灰岩皱叶报春的组织培养与快速繁殖

1植物名称灰岩皱叶报春(Primula forrestii Balf.f.)。2材料类别种子萌发的无菌苗上胚轴。3培养条件种子萌发培养基:(1)MS。丛生芽诱导和增殖培养基:(2)MS NAA1.86mg·L-1(单位下同) KT0.2;(3)MS 6-BA0.23 IBA2。     

四种野生报春花种子萌发生物学特性

以多脉报春Primula polyneura、钟花报春P. sikkimensis、桔红灯台报春P. bulleyana 和粉被灯台报春P. pulverulenta 的种子为材料,研究其形态及光照、GA3 对种子萌发的影响。结果表明,4 种报春花种子形态各异,钟花报春种子质量最大,千粒重达0.458 g,粉被灯台报春种子质量最小,千粒重为0.192 g。光照处理及不同浓度GA3 处理对4 种报春花种子萌发的影响存在差异。光照对多脉报春的萌发效果最好,其次为钟花报春与桔红灯台报春,对粉被灯台报春无明显促进作用。光照条件下,400 mg·L^-1 GA3 处理对桔红灯台报春和粉被灯台报春的萌发效果较好,发芽率显著提高,发芽持续时间缩短;钟花报春萌发适宜的GA3浓度为200 mg·L^-1。     

九种报春花属植物的核形态学研究

对报春花属（Prinula)4个组9种植物进行了核形态学研究。这9个种的间期核构形均为复杂染色中心型,前期染色体属于中间型,体细胞有丝分裂中期染色体的数目及核型如下：中甸海水仙报表P.monticola(Hand.-Mazz.)Chen et C.M.Hu,K(2n)=16=12m 4sm;高穗花报春P.vialii Delavay ex Franch.,K(2n)=20=16m 2sm 2st;偏花报春P.secundiflora Franch.,K(2n)=22=18m 4sm;海仙花报春P.poissonii Fanch.,K(2n)=22=16m 6sm;霞红灯台报春P.beesiana Forr.,K(2n)=22=18m 4sm;桔红灯台报春P.bulleyana Forr., K(2n)=22=18m 4sm;橙红灯台报春P.aurantiaca W.W.Smith et Forr.,K(2n)=22=16m(sat) 6sm;粉被灯台报春P.pulverulenta Duthie,K(2n)=22=19m 2sm 1st;钟花报春P.sikkimensis Hook.,K(2n)=20=14m(1sat) 4sm 2T。其中,中甸海水仙报春和高穗花报春两种的染色体数目及核型为首次报道。同时,本文还将偏花报春与灯台组报春以及钟花组报春进行了细胞学的比较分析。     

八种广西特有报春苣苔属植物开花生物学特性研究

广西是报春苣苔属植物的世界分布中心,特有种较多。该研究针对线叶报春苣苔(Primulina linearifolia)、条叶报春苣苔(P. ophiopogoides)、刺齿报春苣苔(P. spinulosa)、大根报春苣苔(P. macrorhiza)、线萼报春苣苔(P. linearicalyx)、癞叶报春苣苔(P. leprosa)、桂中报春苣苔(P. guizhongensis)、百寿报春苣苔(P. baishouensis),八种广西特有种的开花物候期、开花动态、子房发育情况、花粉活性等开花生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明:(1)八种广西特有报春苣苔属植物在野外及人工环境下部分种在花期、单株开花量、单花开放持续时间具有显著性差异。人工栽培植株在单株开花量、单花开放持续时间要优于野生植株。(2)不同物种的单花花期长短不同,为3～14 d。雄蕊在花蕾阶段已经基本完成生长。雌雄蕊成熟期不一致,雄蕊先于雌蕊成熟。(3)花冠半开放至完全打开阶段的花粉活性最高,均在90%以上。(4)花冠完全开放阶段的柱头可授性最强。(5)自花授粉不能结实,异花授粉可正常结实,自交种子发芽率在80%以上。综上结果不仅为解决珍稀物种的繁殖障碍和保存种质资源提供了数据支持,而且对后续提高报春苣苔属的杂交育种成功率具有重要意义。     

椭圆叶花锚的引种栽培

椭圆叶花锚 (HaleniaellipiticaD .Don)是藏族民间用于治疗黄疸型肝胆疾病和病毒性肝炎的一种名贵草药。引种栽培试验研究表明 ,在青海高原自然环境条件下 ,椭圆叶花锚为二年生草本植物 ,完成植物生长发育需要的时间为 10～ 12个月。自然状态下的植物种子萌发率很低 ,种子经过低温条件处理后可显著提高其萌发率。栽培的椭圆叶花锚植株在植株高度、分枝数量、单株生物量等生长状况指标明显高于野生植株 ,其有效化学成分接近野生状态的水平 ,野生椭圆叶花锚的人工栽培是可行的     

条叶百合种子萌发的研究

研究了不同光、温对条叶百合(Lilium callosum)种子萌发的影响。研究结果表明:(1)避光条件下温度对栽培4年生条叶百合种子萌发影响最大,其种子萌发最适宜温度为25℃, 4~5天开始萌动, 1~2周萌发完全。随着温度的升高或降低其种子萌发率下降。但在5℃时萌发率又有大幅升高, 35℃种子萌发完全受到抑制。(2)同一果序不同位置果实的种子萌发以最下部果实为好,中间果实次之,上部最差。(3)同一果实内中部种子萌发最好,下部种子次之,上部种子最差,上、中、下三部分种子萌发率与其千粒重呈正相关。(4)在相同实验条件下,野生条叶百合与栽培4年生条叶百合种子萌发率一致,但萌发完全时间比栽培条叶百合多14天。(5)贮藏一年后条叶百合种子萌发率没有下降。     

报春花属藏报春组、毛茛叶报春组的界定和系统发育关系 :核糖体DNAITS序列证据(英文)

报春花属 (PrimulaL .)藏报春组 (sect.AuganthusPaxexBalf.f.)和毛茛叶报春组 (sect.RanunculoidesChenetC .M .Hu)的界定一直是没有解决的问题。应用核糖体DNAITS序列数据探讨其系统发育关系。取样包括藏报春组和毛茛叶报春组的全部 5个种以及其他一些相关组的代表种。ITS系统树表明 ,陕西羽叶报春 (P .filchneraeKnuth)应与藏报春 (P .sinensisSabineexLindl.)和野藏报春 (P .rupestrisBalf.f.etFarrer)一起置于藏报春组 ;毛茛叶报春组只含两种 :毛茛叶报春 (P .cicutariifoliaPax)和安徽羽叶报春 (P .merrillianaSchltr.)。这两组并不具密切亲缘关系 ,它们在报春花属中与其他组的关系还需进一步研究。研究也表明ITS序列可以为报春花属的系统发育重建提供大量可靠资料     

报春花属藏报春组、毛茛叶报春组的界定和系统发育关系:核糖体DNA ITS序列证据

报春花属(Primula L.)藏报春组(sect. Auganthus Pax ex Balf. f.)和毛茛叶报春组(sect. Ranunculoides Chen et C. M. Hu)的界定一直是没有解决的问题.应用核糖体DNA ITS序列数据探讨其系统发育关系.取样包括藏报春组和毛茛叶报春组的全部5个种以及其他一些相关组的代表种.ITS系统树表明,陕西羽叶报春(P.filchnerae Knuth)应与藏报春(P. sinensis Sabine ex Lindl.)和野藏报春(P. rupestris Balf. f. et Farrer)一起置于藏报春组;毛茛叶报春组只含两种:毛茛叶报春(P. cicutariifolia Pax)和安徽羽叶报春(P. merrilliana Schltr.).这两组并不具密切亲缘关系,它们在报春花属中与其他组的关系还需进一步研究.研究也表明ITS序列可以为报春花属的系统发育重建提供大量可靠资料.     

小报春与岩生报春种间杂交亲和性研究

以报春花属报春花组的小报春(Primula forbesii)和指叶报春组的岩生报春(Primula saxatilis)为亲本,对种间杂交的结实性及花粉管行为进行了观察。结果表明:小报春与岩生报春种间杂交表现为不亲和,正反交组合正常结实率为0,但正交、反交组合花粉在柱头表面的萌发和花粉管伸长过程有明显差异,小报春花粉授粉4h后可以在岩生报春柱头表面萌发,但花粉管伸长的速度明显比对照组[岩生报春(P)×岩生报春(T)、岩生报春(T)×岩生报春(P)]慢,并且花粉管生长弯曲,授粉192h后花粉管仍未到达子房;岩生报春的花粉可以在小报春柱头上正常萌发,授粉48h后花粉管到达子房;4个对照授粉组合均分别于24h(短花柱为母本)、48h(长花柱为母本)时完成受精过程。研究表明,岩生报春×小报春杂交存在受精前障碍,小报春×岩生报春杂交亲和性较好,并可通过幼胚拯救的方法获得组间杂种后代;花柱长度可能是影响种间杂交结实能力的因素之一。     

瓦屋山报春花散记

正寒雪初融问芳菲,凌风绽放报春来。伴着料峭的山风,瓦屋山的春天姗姗而来,沉寂了整个冬天的山岭逐渐开始冰释雪融,焕发着复苏的生机。春回森林,报春花最早在岩边、林下、沟旁绽开了花蕾。报春花系报春花科报春花属的多年生草本植物,其叶基生,形成莲座状叶丛,花生于花莛顶端,排列成伞形花序、总状花序、头状花序或单于叶丛。报春花的学名Primula,拉丁文的意思就是"春天先开花的植物"。它是春天开花,花期较长,开花时间比迎春花更     

Pre-dispersal seed predation in gynodioecious Geranium sylvaticum is not affected by plant gender or flowering phenology

Sex-specific interactions with antagonists may explain female maintenance in gynodioecious populations if seeds produced by hermaphroditic plants are preferred over seeds produced by female plants. Among antagonistic interactions, pre-dispersal seed predators have received relatively little attention even though they may exert sex-specific selective pressures on the evolution of floral and flowering traits. In this work, I investigate temporal variation in seed predation in gynodioecious Geranium sylvaticum, where in addition to female and hermaphrodite individuals, plants with an intermediate sexual expression are also present in most populations. Specifically, I examined whether seed predation is linked to flowering phenology, plant gender, and sexual dimorphism in floral and seed traits over the flowering season using an experimental field population. Within the population, I selected female, intermediate, and hermaphrodite plants with different timing of flowering onset (early, mid, or late), and collected seeds across the fruiting period. Seeds were weighed and examined for seed predator damage. The results show that the three genders experienced similar levels of seed predation attack regardless of their flowering phenology, and that overall seed predation was not related to changes in seed production or seed mass. These results suggest that sexual dimorphism in seed predation cannot be responsible for female maintenance in this species.     

Diversity of climbing seed plants and their reproductive habit in a karst seasonal rain forest in Nonggang,Guangxi, China

Aims Diversity of climbing seed plants and their reproductive habits and characteristics are central for the understanding of community structure and dynamics of forests and hence are important for forest protection. However, little is known about the climbing seed plants in northern tropical karst seasonal rain forests. Here, using the data of the species diversity and reproductive habits of climbing seed plants in Nonggang, Guangxi, China, we aim to 1) explore the species diversity and distribution of climbing seed plants in northern tropical karst seasonal rain forests, 2) study the flowering and fruiting phenology and 3) the associations of reproductive characteristics to the environment. Methods Species composition, preferred habitat, flowering time, fruiting time and fruit types of climbing seed plants were surveyed. The seasonality of flowering and fruiting were analyzed by concentration ratio and circular distribution. Climbing seed plants were divided into three groups according to their growth forms and places in spatial forest structure: bush ropes, herbaceous vines and lianas. Monthly flowering ratios, fruiting ratios, fruit types and their ratios in different groups were determined. These relationships of flowering ratio, fruiting ratio, fruit type and its ratio to meteorological factors were investigated using Pearson correlation analysis. Important findings There were a total of 333 species of climbing seed plants in Nonggang karst seasonal rain forest, belonging to 145 genera and 56 families. Bush ropes, herbaceous vines and lianas contained 119, 88 and 126 species, respectively. At species level, herbaceous vines were more abundance in valleys, while bush ropes and lianas were more abundance on slopes. Flowering and fruiting of climbing seed plants occurred seasonally, with flowering peaking in April to September, while fruiting peaking in July to December. The seasonality of flowering and fruiting in bush ropes was weaker than in herbaceous vines and lianas. Flowering ratio was significantly positively correlated with rainfall and air temperature, which suggest that flowering peaks in monsoon season. Peak time for fruiting was about three months later than the peak time of flowering, around the end of monsoon season. The ratio of samara species to all fruiting species in lianas was significantly positively correlated with wind speed, but negatively correlated with rainfall and air temperature. It showed that samara in lianas tended to occur in dry season with high wind speed. In conclusion, species diversity and the seasonal features of reproduction of climbing seed plants in Nonggang karst seasonal rain forest were closely related to the spatial and temporal variations of habitat resources.     

齿瓣石斛的原生境播种及其株丛生长特性研究

兰科（Orchidaceae）植物是植物保护中的“旗舰”类群,其种子细小粉末状,缺乏萌发所需的营养物质,研究种子萌发和幼苗生长特性对于兰科植物保育、资源可持续利用和产业化等具有重要意义。本研究以附生齿瓣石斛（Dendrobium devonianum Paxt.）为对象,建立原生境播种方法,研究其生活史周期和不同附主树种齿瓣石斛株丛生长特性。结果显示,采取稀牛粪＋种子（或米汤＋种子）的原生境播种方法,齿瓣石斛种子可大量萌发生长形成幼苗;种子萌发当年生长缓慢,完成由种子到种子的生活史周期需3~5年或更长;不同附主树种的齿瓣石斛株丛生长及结果情况存在差异,4年生假鳞茎在不同附主树种上的茎节数指标为：李树 > 梨树 > 桃树 > 披针叶楠;茎粗指标为：披针叶楠 > 梨树 > 桃树 > 李树;茎长指标为：梨树 > 披针叶楠 > 李树 > 桃树;结实率指标为：梨树 > 桃树 > 李树 > 披针叶楠,其中,梨树上的齿瓣石斛株丛自然结果率达24.86%。该研究为附生石斛的原生态栽培和回归保育提供了一条新途径。     

Seed size variation and predation of seeds produced by wild and crop-wild sunflowers

The movement of pollen between crop and wild sunflowers (both Helianthus annuus) has led to concerns about the possible introduction of crop transgenes into wild populations. The persistence of crop traits in wild populations will depend in part on the relative fitness of crop-wild hybrid vs. wild plants. Using seeds from two large experimental field plots, we found that seeds produced by crop-wild plants were twice the size of wild seeds and differed in coloration. Head diameter, date of flowering, identity of mother plant, and levels of predispersal predation explained some variation in mean seed size. We hypothesized that postdispersal vertebrate seed predation would be affected by seed size, with hybrid seeds preferentially eaten. In each of three field trials, significantly more hybrid seeds were eaten (62% of hybrid seed; 42% of wild seed). Within the category of wild seeds, larger seeds were preferentially eaten; however among hybrid seeds, predation was not significantly related to seed size. In this study, differential predation thus reduces hybrid fitness and would presumably slow the spread of transgenes into wild populations.     

福建省种子植物分布新记录

报道4种福建省种子植物分布新记录：球药隔重楼Paris fargesii Franch.、巫山繁缕Stellaria wushanensis Williams、肾萼金腰Chrysosplenium delavayi Franch.和叉序草Isoglossa collina (T. Anders.) B. Hansen。新分布植物标本均保存于福建农林大学植物标本馆(FAFU)。     

甘南红景天濒危的生殖生态学因素分析

为了寻找保护和恢复甘南红景天种群的有效途径,本文分析了甘南红景天的繁育系统、生殖过程、开花物候特征及影响生殖成功的主要因子.结果表明:甘南红景天为雌雄异株,雄花在花芽分化初期为两性植株,但随着花的不断发育,雌蕊的胚囊发育到一定阶段时败育,两性植株基本仅执行雄性功能,种群繁殖为异交,以风媒传粉方式为主,种群花期出现在全年降雨和气温较高的季节.6月初现蕾,6月中旬开花,7月上旬进入盛花期,花期在36 d左右,8月下旬果实成熟.两性植株略早于雌花开放,花期(10.2 d)大于雌性植株(8.4 d).由于部分雌花不易授粉,部分花蕾、胚珠损失,1~3年的幼龄植株几乎不开花结实,群落中只有11%的植株开花结实,种子自然繁殖率极低,约为2%.从花蕾到开花,雌性单株有20.0%～25.1%的花蕾损失; 从开花到结实,单株51.1%～65.0%的花败育;至种子成熟,仅10.1%～21.0%的胚珠发育成种子.雌性单株平均种子产量为158.1粒,人工条件下种子发芽率为81.5%,幼苗第一年的成活率为36.0%.表明种子质量不是导致甘南红景天濒危的原因,而花粉限制、种子产量和幼苗的成活率是真正影响其生殖成功和导致濒危的主要生殖生态学因素.     

Carbon source for reproduction in a spring ephemeral herb, Corydalis ambigua (Papaveraceae)

1.  The carbon source for reproduction in plants may differ between flowering and fruiting stages. To clarify how spring ephemerals use current photosynthetic products for reproduction, the allocation patterns of photosynthate at flowering and fruiting and the effects of resource limitation on reproductive performance in Corydalis ambigua were assessed.
2.  A ¹³C tracing experiment revealed that about 20% of the current photosynthetic carbon was used for reproduction at both flowering and fruiting. The proportion of ¹³C allocated to fruits was constant irrespective of the light level. In contrast, ¹³C translocation to tubers increased at fruiting, and this trend was accelerated when plants were shaded.
3.  Defoliation treatment significantly reduced nectar production and tuber mass, while seed production was not affected. Therefore, when carbon assimilation was limited, carbon was preferentially allocated to current reproduction (seeds) rather than to pollinator attraction (nectar) or storage (tuber).
4.  If seed production is partly supported by carbohydrate reserved in the old tissue of tubers, nectar and seed production may not compete strongly for carbon sources. In contrast to the ability of high seed production, the susceptibility of nectar production to current photosynthesis indicates that seed production of this species is basically limited by pollen capture.
5.  Therefore, temporal separation of resource pool for reproduction may mitigate the joint limitation of seed production between pollinator attraction and resource availability. Temporal variation of the sink–source balance of storage organ is crucial to understand the cost of reproduction in perennial plants.     

VARIATION IN SEED WEIGHT AND ITS EFFECTS ON GERMINATION IN PASTINACA SATIVA L. (UMBELLIFERAE)

Pastinaca sativa (wild parsnip) produces seeds on the primary, secondary, and tertiary umbels of the flowering stalk. Within plants, variation in seed weight is about twofold. Secondary and tertiary seed weight is 73% and 50% of primary seed weight, respectively. Maximum variation in seed weight between plants is sixfold when tertiary seeds from a small plant are compared to primary seeds from a large plant. Within an umbel order, variation in seed weight between plants is correlated with plant size. Under autumn germinating conditions in the laboratory, final germination of seeds from different umbel orders does not differ but smaller seeds germinate more rapidly than larger seeds. Under spring germination conditions in the laboratory, significantly more primary and secondary seeds germinate than tertiary seeds and the rate of germination is independent of seed weight. Field germination of seeds from different umbel orders produces similar results except that in the spring both secondary and tertiary seed germination is lower than that of primary seeds. These results suggest that with respect to seed germination characteristics small seeds may have a competitive advantage over large seeds in the autumn because they germinate more quickly, but in the spring small seeds are at a disadvantage because they have lower overall germination. Because most germination in the field occurs in the spring, population recruitment from small seeds is likely to be substanially less than that from large seeds.