鞘内注射孤啡肽对大鼠足底注入蜜蜂毒诱致长时程自发痛、痛敏和炎症的不同效果

为进一步了解孤啡肽在脊髓水平是否具有抗伤害及抗炎作用,本实验在具有多种痛行为表现的蜜蜂毒模型上观察了鞘内注射孤啡肽对大鼠一侧后足底注入蜜蜂毒所诱致的同侧自发缩足反射、原发热和机械性痛敏以及注射部位炎症反应的影响,同时观察了新的高选择性孤啡肽受体拮抗剂CompB的作用.结果表明与生理盐水对照组比较,鞘内注射孤啡肽(3、10、30 nmol/10μl)对蜜蜂毒诱发的自发缩足反射次数的抑制作用随剂量提高而增大,抑制率分别为37±7,43±6and57±11%(三个剂量vs对照,P＜0.05);而对蜜蜂毒诱发的注射部位炎症反应(爪体积、爪背腹厚度和蛋白渗出的增加)无显著影响.CompB(30 nmo1)可完全翻转10 nmol孤啡肽对自发缩足反射的抑制作用.鞘内单次或重复注射孤啡肽(10 nmol/10μl)对蜜蜂毒诱致的原发性热和机械性痛敏的发生和维持均无作用.本实验结果提示,外源性孤啡肽在脊髓通过孤啡肽受体的介导产生一定的镇痛作用,但是它可能仅对持续性自发痛有抑制作用,而对热和机械性痛敏及炎症反应均无影响.     

CCK－8和NDAP对大鼠脑和脊髓组织c－fos表达的影响

为探讨八肽胆囊收缩素（ＣＣｋ－８）和阿片肽相互作用的分子机理,利用抗体免疫沉淀技术研究了ＣＣＫ－８与ＮＤＡＰ（ｋ阿片受体激动剂）对大鼠脑（去皮层和小脑）和脊髓背柱组织Ｆｏｓ蛋白的影响。结果表明,０．１μｍｏｌ／ＬＣＣＫ－８可显著刺激脑和脊髓组织中Ｆｏｓ蛋白增加（分别是对照组的３．８倍和３．６倍）。相同浓度的ＮＤＡＰ对Ｆｏｓ蛋白的生成亦有一定的诱导作用,分别是对照组的２．７倍和２．６倍。ＣＣＫ－８和ＮＤＡＰ共同处理组织,Ｆｏｓ蛋白生成水平相似（脑）或高于（脊髓）ＣＣＫ~－８单独诱导的水平。结果表明,ＣＣＫ－８和ＮＤＡＰ均可直接诱导大鼠脑和脊髓组织ｃ－ｆｏｓ的表达,它们对ｃ－ｆｏｓ表达的相互作用在脑和脊髓中呈现不同的模式。     

The water-soluble fraction of bee venom produces antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects on rheumatoid arthritis in rats

We recently demonstrated that bee venom (BV) injection into the Zusanli acupoint produced a significantly more potent anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effect than injection into a non-acupoint in a Freund's adjuvant induced rheumatoid arthritis (RA) model. However, the precise BV constituents responsible for these antinociceptive and/or anti-inflammatory effects are not fully understood. In order to investigate the possible role of the soluble fraction of BV in producing the anti-arthritic actions of BV acupuncture, whole BV was extracted into two fractions according to solubility (a water soluble fraction, BVA and an ethylacetate soluble fraction, BVE) and the BVA fraction was further tested.Subcutaneous BVA injection (0.9 mg/kg/day) into the Zusanli acupoint was found to dramatically inhibit paw edema and radiological change (i.e. new bone proliferation and soft tissue swelling) caused by Freund's adjuvant injection. BVA treatment also reduced the increase in serum interleukin-6 caused by RA induction to levels observed in non-arthritic animals. In addition, BVA therapy significantly reduced arthritis-induced nociceptive behaviors (i.e. nociceptive scores for mechanical hyperalgesia and thermal hyperalgesia). Finally, BVA treatment significantly suppressed adjuvant-induced Fos expression in the lumbar spinal cord at 3 weeks post-adjuvant injection. In contrast, BVE treatment (0.05 mg/kg/day) failed to show any anti-inflammatory or antinociceptive effects on RA.The results of the present study demonstrate that BVA is the effective fraction of whole BV responsible for the antinociception and anti-inflammatory effects of BV acupuncture treatment. Thus it is recommended that this fraction of BV be used for long-term treatment of RA-induced pain and inflammation. However, further study is necessary to clarify which constituents of the BVA fraction are directly responsible for these anti-arthritis effects.     

Spinal processing of bee venom-induced pain and hyperalgesia

Subcutaneous injection of bee venom causes long-term neural activation and hypersensitization in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, which contributes to the development and maintenance of various pain-related behaviors. The unique behavioral 'pheno-types' of nociception and hypersensitivity identified in the rodent bee venom test are believed to reflect a complex pathological state of inflammatory pain and might be appropriate to the study of phenotype-based mechanisms of pain and hyperalgesia. In this review, the spinal processing of the bee venom-induced different 'phenotypes' of pain and hyperalgesia will be described. The accumulative electrophysiological, pharmacological, and behavioral data strongly suggest that different 'phenotypes' of pain and hyperalgesia are mediated by different spinal signaling pathways. Unraveling the phenotype-based mechanisms of pain might be useful in development of novel therapeutic drugs against complex clinic pathological pain.     

Proteinase-activated receptor-2 and hyperalgesia: A novel pain pathway.

Using a combined pharmacological and gene-deletion approach, we have delineated a novel mechanism of neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor-dependent hyperalgesia induced by proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2), a G-protein-coupled receptor expressed on nociceptive primary afferent neurons. Injections into the paw of sub-inflammatory doses of PAR2 agonists in rats and mice induced a prolonged thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia and elevated spinal Fos protein expression. This hyperalgesia was markedly diminished or absent in mice lacking the NK-1 receptor, preprotachykinin-A or PAR2 genes, or in rats treated with a centrally acting cyclooxygenase inhibitor or treated by spinal cord injection of NK-1 antagonists. Here we identify a previously unrecognized nociceptive pathway with important therapeutic implications, and our results point to a direct role for proteinases and their receptors in pain transmission.     

Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase attenuates interleukin-1beta-induced thermal hyperalgesia and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in the spinal cord

We have reported recently that intrathecal (i.t.) injection of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), at a dose of 100 ng, induces inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and nitric oxide (NO) production in the spinal cord and results in thermal hyperalgesia in rats. This study further examines the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in i.t. IL-1beta-mediated iNOS-NO cascade in spinal nociceptive signal transduction. All rats were implanted with an i.t. catheter either with or without an additional microdialysis probe. Paw withdrawal latency to radiant heat is used to assess thermal hyperalgesia. The iNOS and MAPK protein expression in the spinal cord dorsal horn were examined by western blot. The [NO] in CSF dialysates were also measured. Intrathecal IL-1beta leads to a time-dependent up-regulation of phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) MAPK protein expression in the spinal cord 30-240 min following IL-1beta injection (i.t.). However, neither the phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) nor phosphorylated c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (p-JNK) was affected. The total amount of p38, ERK, and JNK MAPK proteins were not affected following IL-1beta injection. Intrathecal administration of either selective p38 MAPK, or JNK, or ERK inhibitor alone did not affect the thermal nociceptive threshold or iNOS protein expression in the spinal cord. However, pretreatment with a p38 MAPK inhibitor significantly reduced the IL-1beta-induced p-p38 MAPK expression by 38-49%, and nearly completely blocked the subsequent iNOS expression (reduction by 86.6%), NO production, and thermal hyperalgesia. In contrast, both ERK and JNK inhibitor pretreatments only partially (approximately 50%) inhibited the IL-1beta-induced iNOS expression in the spinal cord. Our results suggest that p38 MAPK plays a pivotal role in i.t. IL-1beta-induced spinal sensitization and nociceptive signal transduction.     

鸡矢藤注射液和野木瓜注射液对大鼠足底皮下化学组织损伤诱致自发痛、痛敏和炎症的作用

研究市售中药制剂鸡矢藤注射液和野木瓜注射液有无抗伤害及抗炎作用。采用两种持续性痛动物实验模型——蜜蜂毒(bee venom,BV)模型和福尔马林(formalin,F)模型,评价鸡矢藤注射液和野木瓜注射液系统给药对持续性自发痛反应、原发性热和机械痛敏及炎症反应的作用效果。成年清醒大鼠足底皮下注射BV(0．2％,50μl)不仅可诱发注射侧长达1h以上的、持续的、单相性的自发痛反应(其表现为自发缩足反射行为)和之后出现的持续3—4d的原发性热和机械痛敏现象,而且注射爪出现明显的红、肿等炎症反应。皮下注射F(2．5％,50μl)则产生双相性自发痛反应。与盐水组比较,致痛前系统给予0．32、1．6和9．0ml／kg三个剂量的500％鸡矢藤注射液或250％野木瓜注射液,对BV或F诱致的1h自发缩足反射次数具有剂量依赖性抑制作用;致痛5min后分别给予鸡矢藤或野木瓜注射液对BV或F诱发的自发痛反应也产生显著的抑制作用。然而,致痛前或致痛后静脉注射鸡矢藤注射液或野木瓜注射液对BV诱致的原发性热／机械痛敏及炎症反应均无明显的抑制作用。纳洛酮(一种非选择性的阿片受体拮抗剂)不能翻转鸡矢藤或野木瓜注射液对BV产生的自发痛反应的镇痛作用,提示其镇痛作用不是由内源性阿片受体介导。本研究结果证实鸡矢藤或野木瓜注射液能预防和缓解临床持续性自发痛,但是对原发性热／机械痛敏及炎症反应均无抗伤害效应和抗炎作用。在中药镇痛抗炎有效成分的筛选和评价中,BV模型是一个理想的实验动物模型。     

脊髓水平nNOS和iNOS在吗啡戒断反应中的作用差异

目的:观察鞘内注射选择性一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)抑制剂对吗啡依赖大鼠纳洛酮催促戒断反应、脊髓Fos蛋白表达和脊髓神经元nNOS和iNOS表达的影响,以探讨nNOS和iNOS在吗啡依赖和戒断反应中的作用。方法:在大鼠吗啡依赖和戒断模型上,采用行为学、免疫组织化学和Western blot方法观察鞘内应用nNOS抑制剂7-硝基吲哚(7-Ni)和iNOS抑制剂氨基胍(AG)对吗啡依赖大鼠纳洛酮催促戒断反应、脊髓Fos蛋白表达和脊髓神经元nNOS和iNOS表达的影响。结果:①鞘内注射7-Ni、AG可明显减轻吗啡依赖大鼠戒断症状,戒断组戒断症状评分为28.6±4.89,7-Ni组为16.2±3.99(P<0.01),AG组为22.94±4.0(P<0.05);戒断组TEA评分为13.5±2.55,7-Ni、AG组分别为7.5±2.56、10.5±2.71(P<0.05);②鞘内注射7-Ni、AG可减少脊髓背角Fos阳性神经元的数目,7-Ni、AG组为228.2±49.5、296.8±50.6,低于戒断组(380±71,P<0.05);③7-Ni、AG组nNOS和iNOS阳性神经元的数目分别为169±32、10.2±2.85,均低于戒断组(239±45,16.8±5.1,P<0.05),两给药组脊髓NOS蛋白的表达也显著减少。结论:nNOS和iNOS抑制剂能减轻吗啡依赖及戒断大鼠的戒断症状和在脊髓水平抑制nNOS和iNOS的表达,nNOS起主要作用而iNOS可能起辅助作用。     

眼镜蛇毒对大鼠脊髓c-fos表达的影响

目的探讨眼镜蛇毒对大鼠脊髓c-fos表达的影响。方法采用免疫组织化学方法,观察并比较c-fos阳性细胞在眼镜蛇毒组、生理盐水组、正常对照组大鼠脊髓中的表达。结果眼镜蛇毒组大鼠脊髓内c-fos阳性细胞明显多于生理盐水组和正常对照组。结论眼镜蛇毒对大鼠脊髓c-fos表达有上调作用。     

NK(1) receptor and its interaction with NMDA receptor in spinal c-fos expression after lower urinary tract irritation

The role of neurokinin 1 (NK(1)) receptor and possible interaction between NK(1) and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) glutamatergic receptors were investigated on spinal c-fos expression after lower urinary tract irritation with acetic acid infusion in rats. At both levels of the first (L(1)) and sixth lumbar (L(6)) spinal cord, where most of hypogastric nerve and pelvic nerve afferent terminals project, respectively, the selective NK(1) receptor antagonist CP-99,994 dose dependently reduced the total number of c-fos protein (Fos)-positive cells. However, CP-100,263, the enantiomer of CP-99,994 with a very low affinity for NK(1) receptor, did not have any effect on the total number of Fos-positive cells. Coadministration of a low dose (1 mg/kg) of CP-99,994 and NMDA receptor antagonist (MK-801), either of which alone did not affect c-fos expression, significantly inhibited c-fos expression at both levels of the spinal cord. Regarding regional differences, the number of Fos-positive cells decreased significantly at all regions of the L(6) level, but only at the dorsal horn of the L(1) level. These results indicate that NK(1) receptor is involved in spinal c-fos expression after lower urinary tract irritation and that NK(1) and NMDA receptors have a synergistic interaction in the spinal processing of nociceptive input from the lower urinary tract.     

电针刺激可在大鼠脊髓诱发Fos样蛋白的生成

本研究利用Fos蛋白的免疫组织化学方法首次报道电针“三阴交”穴位可在大鼠脊髓诱发原癌基因c-fos的表达。电针后大量Fos免疫反应(FLI)细胞出现在脊髓腰膨大的背、腹角,但标记最密集区为背角Ⅲ,Ⅳ层。在动物足部注射福尔马林产生的伤害性刺激亦可在脊髓腰膨大背、腹角诱发大量FLI细胞,但以背角Ⅰ,Ⅱ层标记最为密集。因此电针和伤害性刺激引起的脊髓c-fos表达在分布上是不同的。电针诱发的Foc蛋白可能参与针刺镇痛。     

Evidence for the involvement of descending pain-inhibitory mechanisms in the attenuation of cancer pain by carvacrol aided through a docking study

Aims

The present study evaluated the carvacrol (CARV) effect on hyperalgesia and nociception induced by sarcoma 180 (S180) in mice.

Main methods

Carvacrol treatment (12.5–50 mg/kg s.c.) once daily for 15 days was started 24 h after injection of the sarcoma cells in the hind paw (s.c.). Mice were evaluated for mechanical sensitivity (von Frey), spontaneous and palpation-induced nociception, limb use and tumor growth on alternate days. CARV effects on the central nervous system were evaluated through immunofluorescence for Fos protein. Molecular docking studies also were performed to evaluate intermolecular interactions of the carvacrol and muscimol, as ligands of interleukin-10 and GABA_A receptors.

Key findings

CARV was able to significantly reduce mechanical hyperalgesia and spontaneous and palpation-induced nociception, improve use paw, decrease the number of positively marked neurons in lumbar spinal cord and activate periaqueductal gray, nucleus raphe magnus and locus coeruleus. CARV also caused significant decreased tumor growth. Docking studies showed favorable interaction overlay of the CARV with IL-10 and GABA_A.

Significance

Together, these results demonstrated that CARV may be an interesting option for the development of new analgesic drugs for the management of cancer pain.     

Alterations in spinal cord Fos protein expression induced by bladder stimulation following cystitis

These studies examined Fos protein expression in spinal cord neurons synaptically activated by stimulation of bladder afferent pathways after cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced bladder inflammation. In urethan-anesthetized Wistar rats with cystitis, intravesical saline distension significantly (P 相似文献   

NO参与介导吗啡戒断大鼠脊髓神经元敏感化

运用Fos免疫组织化学、NADPH－d组织化学、F/NADPH－d双标、鞘内注射和反义寡核苷酸技术,观察吗啡戒断大鼠脊髓神经元活动变化及NO在其中的作用,结果发现：非吗啡依赖大鼠急性应用纳洛酮和吗啡依赖大鼠脊髓水平Fos-LI和NADPH－d阳性神经元表达与对照组相比无明显变化,二者也无Fos／NADPH－d双标神经元表达;吗啡依赖纳洛酮催促戒断大鼠脊髓Fos-LI、NADPH－d阳性神经元、纤维和终末表达明显增加,且出现Fos／NADPH－d双标神经元表达。Fos-LI和Fos／NADPH－d双标神经元呈现双侧脊髓全层分布,NADPH－d阳性神经元、纤维和终末主要位于双侧脊髓背角浅层。鞘内注射NOS抑制剂L－NA和nNOS反义寡核苷酸均明显降低吗啡依赖大鼠纳洛酮催促戒断症状评分,减少吗啡戒断大鼠脊髓Fos-LI表达。上述结果提示：NO参与介导吗啡戒断大鼠脊髓神经元敏感化。     

MK—801降低炎性痛在鼠脊髓NOS表达和NO含量

用NADPH-d组织化学法,观察鞘内注射NMDA受体拮抗剂MK-801对大鼠右后掌皮下注射甲醛诱发的炎症性痛及痛过敏过程中脊髓后角一氧化氮合酶(NOS)表达的影响,同时测定一氧化氮(NO)代谢终产物     

Differential roles of spinal protein kinases C and a in development of primary heat and mechanical hypersensitivity induced by subcutaneous bee venom chemical injury in the rat

It has been demonstrated that subcutaneous injection of bee venom (BV) can produce different types of pain and hypersensitivity including persistent spontaneous nociception (PSN), primary heat and mechanical hypersensitivity (hyperalgesia) and mirror-image heat (MIH) hypersensitivity in an individual animal, and the changes of spinal neurons are likely to be responsible for the production of these pain-related behaviors. In this study, we examined the roles of spinal protein kinase C (PKC) and protein kinase A (PKA) in the BV-induced different types of pain and hypersensitivity in conscious rats. We found that: (1). BV-induced primary heat hypersensitivity could be blocked by intrathecal pre- or posttreatment with a PKC inhibitor, chelerythrine chloride (CH), while a PKA inhibitor, N-(2-[P-bromocinnamylamino]ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide hydrochloride (H89), had no effect. (2). BV-induced primary mechanical hypersensitivity could be blocked by pre- or posttreatment with H89, whereas CH had no effect. (3). Both pre- and posttreatment with H89 produced suppressive effects on both induction and maintenance of the BV-induced PSN and MIH hypersensitivity. Based on the present findings, we proposed that spinal PKC might be activated during the central processes of primary heat hypersensitivity, while spinal PKA is likely to be involved in primary mechanical hypersensitivity induced by subcutaneous BV chemical injury. Taken together with our previous report however, spinal PKC and PKA are likely to be simultaneously involved in the central processes of both PSN and MIH hypersensitivity.     

Comparison of the biodistribution of free or liposome-entrapped Crotalus durissus terrificus (South American rattlesnake) venom in mice

The local absorption rate, clearance and tissue distribution of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom, (Cdt) were examined using a two-antibody sandwich ELISA assay. We compared the biodistribution of both free or encapsulated Cdt in mice. Following subcutaneous injection of 10 microg/mouse of free Cdt (0.8 LD50), venom was detected in serum after 15 min, showed its highest level at 30 min (45+/-5 ng/ml) and was cleared from the circulation after 6 h. After 2 h of inoculation, venom was detected in the kidney (57+/-9 ng/g of tissue), spleen (18+/-4 ng/g of tissue) and brain (14+/-6 ng/g of tissue). For both subcutaneous or intravenous injection of free Cdt, venom was firstly detected in the kidney. No Cdt appeared either in the kidney, spleen, brain, or other tissues after subcutaneous inoculation of encapsulated venom even though a higher dose was used, 25 microg/mouse (2 LD50). Venom remained at the site of injection for a period of 1 week. Following intravenous injection of encapsulated venom (5 microg/mouse, 2 LD50), venom was detected in liver and spleen tissues. The biodistribution of encapsulated venom is discussed in relation to the effects of reduction of toxicity and increase of adjuvanticity.     

L-prolyl-l-leucyl-glycinamide and its peptidomimetic analog 3(R)-[(2(S)-pyrrolidylcarbonyl)amino]-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide (PAOPA) attenuate haloperidol-induced c-fos expression in the striatum

Acute treatment of rats with haloperidol results in a rapid and transient increase in striatal c-fos mRNA and Fos immunoreactivity. The induction of immediate early genes by haloperidol may be involved in the development of extrapyramidal side effects. L-Prolyl-L-leucyl-glycinamide (PLG, or MIF-1) has been observed to antagonize the development of haloperidol-induced D(2) receptor supersensitivity in rats. We investigated the modulatory effects of PLG on haloperidol-induced c-fos and Fos protein expression in the rat striatum. We report that coadministration of either PLG or the potent analog of PLG, 3(R)-[(2(S)-pyrrolidylcarbonyl)amino]-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetam ide (PAOPA), attenuated haloperidol-induced c-fos and Fos expression. Haloperidol induced [2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)] c-fos and Fos expression by 500% and 100%, respectively. These responses were attenuated by 170% and 75%, respectively, when coadministered with PLG (20 mg/kg, i.p.) or by 79% by PAOPA (10 microg/kg, i.p.).     

脊髓蛋白激酶Cα和γ亚型在吗啡依赖和戒断反应中的不同作用

在大鼠吗啡依赖和戒断模型上,采用行为学、免疫组织化学和Western blot方法观察鞘内应用蛋白激酶C(protien kinase C,PKC)抑制剂chelerythrine chloride(CHE)对吗啡依赖大鼠纳洛酮催促成断反应、脊髓Fos蛋白表达和脊髓神经元胞膜和胞浆PKCα、γ表达的影响,以探讨不同亚型PKC在吗啡依赖和戒断反应中的作用。结果表明,鞘内注射CHE能明显减轻吗啡成断症状的评分和吗啡戒断引起的痛觉异常,抑制吗啡成断期间脊髓Fos蛋白表达的增加;吗啡依赖可引起脊髓神经元PKCα和γ表达的上调和转位：吗啡戒断期间存在明显的且可被鞘内注射CHE抑制的PKCα转位,但未观察到明显的PKCγ转位。上述结果表明,脊髓PKC表达上调和转何可能参与吗啡依赖的形成和戒断反应的表达,且PKCα和γ亚型在吗啡依赖和戒断反应中的作用存在差异。