绿色糖单孢菌木质素过氧化物酶的分离纯化及鉴定

木质素过氧化物酶是一种重要的具有工业应用前景的木质素降解酶,但已报道真菌来源的木质素过氧化物酶只能在酸性低温条件下发挥作用,限制了其进一步的工业应用.通过培养一株耐热耐碱放线茵——绿色糖单孢茵发酵产酶,采用DEAE-Cellulose,CM-Cellulose和Superdex 75凝胶过滤层析等分离纯化方法,得到一种具有耐热耐碱特性的木质素过氧化物酶.经凝胶电泳检测其为单一蛋白,分子量为41 kD.最终纯化倍数达到20倍,活性回收率为6％.采用LTQ法对纯酶进行蛋白质归类鉴定,得到其部分氨基酸片段,为该酶的进一步分子生物学研究奠定基础.     

Kraft Pulp Biobleaching and Mediated Oxidation of a Nonphenolic Substrate by Laccase from Streptomyces cyaneus CECT 3335

A new laccase (EC 1.10.3.2) produced by Streptomyces cyaneus CECT 3335 in liquid media containing soya flour (20 g per liter) was purified to homogeneity. The physicochemical, catalytic, and spectral characteristics of this enzyme, as well as its suitability for biobleaching of eucalyptus kraft pulps, were assessed. The purified laccase had a molecular mass of 75 kDa and an isoelectric point of 5.6, and its optimal pH and temperature were 4.5 and 70°C, respectively. The activity was strongly enhanced in the presence of Cu²⁺, Mn²⁺, and Mg²⁺ and was completely inhibited by EDTA and sodium azide. The purified laccase exhibited high levels of activity against 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol and no activity against tyrosine. The UV-visible spectrum of the purified laccase was the typical spectrum of the blue laccases, with an absorption peak at 600 nm and a shoulder around 330 to 340 nm. The ability of the purified laccase to oxidize a nonphenolic compound, such as veratryl alcohol, in the presence of ABTS opens up new possibilities for the use of bacterial laccases in the pulp and paper industry. We demonstrated that application of the laccase from S. cyaneus in the presence of ABTS to biobleaching of eucalyptus kraft pulps resulted in a significant decrease in the kappa number (2.3 U) and an important increase in the brightness (2.2%, as determined by the International Standard Organization test) of pulps, showing the suitability of laccases produced by streptomycetes for industrial purposes.     

绿色糖单孢菌胞外酶预漂白烧碱蒽醌麦草浆机理的初步研究

用绿色糖单孢菌胞外酶的粗酶液对麦草烧碱蒽醌浆进行生物预处理及后续漂白．结果表明：1）酶处理对DED（Chlorine Dioxide-Alkaline Extraction-Chlorine Dioxide）的助漂效果非常明显,白度增加了（ISO）17．4％;2）酶处理后纸浆中戊聚糖相对含量比对照浆减少了1．99％,木糖相对含量减少了1．10％．阿拉伯糖相对含量减少了0．98％,葡萄糖相对含量增加2．08％;3）酶处理后纸浆的结晶度有所提高．通过红外光谱和紫外光谱研究了生物预处理的漂白机理．结果表明：酶处理可减少漂后纸浆中发色基团和木素的相对含量.     

New Pulp Biobleaching System Involving Manganese Peroxidase Immobilized in a Silica Support with Controlled Pore Sizes

Attempts have been made to use manganese peroxidase (MnP) for chlorine-free pulp biobleaching, but they have not been commercially viable because of the enzyme's low stability. We developed a new pulp biobleaching method involving mesoporous material-immobilized manganese peroxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium. MnP immobilized in FSM-16, a folded-sheet mesoporous material whose pore size is nearly the same as the diameter of the enzyme, had the highest thermal stability and tolerance to H₂O₂. MnP immobilized in FSM-16 retained more than 80% of its initial activity even after 10 days of continuous reaction. We constructed a thermally discontinuous two-stage reactor system, in which the enzyme (39°C) and pulp-bleaching (70°C) reactions were performed separately. When the treatment of pulp with MnP by means of the two-stage reactor system and alkaline extraction was repeated seven times, the brightness of the pulp increased to about 88% within 7 h after completion of the last treatment.     

Bleaching of Hardwood Kraft Pulp with Manganese Peroxidase Secreted from Phanerochaete sordida YK-624

In vitro bleaching of an unbleached hardwood kraft pulp was performed with manganese peroxidase (MnP) from the fungus Phanerochaete sordida YK-624. When the kraft pulp was treated with partially purified MnP in the presence of MnSO₄, Tween 80, and sodium malonate with continuous addition of H₂O₂ at 37°C for 24 h, the pulp brightness increased by about 10 points and the kappa number decreased by about 6 points compared with untreated pulp. The pulp brightness was also increased by 43 points to 75.5% by multiple (six) treatments with MnP combined with alkaline extraction. Our results indicate that in vitro degradation of residual lignin in hardwood kraft pulp with MnP is possible.     

Effects of Manganese Peroxidase on Residual Lignin of Softwood Kraft Pulp

Manganese peroxidase treatment lowered the kappa number of kraft pulp and increased the alkali extractability of the residual lignin but did not directly solubilize it. This indicates that MnP partially oxidizes the lignin in the pulp but does not degrade it to soluble fragments.     

绿色糖单孢菌-木素过氧化物酶的发酵工艺研究

本研究以一株中度耐热耐碱放线菌--绿色糖单孢菌(Saccharomonospora viridis)为研究对象,用16 L发酵罐对该菌进行了木素过氧化物酶(lignin peroxidases, LiP)的诱导发酵,确定了最适的产酶工艺条件:接种量为10%,C/N为1∶3,搅拌速度为250 r/min,通气量为5 L/min,通过控制通气量和调整搅拌转速,使溶氧维持在35%以上,此条件下绿色糖单孢菌较摇瓶实验提前将近24 h达到产酶高峰,酶活最高可达0.41 U/ml;同时在发酵罐中测定该菌株的生长曲线和代谢曲线以确定其发酵代谢规律.     

绿色糖单孢菌木聚糖酶的分离纯化与酶学性质研究

木聚糖酶是一种重要的具有工业应用前景的木聚糖降解酶,在充分利用自然资源、保护生态环境等方面具有十分重要的意义.通过硫酸铵分级沉淀及Sephadex G-100凝胶柱层析方法从一株中度耐热耐碱放线菌—绿色糖单孢菌的胞外酶中纯化得到单一的木聚糖酶,相对分子质量为51 kD,酶纯度提高了13.01倍.纯酶最适反应温度为60℃,最适反应pH值为7.0;75℃以下该酶具有良好的热稳定性,在pH 7～10范围内具有较强的耐受力.金属离子Ca2+、Fe2+、Zn2+对该酶具有明显促进作用,Cu2+、Mn2+、Al3+和SDS具有抑制作用而K+,Na+,Mg2+没有明显的作用.该酶为大分子质量的糖基化蛋白,含糖量为21.96%.     

A Possible Role of Manganese Peroxidase during Biobleaching by the Pulp Bleaching Fungus SKB-1152

The fungus SKB-1152 bleaches oxygen-alkaline treated hard wood kraft pulp (OKP) rapidly. In the initial phase of fungal treatment, maximum production of manganese peroxidase (MnP) was observed. The filtrate from a 1-day fungal treatment could bleach OKP when manganese, glucose, and glucose oxidase were added. A possible role of MnP in the initial fungal bleaching process is suggested.     

绿色糖单孢菌产木聚糖酶规律及其耐碱耐热性的初步研究

采用绿色糖单孢菌为实验材料,在不同诱导产酶培养基上经过192h的振荡培养,探索其产酶时程规律．结果表明,不同的诱导底物诱导产生的木聚糖酶活性差异不显著,但诱导产纤维素酶活性差异显著．其中松木粉加棉纱培养基诱导产纤维素酶活性为0．08IU／ml,与空白对照(5．40IU／ml)相比显著下降(P≤0．05)．为了适应纸浆漂白实际应用中纤维素酶越少越好的要求,选择该培养基为最佳诱导产酶培养基．绿色糖单孢菌在上述培养基中培养156h后达到木聚糖酶产酶高峰。粗酶液酶活可达到9．03IU／ml．通过对该酶进行高温及碱性处理。实验结果表明绿色糖单孢菌分泌的木聚糖酶在pH7．0下反应表现最高活性,同时在90℃下保温3h后酶活为原来的63．55％,具有较好的耐碱耐热性．     

绿色糖单孢菌降解木质纤维胞外酶的分泌条件及其生物漂白研究

以一株耐热耐碱放线菌-绿色糖单孢菌（Saccharomonospora viridis）为研究对象,探讨其产胞外木素过氧化物酶、木聚糖酶、纤维素酶的优化发酵条件。结果表明,其最佳碳氮源分别为葡萄糖和蛋白胨,最佳接种量为1％,不同的诱导底物对三种木质纤维降解酶有不同的诱导效果,其中麦草浆的诱导效果最好。在培养基中添加0．01mol／L的Mn^2＋和0．1％的土温80能够显著促进木质纤维降解酶的产生。在pH8．0,45℃条件下,培养120h后木素过氧化物酶的酶活达到最大0．36U／mL,培养156h后木聚糖酶和纤维素酶的酶活达到最大,最高酶活分别为18．46U／mL,10．42u／mL。用含有这三种酶的粗酶液对麦草烧碱蒽醌浆进行生物漂白表明,绿色糖单孢菌所产的木质纤维降解酶具有较好的漂白效果。     

大豆种皮过氧化物酶的制备及其在ELISA中的应用

对大豆种皮过氧化物酶(SBP)进行了部分纯化,并对其标记的抗体的效价和稳定性进行了初步测定。大豆种皮用自来水提取,提取液经pH4.5沉淀去杂蛋白、DEAE-cellulose离子交换柱层析以及SephadexG-75分子筛柱层析,最后冻干得SBP制品。用SBP冻干品标记羊抗人IgG,于-20℃和室温保存2周,前者稀释8000倍、后者稀释2000倍可产生较强的信号。结果表明SBP可以用于酶联免疫检测。     

Lignin Peroxidase Activity Is Not Important in Biological Bleaching and Delignification of Unbleached Kraft Pulp by Trametes versicolor

The discovery in 1983 of fungal lignin peroxidases able to catalyze the oxidation of nonphenolic aromatic lignin model compounds and release some CO₂ from lignin has been seen as a major advance in understanding how fungi degrade lignin. Recently, the fungus Trametes versicolor was shown to be capable of substantial decolorization and delignification of unbleached industrial kraft pulps over 2 to 5 days. The role, if any, of lignin peroxidase in this biobleaching was therefore examined. Several different assays indicated that T. versicolor can produce and secrete peroxidase proteins, but only under certain culture conditions. However, work employing a new lignin peroxidase inhibitor (metavanadate ions) and a new lignin peroxidase assay using the dye azure B indicated that secreted lignin peroxidases do not play a role in the T. versicolor pulp-bleaching system. Oxidative activity capable of degrading 2-keto-4-methiolbutyric acid (KMB) appeared unique to ligninolytic fungi and always accompanied pulp biobleaching.     

Bleaching of Hardwood Kraft Pulp with Manganese Peroxidase from Phanerochaete sordida YK-624 without Addition of MnSO(inf4)

In vitro bleaching of an unbleached hardwood kraft pulp was performed with partially purified manganese peroxidase (MnP) from the fungus Phanerochaete sordida YK-624 without the addition of MnSO(inf4) in the presence of oxalate, malonate, or gluconate as manganese chelator. When the pulp was treated without the addition of MnSO(inf4), the pulp brightness increased by about 10 points in the presence of 2 mM oxalate, but the brightness did not significantly increase in the presence of 50 mM malonate, a good manganese chelator. Residual MnP activity decreased faster during the bleaching with MnP without MnSO(inf4) in the presence of malonate than in the presence of oxalate. Oxalate reduced MnO(inf2) which already existed in the pulp or was produced from Mn(sup2+) by oxidation with MnP and thus supplied Mn(sup2+) to the MnP system. The presence of gluconate, produced by the H(inf2)O(inf2)-generating enzyme glucose oxidase, also improved the pulp brightness without the addition of MnSO(inf4), although treatment with gluconate was inferior to that with oxalate with regard to increase of brightness. It can be concluded that bleaching of hardwood kraft pulp with MnP, using manganese originally existing in the pulp, is possible in the presence of oxalate, a good manganese chelator and reducing reagent.     

Genome Sequence of a Novel Actinophage PIS136 Isolated from a Strain of Saccharomonospora sp

A wide-host-range bacteriophage (phage) PIS136 was isolated from PA136, a strain of Saccharomonospora belonging to the group actinomycetes. Here, we present the genome sequence of the PIS136 phage, which is 94,870 bp long and contains 132 putative coding sequences and one tRNA gene. An IS element-like region with two genes for putative transposases was identified in the genome. The presence of IS element-like sequences suggests that PIS136 is still under active evolution.     

Production of Cellulase-Free Xylanase from Bacillus megaterium by Solid State Fermentation for Biobleaching of Pulp

Xylanase production from B. megaterium was enhanced using solid state fermentation with respect to the use of solid substrate, moistening solution, moisture content, inoculum, sugars, soyabean meal, amino acids, and extraction with surfactant. An increase of ≈423-fold in xylanase production and complete suppression of CMCase production was achieved over submerged liquid fermentation. Biobleaching using this cellulase-free xylanase, 8 U/g of oven dried pulp of 10% consistency, showed 8.12% and 1.16% increase in brightness and viscosity, 13.67% decrease in kappa number, and 31% decrease in chlorine consumption at the CD stage.     

Thermostable Alkaline Protease from a Novel Marine Haloalkalophilic Bacillus Clausii Isolate

An oxidative and SDS-stable alkaline protease secreted by a marine haloalkalophilic Bacillus clausii isolated from the tidal mud flats of the Korean Yellow Sea near Inchon City was investigated in batch fermentation in shake flasks and in a bioreactor under a range of conditions. The isolate produced maximum protease yields (15,000 U ml⁻¹) under submerged fermentation conditions at 42 °C for 40 h with an aeration of 1.5 v/v/min and agitation of 400 rev/min in a formulated soybean—casein medium (pH 9.6) containing (w/v): soybean meal (2%), casein (1%), corn starch (0.5%), NH₄Cl (0.05%), NaCl (0.05%), KH₂PO₄(0.04%), K₂HPO₄(0.03%), MgSO₄(0.02%), yeast extract (0.01%) and Na₂CO₃(0.6%). The optimal pH and temperature of activity of the partially purified enzyme were 11.5 and 80 °C, respectively. The alkaline protease showed extreme stability towards SDS and oxidizing agents, retaining its activity above 96 and 75% on treatment for 72 h with 5% SDS and 5% H₂O₂, respectively. The inhibition profile exhibited by phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride suggested that the protease from B. clausii belongs to the family of serine proteases.     

Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Thermostable Neopullulanase-Like Enzyme from a Hot Spring in Thailand

A gene encoding a thermostable pullulan-hydrolyzing enzyme was isolated from environmental genomic DNA extracted from soil sediments of Bor Khleung hot spring in Thailand. Sequence comparison with related enzymes suggested that the isolated enzyme, designated Env Npu193A, was most likely a neopullulanase-like enzyme. Env Npu193A was expressed in Pichia pastoris as a monomeric recombinant protein. The purified Env Npu193A exhibited pH stability ranging from 3 to 9. More than 60% of enzyme activity was retained after incubation at 60 °C for 1 h. Env Npu193A was found to hydrolyze various substrates, including pullulan, starch, and γ-cyclodextrin. The optimal working condition for Env Npu193A was at pH 7 at 75 °C with K _m and V _max toward pullulan of 1.22±0.3% and 23.24±1.7 U/mg respectively. Env Npu193A exhibited distinct biochemical characteristics as compared with the previously isolated enzyme from the same source. Thus, a culture-independent approach with sequence-basing was found to be an effective way to discover novel enzymes displaying unique substrate specificity and high thermostability from natural bioresources.     

Spectroscopic properties of a novel neutral proteinase from Saccharomonospora canescens

Three distinct DNA polymerase fractions (A, B and C), were isolated from Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote forms. Fraction A is a low molecular mass enzyme corresponding to beta-like DNA polymerase of T. cruzi. Fraction B co-purified along several purification steps with fraction A, but in the last step it was clearly separated by a phosphocellulose chromatography. Fraction C was separated from fractions A and B by binding to DEAE-cellulose column, since the other two fractions were eluted in the flowthrough. This enzyme has an apparent native molecular mass of 100 kDa and showed a high preference for poly(dC)-oligo(dG) among different template-primers tested as substrate. Western-blot and biochemical analysis strongly suggest that the three DNA polymerase fractions correspond to different molecular entities. These results are in agreement with the idea that fraction C is a new DNA polymerase of T. cruzi, not described before.