogenesis. The activities of both cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase and cytochrome P450 21-hydroxylase were significantly inhibited in COS-1 cells. In order to study the effect of these compounds in H295R cells, a human adrenal carcinoma cell line, a novel UPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the detection and quantification of twenty-one steroid metabolites using a single chromatographic separation. Under both basal and forskolin-stimulated conditions, the total amount of steroids produced in H295R cells significantly decreased in the presence of Rooibos, aspalathin and nothofagin. Under stimulated conditions, Rooibos decreased the total steroid output 4-fold and resulted in a significant reduction of aldosterone and cortisol precursors. Dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate levels were unchanged, while the levels of androstenedione (A4) and 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione (11βOH-A4) were inhibited 5.5 and 2.3-fold, respectively. Quantification of 11βOH-A4 showed this metabolite to be a major product of steroidogenesis in H295R cells and we confirm, for the first time, that this steroid metabolite is the product of the hydroxylation of A4 by human cytochrome P450 11β-hydroxylase. Taken together our results demonstrate that Rooibos, aspalathin and nothofagin influence steroid hormone biosynthesis and the flux through the mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid and androgen pathways, thus possibly contributing to the alleviation of negative effects arising from elevated glucocorticoid levels.     

雷公藤内酯醇对多发性骨髓瘤细胞凋亡及组蛋白H3K4甲基化的影响

目的：探讨雷公藤内酯醇（TPL）对多发性骨髓瘤RPMI8226细胞增殖、凋亡和组蛋白H3K4甲基化的影响。方法：以人多发性骨髓瘤细胞株RPMI8226为研究对象,在不同浓度（10、20、40、80、160 nmol/L） TPL中共培养不同时间（24 h、48 h、72 h）后,采用噻唑蓝（MTT）法检测细胞增殖活性;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡和细胞周期;Western blot法检测组蛋白H3K4me2、H3K4me3的甲基化状态,实时荧光定量RT-PCR分析组蛋白甲基化酶SMYD3和组蛋白去甲基化酶LSD1的表达水平。结果：TPL对RPMI8226细胞有明显的增殖抑制作用,呈剂量和时间依赖性（P<0.05）;TPL对RPMI8226细胞有明显诱导凋亡的作用,并且随着TPL作用浓度的增加,细胞凋亡比例逐渐增加（P<0.05）;同时TPL还可以诱导RPMI8226细胞周期阻滞于G₂/M期;TPL以浓度依赖性降低组蛋白H3K4me2、H3K4me3的甲基化水平（P<0.05,P<0.01）,并抑制SMYD3和上调LSD1的表达（P<0.05）。结论：TPL可抑制RPMI8226细胞增殖、引起细胞周期阻滞于G₂/M期,并诱导其凋亡;通过抑制组蛋白甲基化酶SMYD3和增强组蛋白去甲基化酶LSD1的表达,降低组蛋白H3K4me3和H3K4me2的甲基化水平,这可能是TPL诱导多发性骨髓瘤细胞凋亡和抗肿瘤作用的机制之一。     

Effects of cadmium in vitro on microsomal steroid metabolism in the inner and outer zones of the guinea pig adrenal cortex

Studies were carried out to evaluate the effects of cadmium in vitro on microsomal steroid metabolism in the inner (zona reticularis) and outer (zona fasciculata and zona glomerulosa) zones of the guinea pig adrenal cortex. Microsomes from the inner zone have greater 21-hydroxylase than 17α-hydroxylase activity, resulting in the conversion of progesterone primarily to 11-deoxycorticosterone and of 17α-hydroxy progesterone principally to its 21-hydroxylated metabolite, 11-deoxycortisol. Microsomes from the outer zones, by contrast, have far greater 17α-hydroxylase and C_17,20-lyase activities than 21-hydroxylase activity. As a result, progesterone is converted primarily to its 17-hydroxylated metabolite, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone; and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone is converted principally to δ⁴-androstenedione, with only small amounts of 21-hydroxylated metabolites being produced. Addition of cadmium to incubations with inner zone microsomes causes concentration-dependent decreases in 21-hydroxylation and increases in 17α-hydroxylase and C_17,20-lyase activities, resulting in a pattern of steroid metabolism similar to that in normal outer zone microsomes. Cadmium similarly decreases 21-hydroxylation by outer zone microsomes but has no effect on the formation of 17-hydroxylated metabolites or on androgen (Δ⁴-androstenedione) production. In neither inner nor outer zone microsomes did cadmium affect cytochrome P-450 concentrations, steroid interactions with cytochrome(s) P-450, or NADPH–cytochrome P-450 reductase activities. The results indicate that cadmium produces both quantitative and qualitative changes in adrenal microsomal steroid metabolism and that the nature of the changes differs in the inner and outer adrenocortical zones. In inner zone microsomes, there appears to be a reciprocal relationship between 21-hydroxylase and 17α-hydroxylase/C_17,20-lyase activities which may influence the physiological function(s) of that zone.     

Antisteroidogenic effects of hydrogen peroxide on rat granulosa cells

Abstract

Rat granulosa cells (GCs) were treated with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), 8-bromo-adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP), forskolin, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), A23187 or pregnenolone in the absence or presence of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Different doses of trilostane were applied to GCs treated with steroidogenic precursors, that is, 25-hydroxy-cholesterol (25-OH-C) in the absence or presence of H₂O₂. Results showed that all of the chemicals stimulated the progesterone (PG) release from rat GCs, but the stimulatory effects were inhibited by H₂O₂ dose-dependently. 25-OH-C stimulated the PG release, which was inhibited by H₂O₂ in the presence of trilostane. H₂O₂ attenuated steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein expression, but did not alter the expression of cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage (P450scc) in Western blotting. This study indicated that H₂O₂ inhibited PG production by GCs via cAMP pathway, protein kinase C (PKC) and the activities of intracellular calcium, P450scc and StAR protein.     

Effects of LPS on the accumulation of lipid droplets,proliferation, and steroidogenesis in goat luteinized granulosa cells

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can cause ovarian dysfunction and infertility in mammals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of LPS on the accumulation of lipid droplets (LDs), proliferation, and steroidogenesis in goat luteinized granulosa cells (LGCs). GCs isolated from the ovarian follicles were spontaneously luteinized under media with fetal bovine serum, resulting in increased progesterone and shifted shape from spherical to star with multiple prolongations. Then, LGCs were treated with LPS (0‐10 μg/mL) for 0‐48 hours. Oil Red O staining was performed to observe LDs accumulation and commercial kit was applied to detect intracellular triglyceride (TG) content. The cell proliferation were detected by cell counting kit‐8. Expressions of cell‐cycle–related genes were determined by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Estradiol (E ₂) and progesterone (P ₄) from cell supernatants were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and expressions of STAR, P450scc, 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β‐HSD) and CYP19A1 were detected by Western blot. Results showed that LPS treatment significantly increased LDs accumulation after 24 hours, and 5 μg/mL LPS increased TG content ( P < 0.05). LPS treatment for 24 hours stimulated the LGCs activities ( P<0.05), which was confirmed by the increases in the expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cyclinB1 and cyclinD1, while 48 hours treatment had no effect. LPS treatment suppressed E ₂ and P ₄ output of LGCs ( P < 0.05). Western blot results showed that 10 μg/mL LPS decreased the protein expression of 3β‐HSD in LGCs ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, LPS increased LDs accumulation and cell proliferation, and LPS‐mediated P ₄ reduction could be attributed to the decreased 3β‐HSD protein expression, which provide new information for the regulation of ovarian function in goats.     

雷公藤对哮喘大鼠气道重构及磷脂酰肌醇3激酶表达的影响

目的:探讨雷公藤内酯醇对哮喘气道重构及磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)表达的影响。方法:将40只SD大鼠随机分为5组(n=8):A组(正常对照组);B组(哮喘4周组);C组(哮喘6周组);D组(给药4周组);E组(给药6周组)。测定气道反应性并观察气道壁嗜酸性粒细胞浸润;图像分析软件测定支气管壁厚度、支气管平滑肌厚度及支气管平滑肌细胞核数量;免疫组织化学染色、逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)检测PI3K蛋白及mRNA表达。结果:①B组、C组PI3Kp85α的蛋白及mRNA表达水平显著高于A组(P均<0.01),E组上述指标较B组、C组、D组均显著降低(P<0.01、P<0.01、P<0.05);②B组及C组支气管壁厚度、支气管壁平滑肌厚度、支气管壁平滑肌细胞核数量均较A组明显增加(P均<0.01),而E组上述指标较B组、C组、D组均显著降低(P均<0.01);③B组、C组的气道反应性均高于A组(P均<0.01),E组较B组、C组、D组均显著降低(P<0.01、P<0.01、P<0.05)。结论:气道平滑肌增生是气道重构的一个显著特征,PI3K可能在此起促进作用。雷公藤内酯醇可能通过下调PI3K的表达而减轻哮喘气道高反应性及抑制气道平滑肌增生,对哮喘气道重构有一定治疗作用。