中国生物多样性研究文献计量分析

生物多样性是人类赖以生存的重要物质基础,中国在生物多样性研究领域做了大量的工作,发表了众多有价值的学术论文。通过文献计量方法,对2009-2018年中国生物多样性研究领域WOS（Web of Science）和CNKI（中国知网）数据库收录论文的数量及被引情况、载文期刊分布等进行统计;并借助CiteSpace文献可视化软件,分析论文的作者合作、合作机构、国家（地区）合作和研究热点等。结果表明：2009-2018年间,中国生物多样性研究领域共发表论文17035篇,其中CNKI收录文献13365篇,WOS收录文献3670篇;年度发文总量以及WOS年度发文量总体呈上升趋势;CNKI文献被引频次最高的论文是于2009年发表在《生物多样性》上的"植物群落清查的主要内容、方法和技术规范",WOS文献被引频次最高的论文是于2011年发表在Global Change Biology上的"TRY-a global database of plant traits";朴世龙教授、骆亦其教授和唐志尧教授等是基于WOS文献的生物多样性研究领域核心作者,王得祥教授、马克平研究员和张文辉教授等基于CNKI文献的生物多样性研究领域主要作者;WOS文献与CNKI文献发文量最多的机构均为中国科学院所属相关科研院所;与中国合作的国家或地区共有106个,包括美国、英国、澳大利亚等;《生态学报》和Global Change Biology分别是该领域中文和外文文献的重要期刊载体;基于WOS文献的研究热点为气候、土壤等环境因子变化对物种多样性的影响研究以及基于微卫星分子标记技术的物种遗传多样性研究,基于CNKI文献的研究热点为环境因子与群落结构的关系研究。上述研究结果从收录论文的角度,定量、客观、科学地描述了2009-2018年中国生物多样性研究状况及研究热点,以期促进中国生物多样性的深入研究,并为相关领域学者凝练研究动向和科学问题等提供参考信息。     

从文献计量角度分析中国生物多样性研究现状

以汤森路透科技集团的WEB OF KNOWLEDGE信息平台提供的Science Citation Index Expanded数据库为数据源,检索到从1997年至2009年期间国际生物多样性研究论文文献219773篇,其中11182篇来自于中国学者。利用NoteExpress软件,对这13a间生物多样性研究论文发表的国家分布、年度分布、研究机构、引用情况、期刊分布和学科分类等做的分析与比较表明:1)全球生物多样性研究的论文数量一直呈增长趋势,中国13年间每年发文量占当年全球生物多样性论文总量的百分率逐年增加;2)从论文总被引频次、篇均引用次数和h-index三项论文影响力特征参数分析,中国与国际其他国家相比有一定差距;3)从学科分类来看,与国际相比,中国在生物多样性保护领域、进化生物学和海洋与淡水生物学领域研究略显不足,昆虫学和真菌学研究领域活跃。     

国际生物多样性研究科学计划与热点述评

生物多样性与人类生活密切相关.近年来不断加剧的人类活动,对生物多样性造成了严重破坏.已有研究表明,地球上的物种正以前所未有的速度丧失.为了遏止这种状况,目前,世界上许多国际组织和国家都对生物多样性及其相关问题展开研究,并制定了与生物多样性保护相关的法规和战略计划,也采取了许多保护生物多样性的行动.DIVERSITAS是国际全球环境变化(GEC)四大研究计划之一,也是生物多样性领域最大的国际科学计划, DIVERSITAS于2001年开始启动了第Ⅱ阶段研究并确定了新的核心研究计划和跨学科交叉网络计划.世界自然保护联盟(The World Conservation Union,IUCN)在2008年发布了<塑造可持续的未来:IUCN 2009～2012年计划>,提出了5个优先主题领域.欧盟于2006年通过了一项保护生物多样性的新战略--<2010年及未来阻止生物多样性丧失:人类福祉的可持续生态服务>.此外,很多国际/国家基金组织还发起了一些全球性的生物多样性计划,如国际海洋生物普查计划、生命之树计划、国际生命条码计划等.本文对上述生物多样性保护和研究的国际计划予以概要介绍和评述,并指出当前国际上生物多样性研究的主要热点,即:生物多样性变化与生态系统功能;生物多样性和生态系统服务的价值评估;生物多样性与气候变化;生物多样性长期动态监测;生物多样性的评价指标等.     

国际生物土壤结皮研究发展态势文献计量分析

生物土壤结皮是荒漠生态系统组成和地表景观的重要特征。近年来,各国和各相关研究机构对生物土壤结皮的研究力度不断加大。利用Bibexcel和NetDraw等文献计量工具,对Web of Science数据库中国际生物土壤结皮研究相关文献进行了分析。在对主要国家和机构的发文进行统计分析后发现:美国、德国和西班牙等国的生物土壤结皮研究论文的综合影响力较高;胡安·卡洛斯国王大学和美国地质调查局等机构的论文影响力较大;中国生物土壤结皮研究论文在总量上优势明显,但高质量论文不多;国际生物土壤结皮研究的主要研究热点集中在腾格里沙漠等沙漠地区,氮循环研究和微生物群落研究是研究的重点。     

试论生物多样性的概念

随着人口的迅速增长,人类经济活动的不断加剧,作为人类生存最为重要的基础的生物多样性受到了严重的威胁。“无法再现的基因、物种和生态系统正以人类历史上前所未有的速度消失”。如果不立即采取有效措施,人类将面临着能否继续以其固有的方式生活的挑战。     

国际生物多样性计划中国国家委员会成立大会纪要

国际生物多样性计划中国国家委员会(CNCDIVERSITAS)成立大会于2004年10月28日在北京友谊宾馆举行。来自中国科学院、科技部、教育部、建设部、国家环保总局、国家林业局、国家海洋局、国家自然科学基金委、中国科协、国际DIVERSITAS秘书处,来自北京大学和北京师范大学等几所高等院校的委员,     

我国毒蛇的生物多样性

中国产蛇类９科６５属约２０７种,其中有毒蛇６３（或７１）种,分隶４科２８属,以管牙类蝰科为最多,计２４种。其中陆栖毒蛇有１０种亚种分化,以山烙铁头蛇为最多,达４个亚种。有海水型、淡水型、岛屿岩栖型、山地林区型、灌丛型、草原型和荒漠型等生态类型。中国毒蛇的物种、遗传和生态方面表现出复杂的多样性。     

生物多样性研究的几个国际热点

ＤＩＶＥＲＳＩＴＡＳ是国际上生物多样性研究的主要项目,到１９９５年时,这项目发展到一个新的阶段．研究内容由过去４个方面发展到目前代表ＤＩＶＥＲＳＹＦＡＳ核心的５个主要项目组成部分及４个交叉项目组成部分。系统学作为生物学的一门分支学科,它的重要任务之一就是要研究生命的多样性．为了世界性地提高对系统学研究重要性的认识,加强系统学基础设施和人才资源,国际上制定了２０００年系统学议程项目。此外,本文还介绍了ＩＵＢＳ组织的物种２０００项目。     

生物多样性的几个问题

本文从生物多样性的现状、存在的问题及应采取的措施等三个方面比较全面地叙述了我国生物多样性的情况。“生物安全”是《生物多样性公约》签订后每次缔约国会议都要讨论的中心议题之一。为之,本文也用一定的篇幅作了较详细的介绍。现状部分从物种多样性、遗传多样性及生态系统多样性等三个方面作了介绍,又从自然因素以及由于人类活动造成栖息地的丧失、环境恶化、偷猎走私、过度捕捞和水产养殖、高新技术发展、全球气候变化以及外     

生产力与生物多样性关系研究进展

生物多样性与生态系统的功能的关系已经成为人类社会面临的一个重大科学问题。本文简要介绍了生产力与生物多样性的概念和研究背景,综述了生产力与物种多样性关系研究的最新进展与争论：1．是物种多样性还是物种特性或物种组成决定生态系统的功能,目前还没有一致的结论;2．生产力与物种多样性关系的尺度效应极其明显,深刻理解和把握生态学尺度和尺度效应有望成为解析生产力与物种多样性关系的突破口：3．不能只保护所谓的关键种,考虑到生态系统的功能很大程度上依赖于受各式各样物种影响的各种不同的过程,尽最大可能保护最大的多样性,才是谨慎而明智的：4．由于自然生态系统极大的复杂性,生产力与物种多样性关系并没有一般的模式。在对已有成果进行综合分析的基础上,对生产力与物种多样性关系研究中亟待解决的区别物种特性与物种多样性问题、尺度问题、实验设计问题进行了探讨,并对未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

Frontiers in research on biodiversity and disease

Global losses of biodiversity have galvanised efforts to understand how changes to communities affect ecological processes, including transmission of infectious pathogens. Here, we review recent research on diversity–disease relationships and identify future priorities. Growing evidence from experimental, observational and modelling studies indicates that biodiversity changes alter infection for a range of pathogens and through diverse mechanisms. Drawing upon lessons from the community ecology of free‐living organisms, we illustrate how recent advances from biodiversity research generally can provide necessary theoretical foundations, inform experimental designs, and guide future research at the interface between infectious disease risk and changing ecological communities. Dilution effects are expected when ecological communities are nested and interactions between the pathogen and the most competent host group(s) persist or increase as biodiversity declines. To move beyond polarising debates about the generality of diversity effects and develop a predictive framework, we emphasise the need to identify how the effects of diversity vary with temporal and spatial scale, to explore how realistic patterns of community assembly affect transmission, and to use experimental studies to consider mechanisms beyond simple changes in host richness, including shifts in trophic structure, functional diversity and symbiont composition.     

陆地生态系统服务与生物多样性研究进展

在生物多样性迅速消失的压力下,人类面临生态系统服务质量严重下降的威胁。为了使生态系统的重要功能更直观的展现在人们面前,许多学者把生态系统服务对人类的惠益进行整理分类,最有影响力的是千年生态系统评估(MA,Millennium Ecosystem Assessment)把生态系统服务分为供给、调节、文化和支持服务四类,服务的核心是生态系统的产品、过程和格局。生态系统服务的识别与分类是生态系统功能的对象化过程,也是以人类需求来审视生态系统的过程。生态系统通过结构-过程-功能这一途径来实现生态系统服务,各种服务的直接动力来源于自然界生物地球化学循环,生物多样性通过生态系统属性和过程来影响生态系统服务形成和维持。生物多样性越高,生态系统功能性状的范围越广,生态系统服务质量就越高、越稳定。全球变化中的土地利用和土地覆盖变化是生物多样性快速下降的主要原因,也是目前影响生态系统服务最广泛、最剧烈的驱动力,而这正是人类活动造成的,人类需求和生态系统有限的服务能力之间在不同尺度表现出严重冲突。要提高生态系统服务质量,要在不同区域进行重点不同的布局,尽可能的扩大生态系统规模和提高生态系统功能,核心是提高生物多样性水平。     

Projecting terrestrial biodiversity intactness with GLOBIO 4

Scenario‐based biodiversity modelling is a powerful approach to evaluate how possible future socio‐economic developments may affect biodiversity. Here, we evaluated the changes in terrestrial biodiversity intactness, expressed by the mean species abundance (MSA) metric, resulting from three of the shared socio‐economic pathways (SSPs) combined with different levels of climate change (according to representative concentration pathways [RCPs]): a future oriented towards sustainability (SSP1xRCP2.6), a future determined by a politically divided world (SSP3xRCP6.0) and a future with continued global dependency on fossil fuels (SSP5xRCP8.5). To this end, we first updated the GLOBIO model, which now runs at a spatial resolution of 10 arc‐seconds (~300 m), contains new modules for downscaling land use and for quantifying impacts of hunting in the tropics, and updated modules to quantify impacts of climate change, land use, habitat fragmentation and nitrogen pollution. We then used the updated model to project terrestrial biodiversity intactness from 2015 to 2050 as a function of land use and climate changes corresponding with the selected scenarios. We estimated a global area‐weighted mean MSA of 0.56 for 2015. Biodiversity intactness declined in all three scenarios, yet the decline was smaller in the sustainability scenario (?0.02) than the regional rivalry and fossil‐fuelled development scenarios (?0.06 and ?0.05 respectively). We further found considerable variation in projected biodiversity change among different world regions, with large future losses particularly for sub‐Saharan Africa. In some scenario‐region combinations, we projected future biodiversity recovery due to reduced demands for agricultural land, yet this recovery was counteracted by increased impacts of other pressures (notably climate change and road disturbance). Effective measures to halt or reverse the decline of terrestrial biodiversity should not only reduce land demand (e.g. by increasing agricultural productivity and dietary changes) but also focus on reducing or mitigating the impacts of other pressures.     

Addressing chemical pollution in biodiversity research

Climate change, biodiversity loss, and chemical pollution are planetary-scale emergencies requiring urgent mitigation actions. As these “triple crises” are deeply interlinked, they need to be tackled in an integrative manner. However, while climate change and biodiversity are often studied together, chemical pollution as a global change factor contributing to worldwide biodiversity loss has received much less attention in biodiversity research so far. Here, we review evidence showing that the multifaceted effects of anthropogenic chemicals in the environment are posing a growing threat to biodiversity and ecosystems. Therefore, failure to account for pollution effects may significantly undermine the success of biodiversity protection efforts. We argue that progress in understanding and counteracting the negative impact of chemical pollution on biodiversity requires collective efforts of scientists from different disciplines, including but not limited to ecology, ecotoxicology, and environmental chemistry. Importantly, recent developments in these fields have now enabled comprehensive studies that could efficiently address the manifold interactions between chemicals and ecosystems. Based on their experience with intricate studies of biodiversity, ecologists are well equipped to embrace the additional challenge of chemical complexity through interdisciplinary collaborations. This offers a unique opportunity to jointly advance a seminal frontier in pollution ecology and facilitate the development of innovative solutions for environmental protection.     

家养动物多样性研究要素和成就

家养动物多样性的研究多年来侧重于经济性状和生态多样性及品种多样性。近几年来在遗传多样性方面取得重大进展 ,在品种聚类、系统保种、遗传多样性与经济性状和生态多态性的相关研究都取得了重要结果 ,有的已经做到数量性状基因定位、转基因和克隆动物检测等。家养动物与其野生近缘种的基因分析和利用野生种血液的育种也取得一定的效果。利用多样性鉴别技术已确认许多地方品种为中国特有种 ,引起了国际广泛关注     

Effects of climate change on biodiversity: a review and identification of key research issues

Current knowledge of effects of climate change on biodiversity is briefly reviewed, and results are presented of a survey of biological research groups in the Netherlands, aimed at identifying key research issues in this field. In many areas of the world, biodiversity is being reduced by humankind through changes in land cover and use, pollution, invasions of exotic species and possibly climate change. Assessing the impact of climate change on biodiversity is difficult, because changes occur slowly and effects of climate change interact with other stress factors already imposed on the environment. Research issues identified by Dutch scientists can be grouped into: (i) spatial and temporal distributions of taxa; (ii) migration and dispersal potentials of taxa; (iii) genetic diversity and viability of (meta) populations of species; (iv) physiological tolerance of species; (v) disturbance of functional interactions between species; and (vi) ecosystem processes. Additional research should be done on direct effects of greenhouse gases, and on interactions between effects of climate change and habitat fragmentation. There are still many gaps in our knowledge of effects of climate change on biodiversity. An interdisciplinary research programme could possibly focus only on one or few of the identified research issues, and should generate input data for predictive models based on climate change scenarios.     

Effects of nitrogen deposition on forest biodiversity

Humans have altered global and regional cycles of nitrogen (N) more than any other elements. Increasing N emissions to the atmosphere from accelerating industrialization and production and use of fertilizer N now make N deposition significant not only in densely populated regions of Europe and North America, but also in other parts of the world (e.g., Asia and Latin America). Increased atmospheric N deposition is known to be able to reduce biodiversity in natural and semi-natural ecosystems. It is suggested that N deposition will be the third greatest driver of biodiversity loss on the global scale in this century, after land use and climate change. Based on published study results, we reviewed the impacts of N deposition on forest biodiversity by emphasizing 3 aspects: (1) plant diversity, including arborous plants, understory plants and cryptogam plants; (2) soil microorganism diversity; (3) animal diversity, including underground soil fauna and aboveground herbivores. In general, it was found that N deposition could alter species diversity, and excessive N could reduce species diversity, such as richness and abundance, and even lose special species. We also identified specific mechanisms on how excessive N deposition affected forest biodiversity. Finally, we summarized the current status of research on N deposition in China and in other countries, and proposed potential research activities and recommendations.