樟个木虱形态特征及生物学特性

樟个木虱Triozacamphorae是近年来上海地区香樟上发生的一种新害虫。作者对其形态和生物学特性进行了研究。樟个木虱在上海以 1年发生 2代为主 ,偶发 3代。樟个木虱以低龄若虫在叶片上越冬 ,3月下旬至 4月上旬越冬代羽化 ;第 1代开始于 3月下旬 ,羽化高峰在 6月份 ;第 2代开始于 5月下旬 ,并主要以该代若虫越冬 ;第 3代若虫偶发 ,开始于 7月上旬 ,以若虫越冬。樟个木虱第 1代若虫的平均发育历期为 5 0 72d,1～ 5龄若虫的历期分别为 :1 8 .3 1± 2 .2 1d ,1 4. 90± 9. 92d,6 .1 1± 2 . 2 0d,5 .80±3 . 61d ,5 60± 1 5 1d。成虫的寿命为 3～ 1 1d ,平均寿命为 6 41d。樟个木虱的产卵量为 3 9. 1粒 雌虫。2 4℃下 ,卵历期 5～ 7d不等 ,平均为 5. 3 4± 0 . 5 7d ,卵平均孵化率为 83 . 7%。樟个木虱低龄若虫中 3龄若虫最耐高温 ,其次为 2龄若虫 ,1龄若虫最不耐高温。     

樟脊网蝽生物学特性观察

樟脊网蝽是香樟的重要害虫,在上海1年发生4代。4月下旬越冬卵始孵,9月下旬开始出现越冬卵。成虫末见期在11月中旬。经室内饲养,樟脊网蝽第三代各龄若虫历期为：一龄61．45±7．8h,二龄48．00±7．6h,三龄43．43±7．6h,四龄51．00±8．0h,五龄70．50±7．5h,整个若虫期历期为281．92±14．8h。第三代野外雌雄比为1：4．07。第三代每雌产2～96粒。日最高产卵量为34粒／头,孤雌可产卵。10％灭百可2000倍稀释液和50％杀螟松2000倍稀释液喷雾防治效果可达93％以上。     

枸杞木虱啮小蜂寄生行为及生物学特性的研究

枸杞木虱啮小蜂Tetrastichussp .是枸杞木虱ParatriozasinicaYang&Li若虫的外寄生蜂 ,自然寄生率可达 86 5 %。在温度为 2 0～ 2 5℃的室内条件下 ,完成 1个世代需 1 4～ 2 0d。成虫寿命与取食有关 ,取食 1 5 %的蜂蜜水 ,雌性成虫寿命为 1 2～ 1 7d,雄性成虫为 4～ 6d。成蜂最喜欢在 3龄和 4龄若虫上产卵。自然种群消长与寄主虫口密度相关。每年 7月到 8月下旬该蜂寄生率高 ,9月份下降 ,1 0月份几乎不见。     

曲纹紫灰蝶的生物学特性和发生动态研究

近年来 ,曲纹紫灰蝶Chiladespandava在广东省苏铁上大量发生 ,一些苏铁园 ,苏铁的受害株率为 2 0 %～ 3 0 % ,有的高达 5 0 %～ 60 %。调查研究了曲纹紫灰蝶的生物学特性及种群发生动态 ,结果如下。 ( 1 )幼虫分 4龄。据广州 9～ 1 0月的观察 ,卵的平均历期为 ( 1 5 2± 0 1 1 )d ,幼虫期为 ( 5 96± 0 1 9)d,蛹期为 ( 5 1 4± 0 3 8)d。成虫卵散产于苏铁嫩芽上。幼虫危害苏铁嫩芯 ,严重时苏铁的叶片、叶柄全部被吃光。 ( 2 )成虫在上午 9:3 0～ 1 0 :3 0活动数量最多。 ( 3 )曲纹紫灰蝶全年都能发生。成虫、卵、幼虫、蛹分别在 5月和 1 0月出现发生高峰 ,前峰高于后峰。其发生高峰期与苏铁的抽芯盛期相吻合。 ( 4 )防治策略 :合理采取措施压基数 ,综合防治控为害 ,即全年曲纹紫灰蝶防治的关键是掌握每年苏铁的第 1个抽芯高峰期 ,采取合理措施 ,压低曲纹紫灰蝶数量 ,持续监控发生动态 ,在第 2个发生高峰的卵孵化盛期用药防治。     

日本食蚧蚜小蜂对寄主的龄期选择性

为了明确寄主龄期对日本食蚧蚜小蜂Coccophagus japonicus Compere的产卵选择及后代发育的影响,本文在橡副珠蜡蚧Parasaissetia nigra Nietner 1龄若虫、2龄若虫、3龄若虫、初期成虫、褐色期成虫、初产卵期1-2 d成虫等6个发育阶段条件下观察了日本食蚧蚜小蜂的产卵选择系数、发育历期、寄生率、羽化率及性比。结果表明:选择性产卵条件下,日本食蚧蚜小蜂对褐色期成虫的产卵量、寄生率、选择系数最高,其次为初期成虫,1龄若虫最低均为0;日本食蚧蚜小蜂在橡副珠蜡蚧2龄若虫-褐色期成虫体内能完成世代发育,发育历期以褐色期寄主最长(24. 0 d),2龄若虫最短(22. 1 d);羽化率以3龄若虫最高(99. 12%),雌性比均为1。综合考虑,可选用橡副珠蜡蚧初期成虫及褐色期成虫作为日本食蚧蚜小蜂的室内扩繁寄主。     

麻疯树蛀梢斑螟生物学特性观察及其防治药剂筛选

本文对攀西地区麻疯树(Jatropha curcasL.)人工林中的麻疯树蛀梢斑螟Oncocera faecella Zeller进行了生物学特性观察及其防治药剂筛选的研究。结果表明:该虫在攀西地区1年发生5代,每雌产卵量为(29±17.05)个,卵期(7±1)d,孵化率93.23%;幼虫共4龄,1、2龄取食量小,占整个幼虫生长阶段的10.6%,3、4龄幼虫取食量大,占整个幼虫生长阶段的89.4%;蛹期(13.11±1.05)d,雌雄比为1.04(F)∶1(M),羽化率88.96%。成虫寿命为6～8d。初孵幼虫仅取食叶肉,后缀嫩叶为害梢头,老熟幼虫在叶片上或枯枝落叶中织茧化蛹;以老熟幼虫越冬。对2龄和3龄幼虫进行防治药剂筛选,表明4.5%高效氯氰菊酯1.0×103mg·L-1和0.5×103mg·L-1、30%乙酰甲胺磷乳油0.5×103mg·L-1和0.25×103mg·L-1有很好的防治效果。     

用HPLC测定稻褐飞虱体内的保幼激素

用反相高效液相色谱法检测了稻褐飞虱3-5龄若虫和雌成虫体内的保幼激素滴度。3-5龄若虫体内检出JH2含量为1．83×10^-3μg／mg、JH3含量为7．55×10^-5μg／mg,短翅型雌成虫中检出JH3含量为1.48×10^-4μg／mg。本方法测定的全过程标准回收率JH1、JH2、JH3分别是80%、93．7%、85％。     

蓝蝽对马铃薯甲虫低龄幼虫的捕食潜能初探

室内研究了蓝蝽Zicrona caerula(Linnaeus)对马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Say)低龄幼虫的捕食功能反应和选择效应。HollingII型圆盘方程和HollingⅢ型新模型拟合结果共同显示,蓝蝽若虫对马铃薯甲虫1龄幼虫的捕食量随着龄期的增加而增大;4、5龄若虫及成虫的捕食量均在17头以上。由HollingII模型获得蓝蝽对马铃薯甲虫1龄幼虫的控制能力为2龄<3龄<4龄<5龄<成虫;随着食物密度的增加,蓝蝽各虫态的寻找效应逐渐下降。田间防治马铃薯甲虫1龄幼虫时,2～5龄蓝蝽若虫及成虫的最佳益害比应该分别为1∶2、1∶4、1∶13、1∶14、1∶13,然而,食物选择效应显示蓝蝽原生境中猎物-兰叶甲可能会对防治产生影响。     

叉角厉蝽对亚洲玉米螟幼虫的捕食功能反应

叉角厉蝽Eocanthecona furcellata是一种在生物防治方面有重要作用和潜力的捕食性天敌昆虫,为探明叉角厉蝽对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis幼虫的控害潜力,在室内温度26℃±1℃、相对湿度65%±10%、光周期16 L∶8 D条件下,观察了叉角厉蝽4龄、5龄若虫和成虫分别对亚洲玉米螟3龄、4龄幼虫的捕食行为,测定了叉角厉蝽对不同亚洲玉米螟密度下的捕食量、搜寻效应以及自身密度和种间干扰对捕食作用的影响。结果表明,叉角厉蝽对亚洲玉米螟的捕食功能反应符合Holling-Ⅱ功能反应模型,叉角厉蝽3个虫龄对亚洲玉米螟3龄与4龄幼虫的理论最大取食量顺序均为：成虫（30.21头）>5龄若虫（24.69头）>4龄若虫（11.96头）,相同虫龄的叉角厉蝽对亚洲玉米螟3龄幼虫的最大取食量均大于对亚洲玉米螟4龄幼虫的最大取食量。在亚洲玉米螟相同虫龄内,搜寻效应与猎物密度的增加呈负相关。在生存环境和亚洲玉米螟幼虫密度固定的条件下,其平均捕食量和搜寻效应与叉角厉蝽成虫密度的增加呈负相关。叉角厉蝽成虫与亚洲玉米螟幼虫以相同比例增加时,叉角厉蝽成虫种间会产生干扰作用。结果表明了叉角厉蝽对亚洲玉米螟具有较好的控害潜力,为今后高效利用叉角厉蝽田间防治亚洲玉米螟提供了理论依据。     

黄杨绒蚧的生物学特性及卵期预测预报

黄杨绒蚧Eriococcus abeliceae Kuwana是危害园林树木的重要害虫之一。该蚧在西宁地区1年发生1代,以2龄若虫在树干裂皮缝中越冬。翌年3月下旬2龄若虫蜕皮变为3龄若虫,开始为害,雌虫5月上旬开始产卵,卵期18~23d,每雌虫产卵量134~424粒,平均287粒。6月上旬卵开始孵化,孵化率100%。雌虫3龄,雄虫2龄。在室内自然变温条件下,对黄杨绒蚧卵的发育起点温度和有效积温进行测定。结果表明:卵发育起点温度12.98℃,有效积温39.03日.度;预测式为N=(39.03±2.66)/T-(12.98±0.18)。     

Life table of Gaeolaelaps aculeifer (Acari: Laelapidae) feeding on larvae of Lycoriella auripila (Diptera: Sciaridae) with stage-specific estimates of consumption

Gaeolaelaps aculeifer (Canestrini, 1883) is a soil-dwelling predatory mite with potential for use as a biological control agent of fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaridae) in mushroom production. The life table, predation rate and population growth rate of G. aculeifer on a diet of larvae of the sciarid fly, Lycoriella auripila, at 23?±?1°C, 60?±?5% RH and a photoperiod of 0:24 (L:D)?h was investigated. The results revealed that the duration of egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph, females and males of G. aculeifer were 3.8?±?0.1, 1.4?±?0.1, 3.9?±?0.1, 4.1?±?0.1, 67.7?±?2.8 and 60.3?±?3.1 days, respectively. Net reproductive rate (R₀) was 54.8?±?7.1 offspring, intrinsic rate of increase (r) was 0.12?±?0.01 offspring day^?1, finite rate of increase (λ) was 1.13?±?0.01 day^?1and mean generation time (T) was 32.3?±?0.6 days. The predator consumed a mean of 0.08?±?0.05, 1.73?±?0.18, 3.16?±?0.28 and 75.9?±?7.1 third instar L. auripila larvae during the larval (1.3?±?0.1 days), protonymph (3.9?±?0.1 days), deutonymph (4.1?±?0.1 days) and adult (52.6?±?2.2 days) stages. Population parameters and consumption rates suggest that G. aculeifer has good potential as a biological control agent of L. auripila in mushroom production.     

Feeding location affects demographic performance of cabbage aphids on winter canola

The cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a perennial pest that specializes on plants of the Brassicaceae family, attacking winter canola (Brassica napus L.) mainly during and after flowering. Under field conditions, cabbage aphid colonizes the upper flowering canopy. Population dynamics of aphids in the flowering canopy could be regulated by differences in either plant quality (bottom‐up) or predatory (top‐down) forces. The goal of our study was to determine the effect of feeding location on cabbage aphid demography. A stage‐structured matrix population model was constructed for aphids restricted to reproductive or vegetative plant tissues of canola. We found that feeding location had a large impact on demography of cabbage aphid; the finite rate of increase (λ ± SEM) was higher when aphids were restricted to reproductive tissues, compared to aphids feeding on vegetative tissues: 1.25 ± 0.01 vs. 1.17 ± 0.01 (leaves). Aphids confined to reproductive tissues with higher λ exhibited shorter generation times (T = 14.2 ± 0.2 days) and 53–75% higher net reproductive rates (R₀ = 23.3 ± 1.7) than aphids feeding on vegetative tissues. Prospective analyses showed that there was a nymph‐skewed stable stage distribution, and elasticity values revealed that λ is most sensitive to changes in stasis of adults staying in the adult stage and to adult survival. Retrospective analyses indicated that variation in adult fecundity (value of 0.05) had the largest effect on population dynamics but collectively, growth of nymphal stage 2–3, 3–4, and 4 to adult accounted for most of the difference in λ between the treatments. Monitoring programs should target adults and penultimate instars colonizing reproductive tissues of canola plants in the field as aphids on these plant structures contribute most to population growth.     

引进天敌越南斧瓢虫的形态特征和生物学特性

引进天敌越南斧瓢虫Axinoscymnus apioides Kuznetsov & Ren原产于东南亚,是烟粉虱Bemisiatabaci(Gennadius)的重要捕食性天敌之一。文章详细描述越南斧瓢虫的形态特征,并研究其基本的生物学特性。越南斧瓢虫可取食烟粉虱的卵、若虫、伪蛹等各虫态,可有效地控制烟粉虱种群,具有很好的利用价值。在(26±1)℃条件下,越南斧瓢虫捕食烟粉虱的世代平均发育历期为20.33d,世代存活率为73.04%,雌成虫寿命为143.17d,平均单雌产卵量为284.33粒。越南斧瓢虫取食烟粉虱的内禀增长率(rm)为0.0457,净增殖率(R0)为103.4050,平均世代历期(T)为99.3626,周限增长率(λ)为1.0478。     

The effect of photoperiod on walking, feeding, and oviposition in the western flower thrips

The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is a major pest in glasshouses, where light and photoperiod are often manipulated to grow crops. The effect of five photoperiods (L0:D24, L6:D18, L12:D12, L18:D6, and L24:D0) on the behaviour of adult females was investigated in the laboratory at 25 °C. The amount of walking, pollen consumption, and oviposition all increased with increasing photophase. The three behaviours occurred at a low rate in continuous darkness, and are therefore not exclusively diurnal. Three out of 16 thrips (19%) showed weakly rhythmic walking activity in continuous darkness, with an average circadian period of 25.3 ± 1.5 h. It is proposed that the length of the photophase determines the amount of nutrient intake, which in turn determines oviposition rate and thus affects population increase.     

笼养丹顶鹤成体与亚成体血液生理生化指标比较

为了揭示丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)不同年龄和性别个体之间血液生理生化指标的差异性,对沈阳动物园42只笼养丹顶鹤(成体24只,亚成体18只)的15项血液生化指标和13项血液生理指标进行了比较。所测得的血液生理生化指标在不同性别之间不存在显著差异(P0.05)。血清肌酐成体(37.05±17.03)mmol/L、亚成体(22.57±11.68)mmol/L,血清尿酸成体(878.22±514.41)mmol/L、亚成体(426.17±207.74)mmol/L,血清甘油三酯成体(7.73±4.75)mmol/L、亚成体(3.51±4.07)mmol/L,这3项指标均为成体高于亚成体,差异性显著(P0.05)。这几项指标的变化表明,丹顶鹤在成体和亚成体时期采取了相同或不同的生态适应策略。     

大鼠老化过程小脑神经元染色质核小体线性和空间排布特征分析

阐明真核细胞染色质核小体线性和空间排布特征及其机制是染色质结构和功能研究的核心内容．近年来随着染色质分子生物学研究的深入,人们发现染色质核小体不仅作为真核基因组三维结构的基本结构单元,而且在细胞核内线性和空间排布（ｌｉｎ－ｅａｒａｎｄｓｐａｃｉａｌａ...     

Effect of modified meridic diet on the development and growth of tomato fruitworm Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The efficacy of one new modified and two old meridic diets on Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) for rearing six successive generations was studied. Duration of larval development for insects fed on the modified diet was considerably shortened as most of them went through only five stadia before pupation, while the per cent pupation and per cent eclosion were relatively higher than on other diets. The lowest pupal mortality (6.33 ± 0.13%) was recorded in the F₁ generation reared on the modified diet, whereas the highest pupal mortality (19.49 ± 0.15%) was observed in insects reared on a natural diet in the F₆ generation. Blending of chickpea Cicer arietinum L. and red kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. flours with tomato paste proved highly favorable for adult reproduction. These results suggest that the vitality of the tomato fruitworm did not decline obviously after rearing on a modified diet for several generations.     

巴黎翠凤蝶的生物学特性及防治

巴黎翠凤蝶Papilio parisL.为药用植物三桠苦(Melicope pteleifolia)(Champ.ex Benth)T.G.Hartley叶部的重要害虫之一。在广州年发生5代,世代重叠,以蛹在寄主植物上越冬。翌年3月上、中旬越冬代成虫羽化、交配、产卵,幼虫共5龄。