Mesoflavibacter zeaxanthinifaciens gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel zeaxanthin-producing marine bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae

A novel strictly aerobic, gliding, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, halo- and mesophilic bacterium (TD-ZX30(T)) was isolated from a seawater sample collected on the Pacific coastline of Japan near Kamakura City (Fujisawa, Kanagawa). The temperature range for growth of TD-ZX30(T) was between 16 and 44 degrees C. The DNA G+C content was 32.0mol%. The predominant fatty acids were iso-C(15:1) G, iso-C(15:0), iso-C(16:0) 3-OH, iso-C(15:0) 3-OH, Summed feature (iso-C(15:0) 2-OH and/or C(16:1)omega7c), iso-C(17:0) 3-OH, and C(15:0). MK-6 was the only respiratory quinone. Zeaxanthin was the major carotenoid pigment produced but flexirubin-type pigments were not produced. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that TD-ZX30(T) belonged to a distinct lineage in the family Flavobacteriaceae, sharing 93.9% sequence similarity with the nearest species Olleya marilimosa. TD-ZX30(T) could be distinguished from the other members of the family Flavobacteriaceae by a number of chemotaxonomic and phenotypic characteristics. The results of polyphasic taxonomic analyses suggested that TD-ZX30(T) represents a novel genus and a novel species, for which the name Mesoflavibacter zeaxanthinifaciens gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TD-ZX30(T) (=NBRC 102119=CCUG 53614=DSM 18436).     

Paradesulfovibrio onnuriensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a chemolithoautotrophic sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from the Onnuri vent field of the Indian Ocean and reclassification of Desulfovibrio senegalensis as Paradesulfovibrio senegalensis comb. nov.

An anaerobic, rod-shaped, mesophilic, chemolithoautotrophic, sulfate-reducing bacterial strain IOR2T was isolated from a newly found deep-sea hydrothermal vent (OVF, Onnuri Vent Field) area in the central Indian Ocean ridge (11°24′88″ S 66°25′42″ E, 2021 m water depth). The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the strain IOR2T was most closely related to Desulfovibrio senegalensis BLaC1T (96.7%). However, it showed low similarity with the members of the family Desulfovibrionaceae, such as Desulfovibrio tunisiensis RB22T (94.0%), D. brasiliensis LVform1T (93.9%), D. halophilus DSM 5663T (93.7%), and Pseudodesulfovibrio aespoeensis Aspo-2T (93.2%). The strain IOR2T could grow at 23–42°C (optimum 37°C), pH 5.0–8.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and with 0.5–6.5% (optimum 3.0%) NaCl. The strain could use lactate, pyruvate, H2, and glycerol as electron donors and sulfate, thiosulfate, and sulfite as electron acceptors. The major fatty acids of the strain IOR2T were iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0, ante-iso-C15:0, and summed feature 9 (C16:0 methyl/iso-C17:1ω9c). Both the strains IOR2T and BLaC1T could grow with CO2 and H2 as the sole sources of carbon and energy, respectively. Genomic evidence for the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway in both the strains reflects chemolithoautotrophic growth. The DNA G + C content of the strain IOR2T and BLaC1T was 58.1–60.5 mol%. Based on the results of the phylogenetic and physiologic studies, Paradesulfovibrio onnuriensis gen. nov., sp. nov. with the type strain IOR2T (= KCTC 15845T = MCCC 1K04559T) was proposed to be a member of the family Desulfovibrionaceae. We have also proposed the reclassification of D. senegalensis as Paradesulfovibrio senegalensis comb. nov.     

Siansivirga zeaxanthinifaciens gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel zeaxanthin-producing member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from coastal seawater of Taiwan

A strictly aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium (strain CC-SAMT-1(T)) showing gliding motility was isolated from coastal seawater of China Sea, Taiwan. Strain CC-SAMT-1(T) synthesizes all-trans-zeaxanthin (6.5 ± 0.5 mg g(-1) dry biomass) as a predominant xanthophyll carotenoid. As determined by 16S rRNA gene analysis, strain CC-SAMT-1(T) shared very high sequence similarity to the members of the genera Mariniflexile (96.1-95.3%) and Gaetbulibacter (96.0-95.9%); however, it formed a distinct phyletic lineage distantly associated with Mariniflexile species. Polar lipid profile constitutes phosphatidylethanolamine, four unidentified aminolipids, four unidentified lipids, and an unidentified glycolipid. Strain CC-SAMT-1(T) contains excessive unidentified aminolipid lipid (AL2-4) and glycolipid contents, and therefore clearly distinct from Mariniflexile species. Major fatty acids (> 5% of total fatty acids) were iso-C(15:0) (14.8%), iso-C(17:0) 3-OH (11.8%), iso-C(15:1) G (10.6%), anteiso-C(15:0) (9.7%), C(16:0) (8.1%), iso-C(16:0) 3-OH (7.9%), iso-C(15:0) 3-OH (7.5%), and summed feature 3 (containing C(16:1) ω6c and/or C(16:1) ω7c) (7.5%). Menaquinone-6 (MK-6) was major respiratory quinone. DNA G+C content was 33.7 mol%. Based on polyphasic taxonomy, strain CC-SAMT-1(T) represents a novel genus and species in the family Flavobacteriaceae for which the name Siansivirga zeaxanthinifaciens gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CC-SAMT-1(T) (= BCRC 80315(T) = JCM 17682(T)).     

Marinitalea sucinacia gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from tidal flat sediment

An amber-pigmented, Gram-negative, rod-shaped and aerobic bacterial strain devoid of flagella, designated strain JC2131(T) , was isolated from tidal flat sediment of Dongmak in Ganghwa island, South Korea. Identification was carried out on the basis of polyphasic taxonomy. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the isolate belonged to the family Flavobacteriaceae and showed the highest sequence similarity of 94.5% with Lutibacter litoralis KCCM 42118(T). The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C(15:0) (25.9%), iso-C(15:0) 3-OH (20.0%) and iso-C(13:0) (12.7%). Flexirubin-type pigments were absent. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-6. The DNA G+C content was 43.7 mol%. Several phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties including growth at pH 6, sea salts requirement, aesculin hydrolysis, carbon utilization, DNA G+C content and fatty acid profiles also differentiated the strain from the related members of the family. Therefore, results from the polyphasic taxonomy study suggested that strain JC2131(T) represents a novel genus and species in the family Flavobacteriaceae for which the name Marinitalea sucinacia gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed (type strain JC2131(T)=KCTC 12705(T)=JCM 14003(T)).     

Pseudoxanthomonas icgebensis sp. nov., isolated from the midgut of Anopheles stephensi field-collected larvae

A Gram-negative, aerobic, golden yellow, rod-shaped bacterium, a strain designated ICGEB-L15(T), was isolated from the larval midgut of Anopheles stephensi captured in District Jhajjar, Haryana, India. The strain ICGEB-L15(T) grows at 30-50°C (optimum 30-37°C), pH 6.5-8.5 (optimum 7.0-8.0) and in the presence of 2% NaCl. The major fatty acids were iso-C(15:0) (22.5% of total fatty acid), anteiso-C(15:0) (16.5%), iso-C(17:1) 9c (10.3%), iso-C(16:0) (7.3%), C(16:0) (6.1%), and iso-C(11:0) (5.3%). The strain showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with the type strains Pseudoxanthomonas daejeonensis KCTC 12207(T) (97.4%), Pseudoxanthomonas kaohsiungensis J36(T) (97.17%), and Pseudoxanthomonas mexicana AMX 26B(T) (97.11%). The DNA relatedness between ICGEB-L15(T) and Pseudoxanthomonas daejeonensis KCTC 12207(T), Pseudoxanthomonas kaohsiungensis J36(T) and Pseudoxanthomonas mexicana AMX 26B(T) was 24.5%, 28.2%, and 33.6%, respectively. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 69.9 mol%. The major isoprenoid quinone of strain ICGEB-L15(T) was Q-8. The strain ICGEB-L15(T) represents a novel species of the genus Pseudoxanthomonas based on physiological, biochemical and phylogenetic properties; therefore, the name Pseudoxanthomonas icgebensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ICGEB-L15(T) (=KACC 14090(T) =DSM 22536(T)).     

Flavobacterium ginsengiterrae sp. nov., isolated from a ginseng field

A novel strain of Flavobacterium, DCY55(T), a Gram-negative, yellow-pigmented, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming and gliding-motile bacterium, was isolated from the soil of a ginseng field in South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis, based on the 16S rRNA sequence, demonstrated that strain DCY55(T) belongs to the genus Flavobacterium within the family Flavobacteriaceae. Strain DCY55(T) showed the highest similarity with F. johnsoniae UW101(T) (97.1%), F. ginsenosidimutans THG 01(T) (96.8%), F. defluvii EMB 117(T) (96.6%), F. banpakuense 15F3(T) (96.3%) and F. anhuiense D3(T) (95.8%). Chemotaxonomic results showed that strain DCY55(T) predominantly contains menaquinone MK-6, that its DNA G+C content is 36.1mol%, and that its major cellular fatty acids are iso-C(15:0), summed feature 3 (comprising iso-C(15:0) 2-OH and/or C(16:1) ω 7c) and C(16:0). The chemotaxonomic and genotypic characteristics support the taxonomic classification of strain DCY55(T) to the genus Flavobacterium. The results of physiological and biochemical tests confirmed that strain DCY55(T) is distinct from previously validated species. We conclude that strain DCY55(T) should be classified as a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium ginsengiterrae sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain DCY55(T) (=KCTC 23319(T) = JCM 17337(T)).     

Myroides profundi sp. nov., isolated from deep-sea sediment of the southern Okinawa Trough

A Gram-negative, nonmotile, aerobic and oxidase- and catalase-positive bacterium, designated D25(T), was isolated from the deep-sea sediments of the southern Okinawa Trough area. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain D25(T) fell within the genus Myroides, with 99.2%, 96.0% and 93.4% sequence similarities to the only three recognized species of Myroides. However, the DNA-DNA similarity value between strain D25(T) and its nearest neighbour Myroides odoratimimus JCM 7460(T) was only 49.9% (<70%). Several phenotypic properties could be used to distinguish strain D25(T) from other Myroides species. The main cellular fatty acids of strain D25(T) were iso-C(15:0), iso-C(17:1)omega9c, iso-C(17:0)3-OH and Summed Feature 3 (comprising C(16:1)omega7c and/or iso-C(15:0)2-OH). The major respiratory quinone was MK-6. The DNA G+C content was 33.0 mol%. The results of the polyphasic taxonomy analysis suggested that strain D25(T) represents a novel species of the genus Myroides, for which the name Myroides profundi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is D25(T) (=CCTCC M 208030(T)=DSM 19823(T)).     

Thermovorax subterraneus, gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic hydrogen-producing bacterium isolated from geothermally active underground mine

A thermophilic, rod-shaped, motile, Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium strain 70B^T was isolated from a geothermally active underground mine in Japan. The temperature and pH range for growth was 50–81°C (optimum 71°C) and 6.2–9.8 (optimum pH 7–7.5), respectively. Growth occurred in the presence 0–2% NaCl (optimum 1% NaCl). Strain 70B^T could utilize glucose, fructose, mannose, mannitol, pyruvate, cellobiose and tryptone as substrates. Thiosulfate was used as electron acceptor. Major whole-cell fatty acids were iso-C_15:0, C_16:0 DMA (dimethyl acetal), C_16:0 and anteiso-C_15:0. The G+C mol% of the DNA was 44.2%. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the closest relatives of strain 70B^T were Thermosediminibacter oceani DSM 16646^T (94% similarity) and Thermosediminibacter litoriperuensis DSM 16647 (93% similarity). The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties suggest that strain 70B^T represents a novel species in a new genus, for which the name Thermovorax subterraneus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Thermovorax subterraneus is 70B^T (=DSM 21563 = JCM 15541).     

Chitinophaga soli sp. nov. and Chitinophaga terrae sp. nov., isolated from soil of a ginseng field in Pocheon Province, Korea

Two novel strains of the Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides (CFB) group, designated Gsoil 219" and Gsoil 2381, were isolated from soil of a ginseng field of Pocheon Province in Korea. Both strains were Gram-negative, aerobic, nonmotile, nonspore-forming, and rod-shaped. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that both isolates belong to the genus Chitinophaga but were clearly separated from established species of this genus. The sequence similarities between strain Gsoil 219T and type strains of the established species and between strain Gsoil 238T and type strains of the established species ranged from 91.4 to 94.7% and 91.6 to 94.2%, respectively. Phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data (major menaquinone, MK-7; major fatty acids, iso-C15:0 and C(16:1) omega5c; major hydroxy fatty acid, iso-C(17:0) 3-OH; major polyamine, homospermidine) supported the affiliation of both strains Gsoil 219T and Gsoil 238T to the genus Chitinophaga. Furthermore, the results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of both strains from the other validated Chitinophaga species. Therefore, the two isolates represent two novel species, for which the name Chitinophaga soli sp. nov. (type strain, Gsoil 219T=KCTC 12650T=DSM 18093T) and Chitinophaga terrae sp. nov. (type strain, Gsoil 238T=KCTC 12651T=DSM 18078T) are proposed.     

Gracilibacillus quinghaiensis sp. nov., isolated from salt-lake sediment in the Qaidam Basin, north-west China

A motile, Gram-positive, slightly halophilic, endospore-forming, catalase- and oxidase-positive, obligately aerobic, slender rod-shaped bacterium, strain YIM-C229T was isolated from the sediment of a salt lake in the Qaidam Basin, north-west China. Filamentous forms were present throughout the growth cycle. Strain YIM-C229T grew in the presence of 0.5-8% NaCl and at pH 6.0-8.5, with optimum growth at 1-3% NaCl and pH 7.0-7.5. It grew at 4-45 degrees C, with optimum growth at 37 degrees C. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0, C16:0, iso-C15:0, C16:1 omega11c and anteiso-C(17:0). The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7, and diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol were the polar lipids, with meso-diaminopimelic acid occurring in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The genomic DNA G+C content was 40.9 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain YIM-C229T was closely related to the type strains of the four recognized species of the genus Gracilibacillus: G. halotolerans NN T (sequence similarity 95.5%), G. dipsosauri DD1T (96.1%), G. orientalis XH-63T (96.8%) and G. boraciitolerans T-16X(T) (99.1%). The DNA-DNA relatedness between strain YIM-C229(T) and G. boraciitolerans DSM 17256(T) was 30.8%. The combination of phylogenetic analysis, phenotypic characteristics, chemotaxonomic differences and DNA-DNA hybridization data supported the view that this strain represented a novel species of the genus Gracilibacillus, for which the name Gracilibacillus quinghaiensis sp. nov. is proposed, with YIM-C229T (=DSM 17858T=CGMCC 1.6304T) as the type strain.     

Bacillus onubensis sp. nov., isolated from the air of two Andalusian caves

Two Gram-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, motile, endospore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria, designated as 0911MAR22V3T and 0911TES10J4, were isolated from air samples collected in two show caves, located in Andalusia, Southern Spain. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that both strains were indistinguishable and they were most closely related to Bacillus humi DSM 16318T (98%). DNA–DNA hybridization values of the strain 0911MAR22V3T with respect to strain 0911TES10J4 and B. humi DSM 16318T were 76.8% (73.9%, reciprocal) and 56.9% (63.3%, reciprocal analysis), respectively. Whole genome average nucleotide identity (ANI) values of both strains were in the threshold value for species delineation and less than 85% with B. humi. Strains 0911MAR22V3T and 0911TES10J4 grew at 10–47 °C (optimum 37 °C), at pH 6–9.5 and with 0–8% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 1%). In both strains the dominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-7, the major cellular polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and two more phospholipids, the predominant fatty acids were iso-C15:0 and anteiso-C15:0 and the DNA G + C content was 38 mol%. On the basis of their phylogenetic relatedness and their phenotypic and genotypic features, the strains 0911MAR22V3T and 0911TES10J4 should be attributed to a novel species within the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus onubensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 0911MAR22V3T (=LMG 27963T = CECT 8479T); and strain 0911TES10J4 (CECT 8478) is a reference strain.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Acinetobacter soli</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from forest soil

A non-motile and rod shaped bacterium, designated strain B1(T), was isolated from forest soil at Mt. Baekwoon, Republic of Korea. Cells were Gram-negative, catalase-positive, and oxidase-negative. The major fatty acids were 9-octadecenoic acid (C(18:1) omega9c; 42%) and hexadecanoic acid (C(16:0); 25.9%) and summed feature 3 (comprising iso-C(15:0) 2-OH and/or C(16:1) omega7c; 10.0%). The DNA G+C content was 44.1 mol%. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain B1(T) formed a lineage within the genus Acinetobacter and was closely related to A. baylyi DSM 14961(T) (98.6% sequence similarity), followed by A. baumannii DSM 30007(T) (97.4%), A. calcoaceticus DSM 30006(T) (97.0%) and 3 genomic species (96.8 approximately 7.6%). Phenotypic characteristics, gyrB gene sequence analysis and DNA-DNA relatedness data distinguished strain B1(T) from type strains of A. baylyi, A. baumannii, and A. calcoaceticus. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, strain B1(T) represents a novel species of the genus Acinetobacter, for which the name Acinetobacter soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is B1(T) (= KCTC 22184(T)= JCM 15062(T)).     

Wangia profunda gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel marine bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from southern Okinawa Trough deep-sea sediment

An orange-pigmented, Gram-negative, nonmotile, strictly aerobic and oxidase- and catalase-positive bacterium (SM-A87(T)) was isolated from the deep-sea sediment of the southern Okinawa Trough area. The main fatty acids were i15 : 0, i17 : 0 3OH, i15 : 1 G, i17 : 1 omega 9c, 15 : 0, i15 : 0 3OH and summed feature 3 (comprising i-15 : 0 2OH and/or 16 : 1 omega 7c). MK-6 was the predominant respiratory quinone. DNA G+C content was 35.8 mol%. Flexirubin-type pigments were absent. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain SM-A87(T) formed a distinct lineage within the family Flavobacteriaceae, with <93% sequence similarity to the nearest strain of genus Salegentibacter. Moreover, strain SM-A87(T) could be distinguished from the nearest phylogenetic neighbors by a number of chemotaxonomic and phenotypic properties. On the basis of polyphasic analyses, it is proposed that strain SM-A87(T) be classified in a novel genus and a new species in the family Flavobacteriaceae, designated Wangia profunda gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is SM-A87(T) (CCTCC AB 206139(T)=DSM 18752).     

Thermococcus indicus sp. nov., a Fe(III)-reducing hyperthermophilic archaeon isolated from the Onnuri Vent Field of the Central Indian Ocean ridge

A strictly anaerobic, dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing hyperthermophilic archaeon, designated as strain IOH1T, was isolated from a new deep-sea hydrothermal vent (Onnuri Vent Field) area in the Central Indian Ocean ridge. Strain IOH1T showed > 99% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Thermococcus celericrescens TS2T (99.4%) and T. siculi DSM 12349T (99.2%). Additional three species T. barossii SHCK-94T (99.0%), T. celer Vu13T (98.8%), and T. piezophilus (98.6%) showed > 98.6% of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, however, the maximum OrthoANI value is 89.8% for the genome of T. celericrescens TS2T. Strain IOH1T cells are coccoid, 1.2–1.8 μm in diameter, and motile by flagella. Growth was at 70–82°C (optimum 80°C), pH 5.4–8.0 (optimum pH 6.0) with 2–4% (optimum 3%) NaCl. Growth of strain IOH1T was enhanced by starch, pyruvate, D(+)-maltose and maltodextrin as a carbon sources, and elemental sulfur as an electron acceptor; clearly different from those of related species T. celecrescens DSM 17994T and T. siculi DSM 12349T. Strain IOH1T, T. celercrescence DSM 17994T, and T. siculi DSM 12349T reduced soluble Fe(III)-citrate present in the medium, whereas the amount of total cellular proteins increased with the concomitant accumulation of Fe(II). We determined a circular chromosome of 2,234 kb with an extra-chromosomal archaeal plasmid, pTI1, of 7.7 kb and predicted 2,425 genes. The DNA G + C content was 54.9 mol%. Based on physiological properties, phylogenetic, and genome analysis, we proposed that strain IOH1T (= KCTC 15844T = JCM 39077T) is assigned to a new species in the genus Thermococcus and named Thermococcus indicus sp. nov.     

Chryseobacterium miricola sp. nov., a novel species isolated from condensation water of space station Mir

Classification of strain W3-B1, which was isolated from condensation water in the Russian space laboratory Mir, was investigated by a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells of strain W3-B1 were nonmotile, asporogenous, gram-negative slender rods with rounded ends. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that organism should be placed in the genus Chryseobacterium. This organism contains menaquinone MK-6 as the predominent isoprenoid quinone and 3-OH iso 17:0 (40%), iso 15:0 (33%) as the major fatty acids. Phylogenetically, the nearest relative of strain W3-B1 is Chryseobacterium meningosepticum with sequence similarity of 98.4%, but DNA-DNA hybridization resulted in similarity values of only 52.3%. The G+C mol% is 34.6 mol%. Based upon results obtained by morphological, biochemical, chemotaxonomic, and molecular methods, strain W3-B1 was clearly distinguishable from other Chryseobacterium species. For these reasons, a novel species of family Flavobacteriaceae is proposed; strain W3-B1(T) (= GTC 862(T) = JCM 11413(T) = DSM 14571(T)) is the type strain.     

Cohnella panacarvi sp. nov., a xylanolytic bacterium isolated from ginseng cultivating soil

A Gram-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, nonmotile, endospore-forming bacterium, designated Gsoil 349T, was isolated from soil of a ginseng field and characterized using a polyphasic approach. Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the strain Gsoil 349T belongs to the family Paenibacillaceae, and the sequence showed closest similarity with Cohnella thermotolerans DSM 17683T (94.1%) and Cohnella hongkongensis DSM 17642T (93.6%). The strain showed less than 91.3% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Paenibacillus species. In addition, the presence of MK-7 as the major menaquinone and anteiso-C(15:0), iso-C(16:0), and C(16:0) as major fatty acids suggested its affiliation to the genus Cohnella. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 53.4 mol%. On the basis of its phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain Gsoil 349T should be treated as a novel species within the genus Cohnella for which the name Cohnella panacarvi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Gsoil 349T (=KCTC 13060T = DSM 18696T).     

Chryseobacterium oncorhynchi sp. nov., isolated from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Genotypic and phenotypic analyses were performed on five Gram-negative, catalase and oxidase-positive, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the gill and liver of four rainbow trout. Studies based on comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the five new isolates shared 99.8-100% sequence similarity and that they belong to the genus Chryseobacterium. The nearest phylogenetic neighbours of the strain 701B-08(T) were Chryseobacterium ureilyticum F-Fue-04IIIaaaa(T) (99.1% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Chryseobacterium joosteii LMG 18212(T) (98.6%). DNA-DNA hybridization values between the five isolates were 91-99% and ranged from 2 to 53% between strain 701B-08(T) and the type strains of phylogenetically closely related species of Chryseobacterium. Strain 701B-08(T) had a DNA G+C content of 36.3 mol%, the major fatty acids were iso-C(15:0), iso-C(17:1)ω9c, C(16:1)ω6c and iso-C(17:0) 3-OH and the predominant respiratory quinone was MK-6. The novel isolates were distinguished from related Chryseobacterium species by physiological and biochemical tests. The genotypic and phenotypic properties of the isolates from rainbow trout suggest their classification as representatives of a novel species of the genus Chryseobacterium, for which the name Chryseobacterium oncorhynchi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 701B-08(T) (=CECT 7794(T)=CCUG 60105(T)).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus deserti</Emphasis> sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from the desert of Xinjiang,China

A Gram-positive, rod-shaped, motile and spore-forming bacterium, designated ZLD-8^T, was isolated from a desert soil sample collected from Xinjiang Province in north-west China, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic analysis. This isolate grew optimally at 30°C and pH 7.0. It grew with 0–4% NaCl (optimum, 0–1%). Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain ZLD-8^T was closely related to members of the genus Bacillus, exhibiting the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Bacillus kribbensis DSM 17871^T (98.0%). The levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with respect to other Bacillus species with validly published names were less than 96.3%. The DNA G + C content of strain ZLD-8^T was 40.1 mol%. The strain contained MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone. The diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The major fatty acids (>5% of total fatty acids) were anteiso-C15:0 (39.56%), iso-C14:0 (25.69%), C16:1 ω7c alcohol (10.13%) and iso-C15:0 (5.27%). These chemotaxonomic results supported the affiliation of strain ZLD-8^T to the genus Bacillus. However, low DNA–DNA relatedness values and distinguishing phenotypic characteristics allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain ZLD-8^T from recognized Bacillus species. On the basis of the polyphasic evidence presented, strain ZLD-8^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus deserti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ZLD-8^T (=CCTCC AB 207173^T = KCTC 13246^T).     

Flavobacterium cheonhonense sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater reservoir

A novel bacterium, designated strain ARSA-15(T), was isolated from a freshwater sample collected from the Cheonho reservoir, Cheonan, Republic of Korea. The isolate was deep-yellow pigment, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, and catalase- and oxidase-positive. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolate belongs to the genus Flavobacterium, and shared less than 97% sequence similarity with recognized Flavobacterium species. The novel species was able to grow at 10-37°C, pH 6.5-10.0, and in 0-0.5% (w/v) NaCl concentrations. Chemotaxonomically, iso-C(15:1), iso-C(15:0), and iso-C(16:0) were observed to be the predominant cellular fatty acid, and menaquinone-6 (MK-6) was the predominant respiratory quinone. The major polar lipid patterns of strain ARSA-19(T) was phosphatidylethanolamine, unknown aminolipid (AL1 and AL2), and unidentified polar lipids (L1, L2, and L3). The genomic DNA G+C content of the isolate was 39.2 mol%. On the basis of polyphasic approach, strain ARSA-15(T) represents a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium cheonhonense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ARSA-15(T) (=KACC 14967(T) =KCTC 23180(T) =JCM 17064(T)).