不同水旱轮作体系稻田土壤剖面N2O的分布特征

通过原位采集淹水和排水状态下土壤剖面4个层次的气体,研究氧化亚氮(N2O)在水旱轮作体系稻田土壤剖面中的动态分布特征.试验设置小麦-单季稻和油菜-双季稻两种轮作体系,包括施N和不施N两种施肥方式.结果表明:施用N肥极显著促进了土壤剖面N2O的产生(P＜0.01),不同层次间N2O浓度相关性极显著(P＜0.01),小麦、油菜生长期施N和无N处理下层30 cm和50 cm处N2O浓度均高于表层7 cm和15 cm处;早稻无N处理则为表层7 cm和15 cm处高于下层30 cm和50 cm处(P＜0.05),其他水稻处理各层次间无显著差异.无N处理土壤N2O峰值出现在旱作向水稻的转变期,施N处理则出现在旱作第2次追肥后,季节转变期也有较高的N2O浓度.     

不同水旱轮作体系稻田土壤剖面N2O的分布特征

通过原位采集淹水和排水状态下土壤剖面4个层次的气体,研究氧化亚氮（N₂O）在水旱轮作体系稻田土壤剖面中的动态分布特征.试验设置小麦-单季稻和油菜-双季稻两种轮作体系,包括施N和不施N两种施肥方式.结果表明:施用N肥极显著促进了土壤剖面N₂O的产生（P<0.01）,不同层次间N₂O浓度相关性极显著（P<0.01）,小麦、油菜生长期施N和无N处理下层30 cm和50 cm处N₂O浓度均高于表层7 cm和15 cm处;早稻无N处理则为表层7 cm和15 cm处高于下层30 cm和50 cm处（P<0.05）,其他水稻处理各层次间无显著差异.无N处理土壤N₂O峰值出现在旱作向水稻的转变期,施N处理则出现在旱作第2次追肥后,季节转变期也有较高的N₂O浓度.     

Diversity of soil fungal communities of Cerrado and its closely surrounding agriculture fields

Cerrado is a savanna-like region that covers a large area of Brazil. Despite its biological importance, the Cerrado has been the focus of few microbial diversity studies. A molecular approach was chosen to characterize the soil fungal communities in four areas of the Cerrado biome: a native Cerrado, a riverbank forest, an area converted to a soybean plantation, and an area converted to pasture. Global diversity of fungal communities in each area was assessed through Ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis which revealed remarkable differences among the areas studied. Sequencing of approximately 200 clones containing 18S rDNA sequences from each library was performed and, according to the genetic distance between sequences, these were assigned to operational taxonomic units (OTUs). A total of 75, 85, 85, and 70 OTUs were identified for the native Cerrado, riverbank forest, pasture, and soybean plantation, respectively. Analysis of sequences using a similarity cutoff value of 1% showed that the number of OTUs for the native Cerrado area was reduced by 35%; for the soybean plantation, a reduction by more than 50% was observed, indicating a reduction in fungal biodiversity associated with anthropogenic activity. This is the first study demonstrating the anthropogenic impact on Cerrado soil fungal diversity.     

Coordinated responses of soil communities to elevation in three subarctic vegetation types

Global warming has begun to have a major impact on the species composition and functioning of plant and soil communities. However, long‐term community and ecosystem responses to increased temperature are still poorly understood. In this study, we used a well‐established elevational gradient in northern Sweden to elucidate how plant, microbial and nematode communities shift with elevation and associated changes in temperature in three highly contrasting vegetation types (i.e. heath, meadow and Salix vegetation). We found that responses of both the abundance and composition of microbial and nematode communities to elevation differed greatly among the vegetation types. Within vegetation types, changes with elevation of plant, microbial and nematode communities were mostly linked at fine levels of taxonomic resolution, but this pattern disappeared when coarser functional group levels were considered. Further, nematode communities shifted towards more conservative nutrient cycling strategies with increasing elevation in heath and meadow vegetation. Conversely, in Salix vegetation microbial communities with conservative strategies were most pronounced at the mid‐elevation. These results provide limited support for increasing conservative nutrient cycling strategies at higher elevation (i.e. with a harsher climate). Our findings indicate that climate‐induced changes in plant community composition may greatly modify or counteract the impact of climate change on soil communities. Therefore, to better understand and predict ecosystem responses to climate change, it will be crucial to consider vegetation type and its specific interactions with soil communities.     

长期植稻年限序列水稻土团聚体有机碳分布特征

通过开展有机质物理分组试验,研究了杭州湾南岸不同植稻年限序列水稻土有机碳含量的粒级分布变化特征.结果表明: 各植稻年限耕层水稻土中,土壤团聚体主要分布在微团聚体(<0.25 mm)中,其中大微团聚体(0.053～0.25 mm)随着植稻年限的增加而减少;在微团聚体(0.053~0.25 mm,<0.053 mm)中,有机碳含量随着植稻年限的增加而增加,在0.053～2 mm粒径范围内,各粒级有机碳占总有机碳比例随着粒级的减小而增加,有机碳主要集中在大微团聚体(0.053～0.25 mm)中;随着种植年限的增加,颗粒有机碳含量减少.栽培年限长的水稻土比栽培年限短的水稻土碳封存量大,早期开垦的水稻土仍有很大的固碳潜力.     

Assessment of soil fungal communities using pyrosequencing

Pyrosequencing, a non-electrophoretic method of DNA sequencing, was used to investigate the extensive fungal community in soils of three islands in the Yellow Sea of Korea, between Korea and China. Pyrosequencing was carried out on amplicons derived from the 5′ region of 18S rDNA. A total of 10,166 reads were obtained, with an average length of 103 bp. The maximum number of fungal phylotypes in soil predicted at 99% similarity was 3,334. The maximum numbers of phylotypes predicted at 97% and 95% similarities were 736 and 286, respectively. Through phylogenetic assignment using BLASTN, a total of 372 tentative taxa were identified. The majority of true fungal sequences recovered in this study belonged to the Ascomycota (182 tentative taxa in 2,708 reads) and Basidiomycota (172 tentative taxa in 6,837 reads). The predominant species of Ascomycota detected have been described as lichen-forming fungi, litter/wood decomposers, plant parasites, endophytes, and saprotrophs: Peltigera neopolydactyla (Lecanoromycetes), Paecilomyces sp. (Sordariomycetes), Phacopsis huuskonenii (Lecanoromycetes), and Raffaelea hennebertii (mitosporicAscomycota). The majority of sequences in the Basidiomycota matched ectomycorrhizal and wood rotting fungi, including species of the Agaricales and Aphyllophorales, respectively. A high number of sequences in the Thelephorales, Boletales, Stereales, Hymenochaetales, and Ceratobasidiomycetes were also detected. By applying high-throughput pyrosequencing, we observed a high diversity of soil fungi and found evidence that pyrosequencing is a reliable technique for investigating fungal communities in soils.     

Changes in soil carbon sequestration and soil respiration following afforestation on paddy fields in north subtropical China

Aims Although many studies have reported net gains of soil organic carbon (SOC) after afforestation on croplands, this is uncertain for Chinese paddy rice croplands. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effects of afforestation of paddy rice croplands on SOC sequestration and soil respiration (R s). Such knowledge would improve our understanding of the effectiveness of various land use options on greenhouse gas mitigation in China.Methods The investigation was conducted on the Chongming Island, north subtropical China. Field sites were reclaimed from coastal salt marshes in the 1960s, and soils were homogeneous with simple land use histories. SOC stocks and R s levels were monitored over one year in a paddy rice cropland, an evergreen and a deciduous broad-leaved plantation established on previous paddy fields and a reference fallow land site never cultivated. Laboratory incubation of soil under fast-changing temperatures was used to compare the temperature sensitivity (Q 10) of SOC decomposition across land uses.Important findings After 15–20 years of afforestation on paddy fields, SOC concentration only slightly increased at the depth of 0–5cm but decreased in deeper layers, which resulted in a net loss of SOC stock in the top 40cm. Seasonal increase of SOC was observed during the rice-growing period in croplands but not in afforested soils, suggesting a stronger SOC sequestration by paddy rice cropping. However, SOC sequestered under cropping was more labile, as indicated by its higher contents of dissolved organic carbon and microbial biomass. Also, paddy soils had higher annual R s than afforested soils; R s abruptly increased after paddy fields were drained and plowed and remained distinctively high throughout the dry farming period. Laboratory incubation revealed that paddy soils had a much higher Q 10 of SOC decomposition than afforested soils. Given that temperature was the primary controller of R s in this region, it was concluded that despite the stronger SOC sequestration by paddy rice cropping, its SOC was less stable than in afforested systems and might be more easily released into the atmosphere under global warming.     

设施菜地重金属的剖面分布特征

以山东省寿光市种植1～12年的蔬菜大棚及相邻的小麦地为对象,研究了设施菜地中As、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni 6种重金属在土壤剖面中的分布特征.结果表明：在0～150 cm土层内,随着土层深度的增加,设施菜地与小麦地中6种重金属含量均呈下降趋势;与小麦地相比,相同土层设施菜地中6种重金属的含量均明显较高,设施菜地0～20 cm土层中As、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni的含量分别比小麦地相同土层高出35.0%、146.2%、65.6%、36.4%、21.5%和14.0%,120～150 cm土层分别高出10.6%、.5%、19.4%、20.2%、15.2%和9.3%,20～120 cm各土层中的含量亦高于小麦地.设施菜地0～20 cm土层中,Cd、Cu、Zn含量与种植年限呈显著正相关,随着种植年限的增加,其累积速率分别为0.027、1.153和2.830 mg·kg^-1·a^-1;设施菜地中6种重金属的含量与土壤有机碳、全氮含量呈正相关,除Ni和As外的4种重金属含量亦与土壤全磷含量呈极显著相关,有机肥等的施用可能在一定程度上导致设施菜地中重金属的累积.     

Vertical distribution of fungal communities in tallgrass prairie soil

We used 454 sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region to characterize fungal communities in tallgrass prairie soils subdivided into strata 0-10, 10-20, 30-40 and 50-60 cm deep. The dataset included more than 14000 fungal sequences distributed across Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, basal fungal lineages and Glomeromycota in order of decreasing frequency. As expected the community richness and diversity estimators tended to decrease with increasing depth. Although species richness was significantly reduced for samples from the deeper profiles, even the deepest stratum sampled contained richness of more than a third of that in the topmost stratum. More importantly, nonparametric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination analyses indicated that the fungal communities differed across vertical profiles, although only the topmost and deepest strata were significantly different when the NMS axis scores were compared by ANOVA. These results emphasize the importance of considering the fungal communities across the vertical strata because the deeper soil horizons might maintain a distinct community composition and thus contribute greatly to overall richness. The majority of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) declined in frequency with increasing depth, although a linear regression analysis indicated that some increased with increasing depth. The OTUs and BLAST-assigned taxa that showed increasing frequencies were mainly unculturable fungi, but some showed likely affinities to families Nectriaceae and Venturiaceae or to genus Pachnocybe. Although the ecological roles of the fungi in the deeper strata remain uncertain, we hypothesize that the fungi with preferences for deeper soil have adequate access to substrates and possess environmental tolerances that enable their persistence in those environments.     

Functional gene diversity of soil microbial communities from five oil-contaminated fields in China

To compare microbial functional diversity in different oil-contaminated fields and to know the effects of oil contaminant and environmental factors, soil samples were taken from typical oil-contaminated fields located in five geographic regions of China. GeoChip, a high-throughput functional gene array, was used to evaluate the microbial functional genes involved in contaminant degradation and in other major biogeochemical/metabolic processes. Our results indicated that the overall microbial community structures were distinct in each oil-contaminated field, and samples were clustered by geographic locations. The organic contaminant degradation genes were most abundant in all samples and presented a similar pattern under oil contaminant stress among the five fields. In addition, alkane and aromatic hydrocarbon degradation genes such as monooxygenase and dioxygenase were detected in high abundance in the oil-contaminated fields. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that the microbial functional patterns were highly correlated to the local environmental variables, such as oil contaminant concentration, nitrogen and phosphorus contents, salt and pH. Finally, a total of 59% of microbial community variation from GeoChip data can be explained by oil contamination, geographic location and soil geochemical parameters. This study provided insights into the in situ microbial functional structures in oil-contaminated fields and discerned the linkages between microbial communities and environmental variables, which is important to the application of bioremediation in oil-contaminated sites.     

北方常见农业土地利用方式对土壤螨群落结构的影响

土壤螨群落与土壤健康状况密切相关,农业土地利用方式会影响土壤螨的生存环境,进而影响螨的群落分布。在北方传统农业区研究了小麦玉米常规轮作农田,1年温室蔬菜大棚、4年温室蔬菜大棚和4年露天菜地下土壤主要理化指标和螨群落结构。研究结果表明露天菜地和温室大棚的利用方式均会提高土壤碱解氮和有机质含量,同时温室大棚的长期利用会增加土壤有效磷含量。螨群落分析显示常规农田中甲螨亚目为优势类群;常规农田转变为温室大棚后,由于施肥造成土壤营养物质含量增加,以及人类对土壤扰动程度的提高,无气门亚目取代甲螨亚目成为温室内螨优势类群。但随着温室年限的延长,螨多样性和粉螨科丰度都要有所下降,这可能是磷累积和强扰动效应的共同后果。常规农田转变为露天菜地后,加强的人类扰动也会降低甲螨亚目丰度,但与温室螨群落相比,4个亚目分布要相对均匀。温室在3种土地利用类型中对土壤螨的负面影响最为明显,从土壤功能的自我维持和修复方面来讲是十分不利的,温室内土壤生物多样性的保护尤其值得人们关注和重视。     

Endophytic fungal communities in woody perennials of three tropical forest types of the Western Ghats,southern India

Fungal endophytes of tropical trees are expected to be exceptionally species rich as a consequence of high tree diversity in the tropics and the purported host restriction among the endophytes. Based on this premise, endophytes have been regarded as a focal group for estimating fungal numbers because their possible hyperdiverse nature would reflect significantly global fungal diversity. We present our consolidated ten-year work on 75 dicotyledonous tree hosts belonging to 33 families and growing in three different types of tropical forests of the NBR in the Western Ghats, southern India. We conclude that endophyte diversity in these forests is limited due to loose host affiliations among endophytes. Some endophytes have a wide host range and colonize taxonomically disparate hosts suggesting adaptations in them to counter a variety of defense chemicals in their hosts. Furthermore, such polyphagous endophytes dominate the endophyte assemblages of different tree hosts. Individual leaves may be densely colonized but only by a few endophyte species. It appears that the environment (the type of forest in this case) has a larger role in determining the endophyte assemblage of a plant host than the taxonomy of the host plant. Thus, different tropical plant communities have to be studied for their endophyte diversity to test the generalization that endophytes are hyperdiverse in the tropics, estimate their true species richness, and use them as a predictor group for more accurate assessment of global fungal diversity.     

转基因抗虫水稻对水稻害虫群落的影响

本文应用吸虫器法与剥查法,研究了转Cry1Ac +SCK基因水稻及其杂交后代对水稻害虫群落的影响。结果显示：转Cry1Ac+SCK基因水稻MSA与MSB对稻纵卷叶螟具有极强的抗性,转Cry1Ac+SCK基因稻的杂交后代21S/MSB与Ⅱ32A/MSB都获得了对稻纵卷叶螟的高抗性。虽然MSA、MSB、21S/MSB与Ⅱ32A/MSB对水稻害虫的物种丰富度、个体数量、多样性与均匀度时间动态都有一定程度的影响,但生长全期的调查结果显示,与对应的对照比较,它们对水稻害虫群落的这些参数均无显著影响,且转基因水稻田与各自对照田在害虫与主要害虫物种组成上具有较高的相似性。靶标害虫种群数量的降低,并未对水稻害虫群落的组成与结构产生明显的影响,也没有引起优势种成分的变化。     

Nitrous oxide emission from paddy fields in China

The main research results of nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission from paddy fields in China were summarized. Paddy fields are an important source of N₂O emission. Denitrification process exists not only in the upper flooded cultivated layer in paddy fields but also in the underground saturated soil layer. The cropping system with rice–wheat rotation and the water regime with mid-season aeration (MSA) in paddy fields of China are not only the controlling factors of N₂O emission but also the main factors influencing methane (CH₄) emission. There is a trade-off relationship between N₂O and CH₄ emissions from paddy fields. Straw amendment reduced N₂O emission but promoted CH₄ emission. Therefore, effects of both CH₄ and N₂O emissions from rice fields on the global warming potential (GWP) should be taken into consideration when any mitigation options are to be established.     

The spatial–temporal pattern changes of the red crowned crane (Grus japonensis) population in Zhalong NNR and the related driving forces

Understanding spatio-temporal distribution patterns of a species is essential to successful species and habitat conservation. The fluctuations of the red crowned crane population were studied after collecting the data about breeding red-crown cranes from Zhalong National Natural Reserve (Zhalong NNR) since 1981; and their spatial distribution patterns were also quantified in variant time periods with the method nearest neighbor analysis (NNA); the main factors leading to the dynamics of the bird population were analyzed. The results showed the red-crown crane population had fluctuated dramatically from 1981 to 2005. The number dropped rapidly to the minimum of the bird population to endanger the existence of the population by the year of 2005. And the spatial distribution pattern changed from uniform distribution to aggregated distribution during 1996–2005. These changes reflected that the distributions of habitats had undergone a process of fragmentation, and the area of the suitable habitats suffered such a continuous loss that there were insufficient habitats to sustain the bird population any more. And consequently, the decline of the bird population occurred. The wildfire and the anthropogenic activities were the driving forces which accounted for the degradation of the habitats and hereafter the fluctuations of the red-crown population.     

Diversity and ecology of soil fungal communities in rubber plantations

Monoculture rubber cultivation and its intensive associated human activities are known to have a negative impact on the biodiversity, ecology, and biological conservation of the ecosystems in which they occur. These negative impacts include changes to the biodiversity and function of soil fungal communities, which contribute towards nutrient cycling and interact with other organisms in belowground ecosystems, and may be pathogens. Despite the important role of soil fungi in rubber plantations, these communities have been poorly studied. In this paper, we review the existing literature on the diversity and ecology of belowground fungi in rubber plantations. Various groups of soil fungi, including saprobes, symbionts, and pathogens are discussed. Additionally, the role of plantation management is discussed in the context of both pathogenic soil fungi and the promotion of beneficial soil fungi. Management practices include clone selection, tree age and planting density, application of chemicals, and intercropping systems. Our review shows the strong need for further research into the effects of monoculture rubber plantations on soil fungal communities, and how we can best manage these systems in the future, in order to create a more sustainable approach to rubber production.     

猫儿山三种森林类型林下植物叶片与土壤化学计量特征

为探究猫儿山不同森林类型林下植物叶片与土壤化学计量特征,揭示其林下植物适应策略。该文对猫儿山针阔混交林(ZK)、常绿阔叶次生林(CLC)和常绿阔叶林(CL)林下草本层和灌木层主要植物叶片与土壤的化学元素含量进行测定,分析其化学计量特征及其相互之间的内在联系。结果表明:(1)从总体上看,草本层和灌木层植物叶片的C、N含量差异不显著,草本层植物叶片P、K含量极显著高于灌木层,N:P显著低于灌木层; 草本层植物更易受N限制,灌木层植物更易受P限制且其N和P利用效率更高; 不同森林类型之间的灌木层植物叶片化学计量差异不显著,草本层植物叶片N含量、C:N和C:P差异显著,针阔混交林草本层植物的养分利用效率较高。(2)3种森林类型的土壤C、N含量显示,CL>CLC>ZK且彼此之间差异极显著,针阔混交林土壤的P含量最高而C:P、N:P最低。(3)针阔混交林的土壤显著影响林下植物部分叶片化学计量,另外2种森林类型的土壤影响不显著。综上认为,猫儿山不同森林类型的土壤化学计量存在显著或极显著差异,林下不同层次的植物对营养元素的需求以及环境适应策略不同; 针阔混交林土壤对林下植物叶片化学计量影响较强,由于有机质分解效率较低导致土壤受N限制,因此应加强针阔混交林的N素管理。该研究结果为森林管理提供了数据支持。     

不同植被类型的滩涂湿地土壤线虫群落特征

对江苏盐城湿地保护区内不同植被带土壤线虫的群落结构特征进行了研究.结果表明：调查共鉴定出20科39属,优势属和常见属的数量占总个体数的90%以上;不同植被类型的滩涂湿地土壤线虫总数存在明显差异性,线虫数量范围为每100 g干土79～449条,小麦地显著高于其他植被带,光滩地数量最少.线虫群落生态指数对植被带有不同的响应,土壤线虫群落多样性指数H、均匀度指数J在不同植被带的分布依次为：苇草带＞盐蒿带＞小麦地＞米草带＞光滩带,而优势度指数λ的分布为：光滩带＞米草带＞小麦地＞盐蒿带＞苇草带,表明光滩带的线虫群落多样性和稳定性小于其他植被带,土壤线虫群落趋于单一化;成熟度指数MI表现为保护区内未开垦植被带高于已开垦的小麦地,说明农田受外界干扰明显.不同植被带间的线虫群落结构存在显著差异,各植被带的最大贡献物种各不相同.土壤理化性状与线虫数量、营养类群、生态指数存在明显的相关关系.表明线虫群落的变化能很好地反映植被带生境的多样性,土壤线虫可作为湿地生态系统中一个重要的生物指示因子.