Enhancement of bacteriophage λ stability using a λQ − S − mutant in the continuous culture of Escherichia coli

In this study, we used a bacteriophage λQ ⁻ S ⁻ mutant that increased the stability of recombinant Escherichia coli during continuous culture. The operation was conducted in two stages: the first stage was carried out to promote cell growth, and the second stage was performed for product formation. The productivity of recombinant proteins depends on the substrate concentration of the fresh medium supplied to the second stage (S ₃) and dilution rate of the second stage (D ₂). With the optimal value of S ₃ and D ₂, the first and second stages were stably maintained for 170 and 80 h, respectively. To further improve this process, a three-stage continuous process was conducted with an additional induction stage between the growth and production stages. Compared with the two-stage operation, the stable production period was extended by 1.7 fold, and the recombinant protein production increased by 1.3 fold.     

Comparative analysis of proteome maps of silkworm hemolymph during different developmental stages

Background  

The silkworm Bombyx mori is a lepidopteran insect with four developmental stages: egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa, and adult. The hemolymph of the silkworm is in an open system that circulates among all organs, and functions in nutrient and hormone transport, injury, and immunity. To understand the intricate developmental mechanisms of metamorphosis, silkworm hemolymph from different developmental stages, including the 3^rd day of fifth instar, the 6^th day of fifth instar, the 3^rd day of pupation, the 8^th day of pupal stage and the first day of the moth stage, was investigated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry.     

Cytologic and Autoradiographic Studies of the Micronucleus at Meiotic Prophase in Tetrahymena pyriformis

Micronuclear changes of variety 1 of Tetrahymena pyriformis during meiotic prophase have been observed by the light microscope. Morphologic changes in the micronucleus are divided into 6 stages. In stage I, chromatin begins to polarize; in stage II, the micronucleus becomes spindle shaped; and in stage III, one end of the micronucleus protrudes to form a “neck.” In stage IV, where the micronucleus elongates to maximal length, the whole micronucleus consists of 2 chromatin threads pairing longitudinally. One thread probably contains one genome. In stage V, the elongated thread becomes shorter and thicker. Finally, in stage VI, separate chromosomes appear and enter into metaphase. To discover the role of the elongation of the micronucleus, called crescent formation, autoradiographic analysis of RNA and DNA synthesis were undertaken using [³H]uridine and [³H]thymidine. Pulse label and chase experiments show that the crescent in stages II and III is actively synthesizing RNA. Though no remarkable DNA synthesis was observed during meiosis, a small amount of DNA synthesis occurred during the 1st and 2nd prezygotic divisions.     

Differences in Leaf δ13C Among Four Dominant Species in a Secondary Succession Sere on the Loess Plateau of China

Differences in leaf ¹³C among four dominant species as well as the species-specific response to the fluctuations of either soil moisture or monthly mean temperature were examined along a secondary succession sere with a time scale from 3 to 149 y on the Loess Plateau in north-western China. We used leaf ¹³C as a surrogate for water use efficiency (WUE) of the mentioned dominant species. Bothrichloa ischaemun as a dominant species in the final succession stage belongs to C₄ photosynthesis pathway, while the other three dominant species occurring in the first three succession stages belong to C₃ pathway. The overall trend of leaf ¹³C variation among the three C₃ species was Artemisia gmelinii (in the third stage) and Lespedeza davurica (in the second stage) > Artemisia scoparia (in the first stage). This suggests that species with higher WUE (more positive leaf ¹³C) would have substantial competitive advantages in the context of vegetation succession. Furthermore, species with highest WUE (i.e. C₄ pathway) have great potential to be dominant in the final succession stage in the habitats (such as the study area) undergoing strong water stress in growing season. The evolution of WUE among the dominant species occurring in different succession stages strongly depends on the time scale of given stage since abandonment. The longer the time scale is, the more significant the differences among them in terms of leaf ¹³C, hence WUE. Our results support the notions that leaf ¹³C may be more positive when water supply is less favourable.     

Dynamics of the spatial organization of the chromosome set in cells of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosophila melanogaster</Emphasis> imaginal disks normally and under the action of the tumor-inducing mutation <Emphasis Type="Italic">Merlin</Emphasis>

Fluorescence of H3-p histone and DAPI was studi ed at different stages of interphase and mitosis in cells of imaginal disks of third-instar Drosophila melanogaster larvae. Three stages differing in the spatial organization of the chromosome set in mitosis were revealed. At the first stage (prophase, prometaphase), the histone 3 phosphorylation level rises, and the volume occupied by the chromosome set in the nucleus increases. The distinctive features of the second stage (metaphase) are a gradual decrease in the histone 3 phosphorylation (the density of phosphorylation remaining constant) and a reduction of the volume occupied by the chromosome set. At the third stage (anaphase, telophase), the intensity and density of the signal from H3-p histone decrease, and the volume occupied by the chromosome set reduces. At this stage, in Mer ⁴ larvae, in contrast to the control strain, the cells prematurely pass from anaphase into telophase. In addition, a subpopulation of cells with an abnormally large volume of nuclear DNA during the G₁ period was revealed in Mer ⁴ larvae. The cells of this subpopulation do not enter into the DNA synthesis and quit the cycle.     

Growth and accumulation of storage reserves by somatic embryos of Ocotea catharinensis Mez. (Lauraceae)

The focus of this study was the assessment of in vitro growth of embryogenic cultures of Ocotea catharinensis Mez. (Lauraceae) on Woody Plant Medium (WPM) supplemented with 22.7 g l^–1 sorbitol, 2 g l^–1 Phytagel, 20 g l^–1 sucrose and 400 mg l^–1 glutamine and the biochemical analysis of somatic embryos at different developmental stages (globular, early cotyledonary, cotyledonary and mature). The embryoids underwent repetitive embryo-genesis and developed non-synchronously, throughout the culture period. Dry weight increased 12.6- and 26.8-fold after 3 and 5 weeks, respectively. During the 5 week culture period a reduction in the frequency of embryoids at the globular stage and increasing frequencies of embryoids at early cotyledonary, cotyledonary and mature stages were observed. Embryoids at the mature stages presented a small but significantly higher water content than those at the globular stage. Therefore, embryoid expansion at the latter stages of development was mainly due to water uptake. Embryoids at the globular stages accumulated higher levels of total proteins while those at the cotyledonary and mature stage showed higher levels of soluble sugars and starch (physiological markers of embryo maturation). Thus, significant differences in the profiles of accumulated storage reserves were detected in the embryoids at different developmental stages in the culture conditions tested.     

Plasmodium pyruvate dehydrogenase activity is only essential for the parasite's progression from liver infection to blood infection

Plasmodium parasites possess a single pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) enzyme complex that is localized to the plastid‐like organelle known as the apicoplast. Unlike most eukaryotes, Plasmodium parasites lack a mitochondrial PDH. The PDH complex catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl‐CoA, an important precursor for the tricarboxylic acid cycle and type II fatty acid synthesis (FAS II). In this study, using a rodent malaria model, we show that the PDH E1α and E3 subunits colocalize with the FAS II enzyme FabI in the apicoplast of liver stages but are not significantly expressed in blood stages. Deletion of the E1α or E3 subunit genes of Plasmodium yoelii PDH caused no defect in blood stage development, mosquito stage development or early liver stage development. However, the gene deletions completely blocked the ability of the e1α^‐ and e3^‐ parasites to form exo‐erythrocytic merozoites during late liver stage development, thus preventing the initiation of a blood stage infection. This phenotype is similar to that observed for deletions of genes involved in FAS II elongation. The data strongly support the hypothesis that the sole role of PDH is to provide acetyl‐CoA for FAS II.     

Effects of repeated application of water stress on water status and growth of wheat

The effects on water status and growth of controlled cycles of water stress applied at various stages of development were studied on a semi-dwarf spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The plants were grown in controlled environment chambers of the Duke University Phytetron at 24/18°C with a 12-h photo-period at about 600 μE m^?2 s^?1. Groups of plants were subjected to severe water stress by withholding irrigation, beginning at the 7th leaf, early anthesis, or early dough stages of development. A second cycle started 9 to 13 days after termination of the first cycle and maintained until the flag leaf water potential reached –25 bars at each of the growth stages. The lower leaves showed sign of wilting as indicated by curling in the first drying cycle at –7 bars and in the second cycle at –9 bars of leaf water potential during all stages of growth. Although these leaves recovered completely upon rewatering, onset of senescence was accelerated by three days in stressed plants. A preliminary drying cycle did not increase the ability of the plants to withstand subsequent stress because of severity of stress. Water stress of –25 bars at all three stages of growth reduced seed yield. The reduction was greater when a second stress cycle was also applied. Stress applied during early anthesis stage produced the smallest and the least number of seeds. The lack of osmotic adjustment probably was due to very rapid and severe development of water stress.     

Prey preference and feeding capacity of the larvae ofAblattaria arenaria [Coleoptera: Silphidae], a snail predator

The larval stages ofAblattaria arenaria were provided with 4 different snail species:Monacha syriaca (Ehrenberg),Xeropicta derbentina (Krynicki),Candidula sp., andZebrina eburnea (Pfeiffer) to determine if the prey species affected developmental time and food preference of larvae. Functional response of each larval stage ofA. arenaria was also tested for increasing density ofX. derbentina, the most common prey species found in association withA. arenaria locally. The developmental time of each larval stage did not show any statistical difference when fed with different snail species. The total developmental time from egg hatch to adult emergence was 19.0, 19.1, 18.0 and 21.4 days for prey speciesM. syriaca, X. derbentina, Candidula sp., andZ. eburnea, respectively. When prey was offered to larvae either as a single species or as combination of several species,M. syriaca was the most preferred. The prey least consumed wasCandula sp. when prey was given separately, andZ. eburnea was least preferred when other prey species were present in the arena. The 3^rd larval stage did not eat anyZ. eburnea if other prey species were present. The amount of prey consumed by the 1^st larval stage did not show any statistical differences with increasing density ofX. derbentina. But the response of 2^nd and 3^rd larval stages was very similar to each other although the amount of prey they consumed was very different. They both showed a rapid increase in consumption rate at early densities, then a negatively but slowly accelerated rise to plateaus at higher densities, a type-2 functional response curve. All larval stages were very sensitive to starvation. Mortality started after the 2^nd day, and all individuals of all larval stages were dead by the 5^th day.      

Genetic linkage between immune response to GAT and the fate of RSV-induced tumors in chickens

Recent studies suggest that the gene locus controlling the fate of tumors induced by Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) is linked to theB histocompatibility complex. Birds carrying the dominant allele regress the tumor; homozygous recessives being unable to do so, develop large tumors and die. These are called progressors.The Bryan strain of RSV was inoculated into 220 6 week old Leghorns homozygous forB ¹ B ¹,B ² B ², orB ¹⁹ B ¹⁹ of which the percentages of progressors were 79, 22 and 56, respectively. The balance of each were regressors and survived.TheB ¹ B ¹ test birds were derived from special matings, i.e., high and low immune responders to the amino acid polymer, GAT. Of 67 tests progeny of theB ¹ B ¹ GAT-low mating, 63 or 94% proved to be progressors, and 6% were regressors. Of 84 test progeny of theB ¹ B ¹ GAT-high matings, 67% were progressors, and 33% were regressors. The difference between the high and low GAT responders is highly significant and indicates that the locus controlling the fate of RSV-induced tumors is closely linked to the locus controlling immune response to GAT. The latter maps within theIr region of theB histocompatibility complex.     

番茄连作青枯病不同发病时期的非根际土壤细菌群落变化特征

[目的]研究连作条件下番茄青枯病不同发病时期的非根际土壤微生物群落差异,明确土壤微生物对青枯病发病时期的响应机制。[方法]本研究对16S rRNA V4-V5区进行实时荧光定量PCR和高通量测序,综合分析了连续种植第1、3、5和7季的发病高峰期和发病末期的番茄非根际土壤的病原菌数量、细菌群落多样性、群落组成、标志细菌类群和群落构建机制。[结果]发病高峰期的青枯菌数量(1.28×10⁷ copies/g)要高于发病末期(1.77×10⁶ copies/g)。随着连作时间的增加,发病时期对细菌群落多样性的影响逐渐增加。第3季和第5季不同发病时期之间的细菌群落alpha和beta多样性存在显著差异。LEfSe分析发现,番茄青枯病发病高峰期和发病末期的非根际土壤样品有其各自不同的标志细菌类群。此外,随连作时间的延长协助青枯菌致病的细菌逐渐累积。发病高峰期是微杆菌属(Microbacterium)和亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)协助青枯菌致病,而在发病末期,则由鞘脂菌属(Sphingobium)、norank_f...     

The herb and dwarf shrubs colonization of decaying logs in subalpine forest in the Polish Tatra Mountains

This is a study of the colonization pattern of herbs and dwarf shrubs on rotten logs in subalpine spruce forests (Plagiothecio Piceetum) in the Tatra Mountains. On four study plots (total area 1.43 ha.) all dead logs were measured and the decomposition stage was estimated using the 8-degree scale. For each log the cover of all vascular species, bryophytes and lichens was determined according to the methods of classical phytosociology. Constancy and an index of coverage were calculated for all vascular species growing on logs. The total volume of logs was relatively high (93 m³ ha^–1) and constituted 22% of the volume of living trees. Logs and stumps covered 411 m² ha^–1. These values are similar to those known from natural spruce forest from Carpathians and Scandinavia. The 8 stages of decomposition were equally represented, which indicates a constant supply of dead wood to the forest floor over time. The colonization of dead wood starts with lichens, followed by bryophytes and finally herbs and tree saplings. The first vascular plant colonists of dead logs appear at decay stage nr. 3 at least 20 years after tree death. The most suitable condition for most of the herb species corresponds to decay stage nr. 6 ca. 50 years after tree death. The herb cover is distinctively dominated by Vaccinium myrtillus. Simultaneously with herb species, tree seedlings colonize the logs. Constancy and abundance of Norway spruce saplings increases with advanced decomposition. It seems that the herb cover of logs does not hinder the regeneration of spruce.     

Early Developmental Stages of the Green Tiger Prawn, Penaeus semisulcatus de Haan (Crustacea, Decapoda, Penaeidae)

Gravid females of Penaeus semisulcatus were spawned in the laboratory by natural means. The embryos were documented and the larvae were reared from hatching to postlarval stage at 28.2–30.0 °C and 33.5–34.5 g kg⁻¹ salinity for about 10 days (223 h 55 min). Six naupliar stages, three protozoea stages, three mysis stages and the first postlarval stage were described and illustrated. The larvae were fed only with microalgae Tetraselmis tetrathele and Chaetoceros gracilis from first protozoea until the second mysis, with about 90% survival rate; from the third mysis until the first postlarva they were fed with similar microalgae coupled with rotifer Brachionus plicatilis and Artemia nauplii. The embryonic and larval stages of P. semisulcatus are generally similar to those of other closely related species in the family Penaeidae, such as Melicertus canaliculatus, Fenneropenaeus merguiensis, and Marsupenaeus japonicus, except for the size and structure of diagnostic characters, setation of appendages and duration of metamorphoses. The change in the feeding habit during ontogeny was related to morphological transformation of the feeding apparatus of larvae and postlarvae. This paper is the first comprehensive and complete account of the early developmental stages of P. semisulcatus.     

Interaction of Acronicta rumicis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its larval parasitoid, Glyptapanteles liparidis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

As a result of parasitism by Glyptapanteles liparidis in the first, second, third and fourth instar larvae of Acronicta rumicis, the mortality of each larval stage was found to be 46.67, 90, 71 and 16.67%, respectively. The mortality was highest when G. liparidis parasitized the second and third instar larvae. The difference in mortality between the parasitized group and the control group was 72.14% in the second instar larvae. With regards to the food consumption of the parasitized larvae, the first and second instar larvae consumed 6495.58 ± 646.52 mm² (leaf surface) and 7951.12 ± 4167.36 mm², respectively, while the third and fourth larvae consumed 13 826.77 ± 3396.66 mm² and 18 599.85 mm², respectively, showing that food consumption increased with instar stages of the host larvae. The clutch size of G. liparidis increased in relation to the instar stages of the host: it was 25.25 ± 7.89, 48.65 ± 53.75, 91.09 ± 44.52 and 114 individuals when they were fed with the first, second, third and the fourth instar larvae of the host, respectively.     

Lethal and sub‐lethal impacts of pulsed laser irradiations on the larvae of the fouling barnacle Balanus amphitrite

Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the impact of laser irradiation on the larvae of the fouling barnacle Balanus amphitrite. Research pertaining to fouling invertebrate larvae‐laser interaction is sparse and, hence, data on this aspect were thought significant in order to consider pulsed low power laser irradiations as a possible future antifouling tool. Lethal and sub‐lethal impacts of four very low laser fluences, viz. 0.013, 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 J cm^‐2 for three different durations, viz. 2, 10 and 30 s were investigated. Three growth stages of barnacle larvae, viz. nauplii stage II, nauplii stage IV and cyprids were exposed to the mentioned laser fluences for different durations. While lethal impact was assessed immediately after and 1 d after irradiation, sub‐lethal impacts were studied by monitoring the success rate of the irradiated nauplii in reaching the cyprid stage. In addition, the swimming speed of VI^th stage nauplii after irradiation was studied. In the case of cyprids, in addition to the mortality measurement immediately after and 1 d after irradiation, the settlement rate was investigated. In all the above experiments, non‐irradiated larvae served as controls. The results showed an increase in mortality with increasing laser fluence and duration of irradiation. Irradiation for 2 s resulted in significant mortality in nauplii, while it was less in the case of cyprids. In II^nd stage nauplii, the mortality immediately after irradiation for 2 s varied from 14.8±2.12 to 97.1±4.1% for laser fluences of 0.013 and 0.1 J cm^‐2, respectively. However, in cyprids, the mortality immediately after irradiation for 2 s varied from 12.2±3 to 13.4±1.2% for fluences of 0.013 and 0.1 J cm^‐2, respectively. The mortality in IV^th stage nauplii was less than that for II^nd stage nauplii but more than that for cyprids. There was a significant increase in mortality with time after irradiation. The formation of cyprids from the irradiated larvae was significantly less than that observed for non‐irradiated larvae. Also, the irradiated larvae showed a significantly slower swimming speed compared to the control samples. The settlement rate in cyprids was reduced significantly by the laser irradiation. This was true even for the lowest fluence and shortest period of irradiation tested. Thus, the results of the experiment showed that even a low power pulsed laser irradiation of 0.013 J cm^‐2 for 2 s can cause significant damage to fouling barnacle larvae.     

STUDIES ON THE GERMINATION OF SEEDS OF THE ROOT PARASITES,ALECTRA VOGELII AND STRIGA GESNERIOIDES. II. DNA SYNTHESIS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE QUIESCENT CENTER IN THE RADICLE

DNA synthetic activity in the radicle meristem of embryos of germinating seeds of the obligate root parasites, Alectra vogelii and Striga gesnerioides was followed by autoradiography of ³H-thymidine incorporation. Incorporation of ³H-thymidine occurred in the nuclei of cells destined to form the vascular tissues, ground meristem and epidermis. An analysis of the distribution of labeled nuclei demonstrated the presence of a quiescent center of 2-4 cells in the radicle at the beginning of seed germination, becoming more prominent at later stages of germination. During continued growth of the radicle which resulted in a reduction in size of the meristem, cells of the original quiescent center were activated to undergo DNA synthesis.     

Simultaneous measure of X-ray induced X-Y and autosomal crossingover in spermatocytes ofDrosophila

Summary Radiation induced X-Y and autosomal crossingover was followed in primary spermatocytes ofDrosophila males. Males of the compositiony/B ^Sy⁺ were X-rayed 1–2 hours after the prepupal stage and mated daily with threey;dp cn bw females. The results suggest that the frequency of recovered X-Y crossovers is highest in the late spermatocyte stage about to undergo the first meiotic division, whereas the peak frequency of autosomal crossovers occurs in earlier spermatocytes. The results are explainable if (1) a more appropriate pairing configuration exists between X and Y than between autosomes at later stages of the primary spermatocyte, a situation which is reversed in earlier stages; (2) breakability of Y (and/or X) heterochromatin and centromeric heterochromatin of autosomes are different from each other at different stages of the primary spermatocyte; or (3) a combination of both.Supported by National Science Foundation grant GB 3117.     

Effect of turbulence on feeding intensity and survival of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus pelagic larvae

Three‐day rearing experiments were conducted to study the effect of turbulence on the feeding intensity and survival of pelagic larvae of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Four levels of turbulence as control (10^?7·2 m² s^?3), low (10^?6·2 m² s^?3), mid (10^?5·6 m² s^?3) and high (10^?5·0 m² s^?3) were set by changing the flow rate of water pumped through pipes set on the bottom of the tanks. In B‐stage larvae, defined as having buds of elongated dorsal fin rays, the feeding intensity and growth were higher in the low and mid turbulence levels, while survival was highest in the control level. Most of the larvae surviving in the control level, however, were judged to be in a seriously starved condition leading to subsequent high mortality. Because the three‐day span of the rearing experiments was thought to be a little shorter than the periods before starvation‐induced, high mortality occurs. In contrast, for D‐stage larvae, their feeding and growth were optimal in the control and low levels. Feeding was more adversely affected in the high level for D‐stage larvae compared with B‐stage larvae. This is probably due to the compressed body shape and elongated dorsal fin rays of D‐stage larvae, which may be more strongly affected by turbulence and, as a consequence, the larval feeding behaviour such as pursuit and capture of prey organisms becomes less efficient than in lower turbulence. Considering the vertical distribution of B and D‐stage larvae in the oceanic water column, the optimum turbulence level range found in the present study corresponded to a wind speed of 7–10 m s^?1. Therefore, moderate weather conditions of this wind speed range are considered to potentially enhance survival of early larval stages of P. olivaceus.     

Epidemiology of CKD Regression in Patients under Nephrology Care

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) regression is considered as an infrequent renal outcome, limited to early stages, and associated with higher mortality. However, prevalence, prognosis and the clinical correlates of CKD regression remain undefined in the setting of nephrology care. This is a multicenter prospective study in 1418 patients with established CKD (eGFR: 60–15 ml/min/1.73m²) under nephrology care in 47 outpatient clinics in Italy from a least one year. We defined CKD regressors as a ΔGFR ≥0 ml/min/1.73 m²/year. ΔGFR was estimated as the absolute difference between eGFR measured at baseline and at follow up visit after 18–24 months, respectively. Outcomes were End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) and overall-causes Mortality.391 patients (27.6%) were identified as regressors as they showed an eGFR increase between the baseline visit in the renal clinic and the follow up visit. In multivariate regression analyses the regressor status was not associated with CKD stage. Low proteinuria was the main factor associated with CKD regression, accounting per se for 48% of the likelihood of this outcome. Lower systolic blood pressure, higher BMI and absence of autosomal polycystic disease (PKD) were additional predictors of CKD regression. In regressors, ESRD risk was 72% lower (HR: 0.28; 95% CI 0.14–0.57; p<0.0001) while mortality risk did not differ from that in non-regressors (HR: 1.16; 95% CI 0.73–1.83; p = 0.540). Spline models showed that the reduction of ESRD risk associated with positive ΔGFR was attenuated in advanced CKD stage. CKD regression occurs in about one-fourth patients receiving renal care in nephrology units and correlates with low proteinuria, BP and the absence of PKD. This condition portends better renal prognosis, mostly in earlier CKD stages, with no excess risk for mortality.     

HIF-1α involvement in low temperature and anoxia survival by a freeze tolerant insect

Protein kinases are important signalling molecules critical for normal cell growth and development. CDK11^p58 is a p34^cdc2-related protein kinase, and plays an important role in normal cell cycle progression. In this study, we mainly characterized the protein expression of CDK11^p58 during postnatal development in mouse testes and examined the cellular localization of CDK11^p58 and cyclinD3, which was associated with CDK11^p58 in mammalian cells. Western blot analysis revealed that CDK11^p58 was present in the early stages of development. It gradually increased and reached a peak in adult testes. The protein expression of CDK11^p58 was further analysed by immunohistochemistry due to its developmentally regulated expression. The variable immunostaining patterns of CDK11^p58 were visualized during different developmental periods and, in adult mouse, different stages of seminiferous tubules. CDK11^p58 expression was detected in proliferating germ cells in the early stages of developing testes. In adult testes, the protein was expressed in pachytene primary spermatocytes from stage VII to XI of spermatogenesis and in postmeiotic spermatids in all stages at different levels. The colocalization of CDK11^p58 and cyclinD3 in the adult testeis was revealed by immunofluorescence analysis. (Mol Cell Biochem 270: 99–106, 2005)