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1.
The highest certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) of black phase based CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells has exceeded 18%, and become a hotspot in recent progress. However, the black phase of CsPbI3 rapidly transforms to yellow phase in ambient conditions due to its thermodynamic instability. Here, a Ruddlesden–Popper 2D structure is introduced into γ‐CsPbI3 film to stabilize the black phase via reducing dimensionality. It is found that a judicious amount of phenylethylammonium iodide can adjust the dimensionality of γ‐CsPbI3 film from 2D to quasi‐2D and 3D phase. Comprehensive consideration to obtain both the stability and high PCE, quasi‐2D (n = 40) γ‐CsPbI3 delivers a reproducible PCE of 13.65% with negligible hysteresis. By utilizing femtosecond transient absorption and time‐resolved PL decay, similar carrier kinetics in n = 40 and ∞ samples are observed, meaning an efficient charge extraction. More importantly, when the device is placed at 80 °C in N2 condition or in air with RH of 25–30%, its PCE keeps ≈88% and ≈89% of its initial PCE after 12 days, respectively. Such results are better than the 3D one (≈69% and ≈16%, respectively).  相似文献   

2.
The structural phases and optoelectronic properties of coevaporated CsPbI3 thin films with a wide range of [CsI]/[PbI2] compositional ratios are investigated using high throughput experimentation and gradient samples. It is found that for CsI‐rich growth conditions, CsPbI3 can be synthesized directly at low temperature into the distorted perovskite γ‐CsPbI3 phase without detectable secondary phases. In contrast, PbI2‐rich growth conditions are found to lead to the non‐perovskite δ‐phase. Photoluminescence spectroscopy and optical‐pump THz‐probe mapping show carrier lifetimes larger than 75 ns and charge carrier (sum) mobilities larger than 60 cm2 V?1 s?1 for the γ‐phase, indicating their suitability for high efficiency solar cells. The dependence of the carrier mobilities and luminescence peak energy on the Cs‐content in the films indicates the presence of Schottky defect pairs, which may cause the stabilization of the γ‐phase. Building on these results, p–i–n type solar cells with a maximum efficiency exceeding 12% and high shelf stability of more than 1200 h are demonstrated, which in the future could still be significantly improved, judging on their bulk optoelectronic properties.  相似文献   

3.
The unfavorable morphology and inefficient utilization of phase transition reversibility have limited the high‐temperature‐processed inorganic perovskite films in both efficiency and stability. Here, a simple soft template‐controlled growth (STCG) method is reported by introducing (adamantan‐1‐yl)methanammonium to control the nucleation and growth rate of CsPbI3 crystals, which gives rise to pinhole‐free CsPbI3 film with a grain size on a micrometer scale. The STCG‐based CsPbI3 perovskite solar cell exhibits a power conversion efficiency of 16.04% with significantly reduced defect densities and charge recombination. More importantly, an all‐inorganic solar cell with the architecture fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO)/NiOx/STCG‐CsPbI3/ZnO/indium‐doped tin oxide (ITO) is successfully fabricated to demonstrate its real advantage in thermal stability. By suppressing the inductive effect of defects during the phase transition and utilizing the unique reversibility of the phase transition for the high‐temperature‐processed CsPbI3 film, the all‐inorganic solar cell retains 90% of its initial efficiency after 3000 h of continuous light soaking and heating.  相似文献   

4.
CsPbI2Br is emerging as a promising all‐inorganic material for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to its more stable lattice structure and moisture resistance compared to CsPbI3, although its device performance is still much behind this counterpart. Herein, a preannealing process is developed and systematically investigated to achieve high‐quality CsPbI2Br films by regulating the nucleation and crystallization of perovskite. The preannealing temperature and time are specifically optimized for a dopant‐free poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT)‐based device to target dopant‐induced drastic performance degradation for spiro‐OMeTAD‐based devices. The resulting P3HT‐based device exhibits comparable power conversion efficiency (PCE) to spiro‐OMeTAD‐based devices but much enhanced ambient stability with over 95% PCE after 1300 h. A diphenylamine derivative is introduced as a buffer layer to improve the energy‐level mismatch between CsPbI2Br and P3HT. A record‐high PCE of 15.50% for dopant‐free P3HT‐based CsPbI2Br PSCs is achieved by alleviating the open‐circuit voltage loss with the buffer layer. These results demonstrate that the preannealing processing together with a suitable buffer layer are applicable strategies for developing dopant‐free P3HT PSCs with high efficiency and stability.  相似文献   

5.
All‐inorganic perovskite CsPbI3 quantum dots (QDs) offer much better stability for photovoltaic applications. Unfortunately, their cell efficiencies are hindered by the low carrier transport efficiency of QD‐assembled films. In addition, agglomeration‐induced phase change of QDs poses another problem for material and device degradation. Herein, the use of µ‐graphene (µGR) to crosslink QDs to form µGR/CsPbI3 film is demonstrated. It is found that the resultant QDs film provides not only an effective channel for carrier transport, as witnessed by much improved conductivity but also significantly better stability against moisture, humidity, and high temperature stresses. The µGR/CsPbI3 based solar cell shows increased device performance. More specifically, compared to the solar cell without the µGR treatment, VOC is improved to 1.18 from 1.16 V, JSC to 13.59 from 13.17 mA cm?2, and FF to 72.6 from 68.1%, and overall power conversion efficiency to as high as 11.40 from 10.41%, a 12% increase. In addition, the instability originating from the thermal/moisture‐induced QD agglomeration is also greatly suppressed by the µGR crosslinking. The optimized device retains >98% of its initial efficiency after being stored in N2 atmosphere for one month. Importantly, under 60% humidity and 100 °C thermal stresses, the µGR/CsPbI3 devices show much better stability.  相似文献   

6.
High temperature stable inorganic CsPbX3 (X: I, Br, or mixed halides) perovskites with their bandgap tailored by tuning the halide composition offer promising opportunities in the design of ideal top cells for high‐efficiency tandem solar cells. Unfortunately, the current high‐efficiency CsPbX3 perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are prepared in vacuum, a moisture‐free glovebox or other low‐humidity conditions due to their poor moisture stability. Herein, a new precursor system (HCOOCs, HPbI3, and HPbBr3) is developed to replace the traditional precursors (CsI, PbI2, and PbBr2) commonly used for solar cells of this type. Both the experiments and calculations reveal that a new complex (HCOOH?Cs+) is generated in this precursor system. The new complex is not only stable against aging in humid air ambient at 91% relative humidity, but also effectively slows the perovskite crystallization, making it possible to eliminate the popular antisolvent used in the perovskite CsPbI2Br film deposition. The CsPbI2Br PSCs based on the new precursor system achieve a champion efficiency of 16.14%, the highest for inorganic PSCs prepared in ambient air conditions. Meanwhile, high air stability is demonstrated for an unencapsulated CsPbI2Br PSC with 92% of the original efficiency remaining after more than 800 h aging in ambient air.  相似文献   

7.
Although all‐inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) demonstrate high thermal stability, cesium‐lead halide perovskites with high iodine content suffer from poor stability of the black phase (α‐phase). In this study, it is demonstrated that incorporating InCl3 into the host perovskite lattice helps to inhibit the formation of yellow phase (δ‐phase) perovskite and thereby enhances the long‐term ambient stability. The enhanced stability is achieved by a strategy for the structural reconstruction of CsPbI2Br perovskite by means of In3+ and Cl? codoping, which gives rise to a significant improvement in the overall spatial symmetry with a closely packed atom arrangement due to the crystal structure transformation from orthorhombic (Pnma) to cubic (Pm‐3m). In addition, a novel thermal radiation heating method that further improves the uniformity of the perovskite thin films is presented. This approach enables the construction of all‐inorganic InCl3:CsPbI2Br PSCs with a champion power conversion efficiency of 13.74% for a small‐area device (0.09 cm2) and 11.4% for a large‐area device (1.00 cm2).  相似文献   

8.
Young Kee Kang    Byung Jin Byun 《Biopolymers》2012,97(12):1018-1025
The γ‐peptide β‐turn structures have been designed computationally by the combination of chirospecific γ 2 , 3 ‐residues of 2‐(aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (γAmc6) with a cyclohexyl constraint on the Cα?Cβ bond using density functional methods in water. The chirospecific γAmc6 dipeptide with the (2S,3S)‐(2R,3R) configurations forms a stable turn structure in water, resembling a type II′ turn of α‐peptides, which can be used as a β‐turn motif in β‐hairpins of Ala‐based α‐peptides. The γAmc6 dipeptide with homochiral (2S,3S)‐(2S,3S) configurations but different cyclohexyl puckerings shows the capability to be incorporated into one of two β‐turn motifs of gramicidin S. The overall structure of this gramicidin S analogue is quite similar to the native gramicidin S with the same patterns and geometries of hydrogen bonds. Our calculated results and the recently observed results may imply the wider applicability of chirospecific γ‐peptides with a cyclohexyl constraint on the backbone to form various peptide foldamers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 97:1018–1025, 2012.  相似文献   

9.
Inorganic lead halide perovskites have attracted attention due to their tolerance to higher processing temperature and higher bandgap suitable for tandem solar cell application. Not only do they improve cell stability and efficiency, they also reveal many interesting and un‐anticipated material qualities. This work reports a simple cation exchange growth (CEG) method for fabricating inorganic high‐quality cesium lead iodide (CsPbI3) by adding methylammonium iodide (MAI) additive in the precursor. X‐ray diffraction results reveal a multi‐stage film formation process whereby i) MAPbI3 perovskite first formed that acts as a perovskite template for ii) subsequent ion exchange whereby the MA+ ions in the MAPbI3 are replaced by Cs+ (as temperature ramps up) and iii) form g‐phase perovskite CsPbI3. Optical microscopy, photoluminescence, and electrical characterizations reveal that the CEG process produces high‐quality film with better absorption, uniform and dense film with better interface, lower defects, and better stability. Using the CEG approach, the power conversion efficiency of the best CsPbI3 solar cell is significantly increased up to 14.1% for the device fabricated using 1.0 m MAI additive. The outcome is beneficial for further improvement of inorganic perovskite solar cells and their application in perovskite‐silicon tandem devices.  相似文献   

10.
Solution‐processed colloidal quantum dot (CQD) solar cells harvesting the infrared part of the solar spectrum are especially interesting for future use in semitransparent windows or multilayer solar cells. To improve the device power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of the solar cells, surface passivation of the quantum dots is vital in the research of CQD solar cells. Herein, inorganic CsPbI3 perovskite (CsPbI3‐P) coating on PbS CQDs with a low‐temperature, solution‐processed approach is reported. The PbS CQD solar cell with CsPbI3‐P coating gives a high PCE of 10.5% and exhibits remarkable stability both under long‐term constant illumination and storage under ambient conditions. Detailed characterization and analysis reveal improved passivation of the PbS CQDs with the CsPbI3‐P coating, and the results suggest that the lattice coherence between CsPbI3‐P and PbS results in epitaxial induced growth of the CsPbI3‐P coating. The improved passivation significantly diminishes the sub‐bandgap trap‐state assisted recombination, leading to improved charge collection and therefore higher photovoltaic performance. This work therefore provides important insight to improve the CQD passivation by coating with an inorganic perovskite ligand for photovoltaics or other optoelectronic applications.  相似文献   

11.
Fabrication of efficient Pb reduced inorganic CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cells (PSC) are an important part of environment‐friendly perovskite technology. In this work, 10% Pb reduction in CsPb0.9Zn0.1I2Br promotes the efficiency of PSCs to 13.6% (AM1.5, 1sun), much higher than the 11.8% of the pure CsPbI2Br solar cell. Zn2+ has stronger interaction with the anions to manipulate crystal growth, resulting in size‐enlarged crystallite with enhanced growth orientation. Moreover, the grain boundaries (GBs) are passivated by the Cs‐Zn‐I/Br compound. The high quality CsPb0.9Zn0.1I2Br greatly diminishes the GB trap states and facilitates the charge transport. Furthermore, the Zn4s‐I5p states slightly reduce the energy bandgap, accounting for the wider solar spectrum absorption. Both the crystalline morphology and energy state change benefit the device performance. This work highlights a nontoxic and stable Pb reduction method to achieve efficient inorganic PSCs.  相似文献   

12.
The phase instability and large energy loss are two obstacles to achieve stable and efficient inorganic‐CsPbI3?xBrx perovskite solar cells. In this work, stable cubic perovskite (α)‐phase CsPbI2Br is successfully achieved by Pb(Ac)2 functioning at the grain boundary under low temperature. Ac? strongly coordinates with CsPbI2Br to stabilize the α‐phase and also make the grain size smaller and film uniform by fast nucleation. PbO is formed in situ at the grain boundary by decomposing Pb(Ac)2 at high‐temperature annealing. The semiconducting PbO effectively passivates the surface states, reduces the interface recombination, and promotes the charge transport in CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cells. A 12% efficiency and good stability are obtained for in situ PbO‐passivated CsPbI2Br solar cells, while Pb(Ac)2‐passivated device exhibits 8.7% performance and the highest stability, much better than the control device with 8.5% performance and inferior stability. This article highlights the extrinsic ionic grain boundary functionalization to achieve stable and efficient inorganic CsPbI3?xBrx materials and the devices.  相似文献   

13.
The γ phase Li3VO4 which possesses higher ionic conductivity is more preferable for lithium ion batteries, but it is only stable at high temperature and would convert to low temperature β phase spontaneously when cooling down. Here, the phase control of Li3VO4 to stabilize its γ phase in room temperature is successfully mediated by introducing proper Si‐doping, and for the first time the electrochemical performances of γ‐Li3VO4 is investigated. It is found that pure γ‐Li3VO4 can be obtained in a doping ratio of x = 0.05–0.15 in Li3+xV1?xSixO4 with addition of excess Li source in synthesis design. The doping mechanism and the energy changes are investigated in detail by using the first principle calculations, it reveals that an interstitial Li+ is formed with doping of Si4+ in Li3VO4 to balance the system charge. When served as an anode, the Si‐doped γ‐Li3VO4 shows much smoothed Li+ insertion/extraction and enhanced cycle stability with only a single pair of redox peaks, which behaves much different with the complex multicouples of redox peaks in typical β‐Li3VO4. These changes in electrochemical performances implies that γ‐Li3VO4 can effectively accommodate Li+ in an easier and more facile way and relieved structure stress during the charge/discharge process.  相似文献   

14.
Surface manipulation of quantum dots (QDs) has been extensively reported to be crucial to their performance when applied into optoelectronic devices, especially for photovoltaic devices. In this work, an efficient surface passivation method for emerging CsPbI3 perovskite QDs using a variety of inorganic cesium salts (cesium acetate (CsAc), cesium idodide (CsI), cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3), and cesium nitrate (CsNO3)) is reported. The Cs‐salts post‐treatment can not only fill the vacancy at the CsPbI3 perovskite surface but also improve electron coupling between CsPbI3 QDs. As a result, the free carrier lifetime, diffusion length, and mobility of QD film are simultaneously improved, which are beneficial for fabricating high‐quality conductive QD films for efficient solar cell devices. After optimizing the post‐treatment process, the short‐circuit current density and fill factor are significantly enhanced, delivering an impressive efficiency of 14.10% for CsPbI3 QD solar cells. In addition, the Cs‐salt‐treated CsPbI3 QD devices exhibit improved stability against moisture due to the improved surface environment of these QDs. These findings will provide insight into the design of high‐performance and low‐trap‐states perovskite QD films with desirable optoelectronic properties.  相似文献   

15.
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been emerging as a breakthrough photovoltaic technology, holding unprecedented promise for low‐cost, high‐efficiency renewable electricity generation. However, potential toxicity associated with the state‐of‐the‐art lead‐containing PSCs has become a major concern. The past research in the development of lead‐free PSCs has met with mixed success. Herein, the promise of coarse‐grained B‐γ‐CsSnI3 perovskite thin films as light absorber for efficient lead‐free PSCs is demonstrated. Thermally‐driven solid‐state coarsening of B‐γ‐CsSnI3 perovskite grains employed here is accompanied by an increase of tin‐vacancy concentration in their crystal structure, as supported by first‐principles calculations. The optimal device architecture for the efficient photovoltaic operation of these B‐γ‐CsSnI3 thin films is identified through exploration of several device architectures. Via modulation of the B‐γ‐CsSnI3 grain coarsening, together with the use of the optimal PSC architecture, planar heterojunction‐depleted B‐γ‐CsSnI3 PSCs with power conversion efficiency up to 3.31% are achieved without the use of any additives. The demonstrated strategies provide guidelines and prospects for developing future high‐performance lead‐free PVs.  相似文献   

16.
The optical spectroscopic characterization of γ‐turns in solution is uncertain and their distinction from β‐turns is often difficult. This work reports systematic ECD and vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopic studies on γ‐turn model cyclic tetrapeptides cyclo(Ala‐β‐Ala‐Pro‐β‐Ala) ( 1 ), cyclo(Pro‐β‐Ala‐Pro‐β‐Ala) ( 2 ) and cyclo(Ala‐β‐Ala‐Ala‐β‐Ala) ( 3 ). Conformational analysis performed at the 6‐31G(d)/B3LYP level of theory using an adequate PCM solvent model predicted one predominant conformer for 1‐3 , featuring two inverse γ‐turns. The ECD spectra in ACN of 1 and 2 are characterized by a negative n→π* band near 230 nm and a positive π→π* band below 200 nm with a long wavelength shoulder. The ECD spectra in TFE of 1‐3 show similar spectra with blue‐shifted bands. The VCD spectra in ACN‐d3 of 1 and 2 show a +/?/+/? amide I sign pattern resulting from four uncoupled vibrations in the case of 1 and a sequence of two positive couplets in the case of 2 . A ?/+/+/? amide I VCD pattern was measured for 3 in TFE‐d2. All three peptides give a positive couplet or couplet‐like feature (+/?) in the amide II region. VCD spectroscopy, in agreement with theoretical calculations revealed that low frequency amide I vibrations (at ~1630 cm?1 or below) are indicative of a C7 H‐bonded inverse γ‐turns with Pro in position 2, while γ‐turns encompassing Ala absorb at higher frequency (above 1645 cm?1). Chirality, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.  相似文献   

17.
Inorganic CsPbI3 perovskite with an optical bandgap ranging from 1.67 to 1.75 eV is a promising light-harvesting material as a top cell in tandem solar cells, but its high fabrication temperature can damage the middle layers or the bottom subcells. Here, an additive-involved leaching method to fabricate CsPbI3 perovskite films is demonstrated, which can decrease the preparation temperature to 100 °C. The CsPbI3 perovskite films with high crystallinity are achieved by a solution assisted reaction between DMAPbI3 and Cs4PbI6 with the leaching of DMA+, Cs+, and I. The as-prepared CsPbI3 perovskite films exhibit much superior stability compared to their high-temperature counterparts. As a result, a power conversion efficiency of over 16% is obtained, and the unencapsulated device maintains over 93% of the initial efficiency after aging for 30 days in air with a relative humidity of 10%.  相似文献   

18.
An electrospray deposition technique to fabricate a perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3) layer for highly stable and efficient perovskite solar cells at ambient humidity (30%–50% relative humidity) conditions is demonstrated. A detailed study is conducted to determine the effect of different electrospray parameters on the device performance and to provide a mechanistic explanation of the superior stability of the films. Due to the controlled reactivity that results in the formation of a smooth perovskite film, these cells exhibit stability exceeding 4000 h, in contrast to much lower stability of those fabricated by conventional spin coating methods. Furthermore, the perovskite film deposited by electrospray methods exhibits a self‐healing behavior when exposed to moisture. The authors hypothesize the formation of an intermediate metastable phase and smooth morphology of the film as the reason for this enhanced stability. Electrospray is a scalable technique that provides precise control over the amount of material required for deposition, reducing significant material loss that occurs in conventional solution‐based methods. Overall, this work shows that stability of perovskite solar cells can be improved by fabrication using a well controlled and optimized electrospray technique, without the use of any additives or cell encapsulants.  相似文献   

19.
Remarkable power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of metal–halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are overshadowed by concerns about their ultimate stability, which is arguably the prime obstacle to commercialization of this promising technology. Herein, the problem is addressed by introducing ethane‐1,2‐diammonium (+NH3(CH2)2NH3+, EDA2+) cations into the methyl ammonium (CH3NH3+, MA+) lead iodide perovskite, which enables, inter alia, systematic tuning of the morphology, electronic structure, light absorption, and photoluminescence properties of the perovskite films. Incorporation of <5 mol% EDA2+ induces strain in the perovskite crystal structure with no new phase formed. With 0.8 mol% EDA2+, PCE of the MAPbI3‐based PSCs (aperture of 0.16 cm2) improves from 16.7% ± 0.6% to 17.9% ± 0.4% under 1 sun irradiation, and fabrication of larger area devices (aperture 1.04 cm2) with a certified PCE of 15.2% ± 0.5% is demonstrated. Most importantly, EDA2+/MA+‐based solar cells retain 75% of the initial performance after 72 h of continuous operation at 50% relative humidity and 50 °C under 1 sun illumination, whereas the MAPbI3 devices degrade by approximately 90% within only 15 h. This substantial improvement in stability is attributed to the steric and coulombic interactions of embedded EDA2+ in the perovskite structure.  相似文献   

20.
The excellent optoelectronic properties demonstrated by hybrid organic/inorganic metal halide perovskites are all predicated on precisely controlling the exact nucleation and crystallization dynamics that occur during film formation. In general, high‐performance thin films are obtained by a method commonly called solvent engineering (or antisolvent quench) processing. The solvent engineering method removes excess solvent, but importantly leaves behind solvent that forms chemical adducts with the lead‐halide precursor salts. These adduct‐based precursor phases control nucleation and the growth of the polycrystalline domains. There has not yet been a comprehensive study comparing the various antisolvents used in different perovskite compositions containing cesium. In addition, there have been no reports of solvent engineering for high efficiency in all‐inorganic perovskites such as CsPbI3. In this work, inorganic perovskite composition CsPbI3 is specifically targeted and unique adducts formed between CsI and precursor solvents and antisolvents are found that have not been observed for other A‐site cation salts. These CsI adducts control nucleation more so than the PbI2–dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) adduct and demonstrate how the A‐site plays a significant role in crystallization. The use of methyl acetate (MeOAc) in this solvent engineering approach dictates crystallization through the formation of a CsI–MeOAc adduct and results in solar cells with a power conversion efficiency of 14.4%.  相似文献   

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