芜湖钢铁厂周边土壤及油菜籽中镉、铜、锌、铅含量和形态分布研究

研究了污染土壤、油菜籽中Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb含量、形态分布特征和重金属富集状况及可能存在的生物毒性.结果表明,土壤中Cd、Zn、Pb以铁锰氧化物结合态、Cu以残留态占5种形态最高比例,分别为31.1%、39.3%、53.79%、46.24%;Cd、Pb交换态比例较高,为23.47%、16.32%,Cu、Zn的交换态比例较小,为3.14%、0.54%;土壤中不同重金属与各重金属形态相关关系有差别,5种重金属形态转化为有效态重金属难易程度不同;油菜籽和油菜籽壳中不同重金属累积趋势有差异,Cu易在油菜籽壳中累积,Cd、Zn、Pb易在油菜籽中累积;油菜籽中不同重金属累积率不同,Cd累积率最高,为0.56.油菜籽中重金属累积率与土壤中重金属总量呈显著负相关关系(P＜0.05),土壤中重金属的形态、转化差异是此种负相关关系的主要原因;油菜籽中Cd、Cu、Pb以氯化钠态为主,分别为32.50%、22.94%、34.69%,Zn以EDTA态为主,为45.97%.油菜籽中重金属形态可能影响其毒性,但其毒性的人类膳食风险还需进一步研究证实.油菜籽中重金属形态与油菜中重金属总量相关性不好.     

铜尾矿区土壤与凤丹植株重金属富集研究

对安徽铜陵铜尾矿区凤丹种植地的土壤和凤丹中重金属污染状况进行了研究,结果表明,尾矿库区种植地极端贫瘠,有机质含量仅1．1～3．4g·kg^-1,而土壤Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn含量皆高于对照土壤,其中Cu含量达587．43～1176．44mg·kg^-1,Cd含量达3．08～5．16mg·kg^-1,约达国家土壤二级标准的10倍,凤丹各部位的Cu、CA和Pb含量均超过了药用植物的限量标准,尤其是根皮部位Cu含量达31．50～64．00mg·kg^-1,Cd含量达0．98～1．45mg·kg^-1,超出标准1．6～3．6倍,表明种植地和凤丹都受到严重污染．凤丹不同部位中的Zn、Cd、Pb和Cu分别以茎、叶、叶和根皮中的含量最高．凤丹对Cd、Zn的富集比Cu和Pb高,但在根皮中的富集系数均较小。     

五节芒对重金属污染土壤微生物生物量和呼吸的影响

选择3个五节芒在重金属污染地的定居点作为研究样地,其中两个为Pb/Zn矿尾矿砂堆积地（W：黄岩铅锌尾矿;Y：三门铅锌尾矿）,一个为冶炼厂附近污染农田（N）,分别测定其根围与根际土壤微生物基础呼吸、微生物量碳、微生物量氮、土壤理化特性和土壤重金属含量.结果表明：根际土壤微生物基础呼吸和微生物量氮均显著地高于根围土壤（P<0.05）,除了N样地外,微生物量碳在根围与根际之间差异不显著（P>0.05）.根际土壤有机碳、总氮（Y样地除外）和离子交换量（N样地除外）低于根围土壤.根际重金属（Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd）总量与DTPA（二乙三胺五乙酸）可提取量普遍低于根围土壤.冗余分析（RDA）表明,根围和根际土壤微生物与土壤理化特性呈不同程度的正相关,而与土壤重金属含量呈现不同程度的负相关.主分量及回归分析同样证明土壤微生物总体变化与土壤理化特性呈正相关（根围R²=0.653;根际R²=0.690）,而与重金属含量呈负相关（根围R²=0.610;根际R²=0.662）.     

Leaching of Zinc,Cadmium, and Lead in a Sandy Soil Due to Application of Poultry Litter

Dissolved organic matter in poultry litter could contribute organic ligands to form complexes with heavy metals in soil. The soluble complexes with heavy metals can be transported downward and possibly deteriorate groundwater quality. To better understand metal mobilization by soluble organic ligands in poultry litter, soil columns were employed to investigate the movement of zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb). Uncontaminated soil was amended with Zn, Cd, and Pb at rates of 400, 8, and 200 mg kg ^{? 1} soil, respectively. Glass tubes, 4.9-cm-diameter and 40-cm-long, were packed with either natural or metal-amended soil. The resulting 20-cm-long column of soils had bulk density of about 1.58 g cm ^{? 3} . Columns repacked with natural or amended soil were leached with distilled water, 0.01 M EDTA, 0.01 M CaCl ₂ , or poultry litter extract (PLE) solutions. Low amounts of Zn, Cd, and Pb were leached from natural soil with the solutions. Leaching of Zn, Cd, or Pb was negligible with distilled water. In the metal-amended soil, EDTA solubilized more Zn, Cd, and Pb than CaCl ₂ and PLE. The breakthrough curves of Zn and Pb in the PLE and CaCl ₂ were similar, indicating they have similar ability to displace Zn and Pb from soils. Compared with Zn and Cd the PLE had a small ability to solubilize Pb from metal-amended soil. Thus, the application of poultry litter on metal-contaminated soils might enhance the mobility of Zn and Cd.     

淹水条件下控释氮肥对污染红壤中重金属有效性的影响

采用淹水培养方法研究了不同氮水平(100、200和400 mg/kg,分别记为1、2、3)下普通尿素(PU)、硫包膜尿素(SCU)、树脂包膜尿素(PCU)和硫加树脂双层包膜尿素(SPCU)对污染红壤中Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn有效性的影响.结果表明,不同包膜尿素对土壤pH值和水溶性SO42-含量有较大影响.各施氮处理红壤pH值随着施氮量的增加(除5d时PU和60 d时SCU)而增加,不同包膜尿素对土壤中水溶性SO42-含量有较大影响,在同一施氮水平下不同包膜尿素处理间土壤pH值和土壤中水溶性SO42-含量差异较大.60 d培养期间PU、SCU、PCU和SPCU处理pH值比对照分别升高0.17-0.38、0.08-0.27、0.07-0.36和0.10-0.21;水溶性SO42-含量PU、SCU和PCU处理比对照分别升高39.5％-157.3％、40.9％-94.5％和7.55％-55.8％,而SPCU处理降低5.67％-90.7％.不同尿素类型和氮肥的施用量对红壤Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn有效性的影响均存在显著差异.60 d培养期间红壤有效态Cd含量以树脂包膜尿素100 mg N/kg下最低,其有效态Cd含量比对照显著降低20.7％-69.8％;有效态Pb、Cu和Zn含量以普通尿素400 mg N/kg下最低,其有效态Pb、Cu和Zn含量比对照分别显著降低17.0％-54.2％、18.5％-34.6％和15.6％-59.5％.随施氮量提高,PU处理有效态Cd含量先升高后降低,有效态Pb、Cu和Zn含量逐渐降低;SCU处理有效态Pb含量逐渐降低,有效态Cd、Cu和Zn含量变化规律不一致;PCU处理有效态Cd含量逐渐升高,有效态Pb、Cu和Zn含量变化规律不一致;SPCU处理有效态Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn含量逐渐降低.有效态Pb和Zn含量与pH值和水溶性SO42-含量呈显著负相关,有效态Cd与水溶性SO42-含量呈显著正相关.在多重金属污染红壤中,可考虑不同控释氮肥的配合使用,降低土壤中重金属的有效性.     

The Phytocommtunity and the Relations of the Element Contents Between Plants and Soils at Qing Chengzi Mining Area of Liaoning Province

The types of plant community and the floristic compositions in the leadzine abnormal and normal areas identified by geochemical exploration are basieally similar. According to the chemical analysis the contents of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd of plants and soils in abnormal areas are higher than in normal areas. The absorption coeffieients of heavy metal elements by plants change with various chemical element, in the order of Cd>Zn, Cu>Pb. The results of the correlation analysis showed that the linear relationship between the contents of Pb, Zn in plant communities and in soil are singnifieant. There is a considerable linear correlation of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd in soil and in Carex callitrichos, Sangnisorba officinalis, Polyoinum lopothitolium, Spirea pubescens, respectively. A close correlation presented in the contents of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd between Carex callitrichos and soils. The multiple correlation coefficient is 0.999 (N=8, P<0.01). It may be suggested that Carex callitrichos can indicat the contents of Pb, Zn in soils.     

Distribution of Heavy Metals and Arsenic in Greenbelt Roadside Soils of Pudong New District in Shanghai

We studied the distribution of seven heavy metals and As in typical municipal greenbelt roadside soils in Pudong New District, Shanghai, China. As and Ni showed no significant accumulation compared with the background values of the local soils, but there was strong evidence of accumulation of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn in the roadside soils. However, only Zn and Cd contents were higher than the pollution thresholds of the Chinese National Soil Quality standard. The concentrations of heavy metal(loid)s in the soils were significantly affected by the length of time since the roads were constructed. Soils from areas adjacent to an older road had higher levels of Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn. In terms of spatial distribution, more Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were found in the soil from the green areas of median between carriageways than from those of the roadside verges. Vertical distribution analysis shows that the contents of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn had maximum values in the topsoil and were substantially lower in the deeper layers of the soil profile. Moreover, correlation analysis reveals that these four heavy metals originated from the same pollution sources and their contents were directly associated with the traffic density.     

铜尾矿区土壤与凤丹植株重金属富集研究

对安徽铜陵铜尾矿区凤丹种植地的土壤和凤丹中重金属污染状况进行了研究.结果表明,尾矿库区种植地极端贫瘠,有机质含量仅1.1～3.4g·kg^-1,而土壤Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn含量皆高于对照土壤,其中Cu含量达587.43～1176.44mg·kg^-1,Cd含量达3.08～5.16mg·kg^-1,约达国家土壤二级标准的10倍.凤丹各部位的Cu、Cd和Pb含量均超过了药用植物的限量标准,尤其是根皮部位Cu含量达31.50～64.00mg·kg^-1,Cd含量达0.98～1.45mg·kg^-1,超出标准1.6～3.6倍,表明种植地和凤丹都受到严重污染.凤丹不同部位中的Zn、Cd、Pb和Cu分别以茎、叶、叶和根皮中的含量最高.凤丹对Cd、Zn的富集比Cu和Pb高,但在根皮中的富集系数均较小.     

Assessment of heavy metal contamination of rice grains (Oryza sativa) and soil from Ada field,Enugu, Nigeria: Estimating the human healtrisk

The concentrations of heavy metals in rice grains and soils from Ada cultivated fields were investigated. Rice and soil samples were digested and the heavy metal concentrations determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed the following concentrations of metals (mg/kg): soil—Pb (4.64 ± 2.18), Cd (0.83 ± 0.83), Zn (20.26 ± 18.60), Mn (68.90 ± 19.91), Ni (3.46 ± 2.42), and Cr (21.41 ± 14.6); rice—Pb (3.99 ± 1.43), Cd (1.10 ± 0.53), Zn (65.37 ± 58.09), Mn (37.81 ± 5.82), Ni (3.12 ± 1.49), and Cr (10.87 ± 6.47). The Canadian, Nigerian and Chinese maximum allowable concentration for cadmium in soil were exceeded by 15%, 30%, and 85% of the soil samples, respectively. Heavy metals in all the rice samples evaluated were found to be above the World Health Organization (WHO) maximum permissible limit for lead, cadmium, and chromium. Strong positive and significant correlations were observed between some metal pairs in soil and rice indicating the similarity in origin. The estimated daily intakes of Pb and Cd from rice grown on the fields were higher than the safety levels established by WHO and the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee Food Additive, respectively. Hazard quotients and total hazard index for Pb and Cd were greater than 1. This indicates that consumption of rice from these fields will likely induce adverse health effects arising largely from Pb and Cd exposure.     

Distribution of Cd, Pb, Zn, Mo, and S in juvenile and mature Brassica napus L. var. napus

The study was conducted at three locations in the Savinjska region of Slovenia, where soil is contaminated with heavy metals due to the zinc industry (Cinkarna Celje). In Ponikva the soil to a depth of 30 cm contains 0.8 mg kg(-1) Cd, 32.2 mg kg(-1) Pb, and 86 mg Zn kg(-1), in Medlog 1.4 mg kg(-1) Cd, 37.4 mg kg(-1) Pb, and 115 mg kg(-1) Zn and in Skofja vas 10.9 mg kg(-1) Cd, 239.7 mg kg(-1) Pb, and 1356 mg kg(-1) Zn. The pH at the selected sites was between 7.3 and 7.6. In the beginning of September 2006 two hybrids of Brassica napus L. var. napus, PR45 D01 and PR46 W31 suitable for production of biodiesel obtained from Pioneer Seeds Holding GmbH, were sown. After 96 days juvenile and after 277 days mature plants were collected. Parts of plants (root, shoot and seed) were separated and Cd, Pb, Zn, Mo, and S determined by ultra-trace ICP-MS. We compared the uptake of Cd, Pb, Zn, Mo and S in different parts of juvenile and mature plants of the two different hybrids, TF (translocation factor), BAF (bioaccumulation factor), and PP (phytoextraction potential) were calculated. The mature hybrid PR46 W31 had higher shoot/root ratio and higher PP for metals (Cd, Pb, and Zn) and lower PP for the micronutrient (Mo) and macronutrient (S) on the polluted site. The study demonstrated the potential use of oilseed rape on multiply polluted soils for production of 1st and 2nd generation biofuels. The potential restoration of degraded land could also disburden the use of agricultural land.     

Accumulation of zinc, cadmium, and lead in four populations of Sedum alfredii growing on lead/zinc mine spoils

Sedum alfredii Hance is a newly reported zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator native to China. In this study,four populations of S. alfredii were collected from Yejiwei (YJW), Jinchuantang (JCT) and Qiaokou (QK) lead (Pb)/Zn mines located in Hunan Province as well as Quzhou (QZ) Pb/Zn mine located in Zhejiang Province for exploring the intraspecies difference of this plant in metal accumulation. Although they grew in the Pb/Zn spoils with relatively similar levels of Zn,Cd and Pb, remarkable differences among the four populations in tissue heavy metal concentrations were observed. The shoot Zn concentration of QZ population (11 116 mg/kg) was highest and nearly five times higher than that of the JCT population (1930 mg/kg). Furthermore, the shoot Cd concentration observed in the QZ population (1 090 mg/kg) was also highest and 144 times higher than that found in the JCT population (7.5 mg/kg). As for Pb concentrations In the shoot of different populations, a fourfold difference between the highest and the lowest was also found. Such difference on metal accumulation was opulation-specific and may be significantly explained by differences in the soil properties such as pH, organic matter (OM), and electrical conductivity (EC). Taking biomass and metal concentration in plants into consideration, the QZ, YJW and QK populations may have high potential for Zn phytoremediation, the QZ population may have the highest potential in Cd phytoremediation, and the QK population may be the most useful in Pb phytoremediation.     

重金属污染区土壤酶活性变化

从福建龙岩新罗区特钢厂污灌区农田采集土壤,测定土壤基本理化性质及脲酶、纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性和Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn含量,探讨重金属污染和土壤性质对土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明： 4种全量或有效态重金属与土壤脲酶、纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性呈显著正相关,与过氧化氢酶活性呈显著或极显著负相关;土壤pH与碱性磷酸酶活性呈极显著正相关,粉粒含量与过氧化氢酶活性呈显著负相关.经通径分析,重金属污染刺激了脲酶、多酚氧化酶和纤维素酶活性,但对碱性磷酸酶活性的影响较小.有效态Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn对过氧化氢酶活性的直接影响并不大,但通过间接途径抑制了过氧化氢酶活性.土壤理化性质对5种土壤酶活性的影响较大,碱解氮直接抑制了脲酶活性;全磷直接刺激了碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性,并通过有效磷刺激了纤维素酶活性;有效磷直接刺激了纤维素酶活性,直接抑制了碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性;全钾直接抑制了碱性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性;速效钾通过有效磷刺激了纤维素酶活性;土壤颗粒组成明显影响多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性.5种酶活性与土壤Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn含量之间的关系不明确,因此其活性不是指示土壤Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn污染的良好指标.     

重金属污染区土壤酶活性变化——以福建龙岩新罗区特钢厂污水灌溉区为例

从福建龙岩新罗区特钢厂污灌区农田采集土壤,测定土壤基本理化性质及脲酶、纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性和Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn含量,探讨重金属污染和土壤性质对土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明:4种全量或有效态重金属与土壤脲酶、纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性呈显著正相关,与过氧化氢酶活性呈显著或极显著负相关;土壤pH与碱性磷酸酶活性呈极显著正相关,粉粒含量与过氧化氢酶活性呈显著负相关.经通径分析,重金属污染刺激了脲酶、多酚氧化酶和纤维素酶活性,但对碱性磷酸酶活性的影响较小.有效态Cu、Cd、Pb、zn对过氧化氢酶活性的直接影响并不大,但通过间接途径抑制了过氧化氢酶活性.土壤理化性质对5种土壤酶活性的影响较大,碱解氮直接抑制了脲酶活性;全磷直接刺激了碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性,并通过有效磷刺激了纤维素酶活性;有效磷直接刺激了纤维素酶活性,直接抑制了碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性;全钾直接抑制了碱性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性;速效钾通过有效磷刺激了纤维素酶活性;土壤颗粒组成明显影响多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性.5种酶活性与土壤Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn含量之间的关系不明确,因此其活性不是指示土壤Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn污染的良好指标.     

Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in soil-rice system near Xinqiao mine in Tongling city,Anhui province,China

In this study, paddy soil and rice grain samples were collected from the vicinity around the Xinqiao mine in Tongling, China to test for the presence of heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Pb) in soil-rice system. Results indicated that the soil samples were primarily contaminated with Cd and Cu and followed with Zn and Pb. In rice grains, Cd, Cu, and Cr concentrations exceeded recommended guidelines. However, the regional distribution of heavy metals in rice grains and soil was inconsistent. The bioaccumulation factor of heavy metals in rice grains decreased in the order of Cd > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Pb. The BAF was significantly positively correlated with TCLP-extractable metals and significantly negatively correlated with soil pH. However, the relationship between soil organic matter and the BAF in rice grains was complex. Health risk assessment through rice intake showed that hazard quotients of Cu and Cd were greater than 1 and could pose a considerable non-cancer health risk to adults and children; meanwhile, Cr, Ni, and Cd could pose an unacceptable cancer risk. The results indicated that the government must take measures to reduce heavy metal contents in paddy soil and rice.     

Levels,solid-phase fractions and sources of heavy metals at site received industrial effluents: a case study

Heavy metals in the site received industrial effluents were investigated to assess the pollution levels, distribution of metal among solid-phase fractions and possible metal sources. The soil samples at different depths of 0–5, 5–25 and 25–50 cm were collected and analyzed for Fe, Mn, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni and Pb. Among all metals, Cd content was not detected in all soil samples. The average contents of Pb and Zn are higher than the corresponding values of common range in earth crust. Meanwhile, the maximum contents of Cu and Zn are higher than those of Dutch optimum value but lower that the Dutch protection act target value. The maximum contents of Cu, Pb and Zn are higher than the average shale value. The most investigated heavy metals are mostly found in the potentially labile pool (>50.0%) including metal bound to carbonate, Fe/Mn oxides, or organically fractions. Enrichment factor (EF) in combination with multivariate analysis including principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) suggest that Mn and Ni associated with Fe in the soil samples were primarily originated from lithogenic sources. Pb was largely derived only from anthropogenic source, while Cu and Zn in the soil samples were controlled by the mixed natural and anthropogenic sources. These results suggest that discharging the industrial effluents into dumping site increased pollution level of Pb, Zn and Cu as well as enhanced their potentially labile pool that may be responsible for occurring potential toxic impacts on environmental quality.     

不同土壤生境下斑茅对重金属的富集特征

为了筛选Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd多重金属离子的富集植物,对不同土壤生境(铜铁矿、钨矿、铅锌矿和无矿场污染)的优势种斑茅(Saccharum arundinaceum(Retz.)Jeswiet)对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd离子富集情况进行了调查。结果表明,斑茅对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd离子有富集优势并以Cu富集显著,斑茅根系土壤与斑茅地上部Cu含量存在相关性(P<0.05),斑茅对Pb和Cd的富集与转运存在极显相关性(P<0.01);在强酸、多金属污染弃耕农田土壤中,斑茅不仅符合Cu超富集植物的特征,而且其对Zn、Pb和Cd3种重金属的富集系数和转运系数均>1。在Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn均低于国家土壤环境质量二级标准(GB15618-1995)的弃耕农田中,斑茅对Cu、Zn和Cd的富集系数均>1。研究表明,斑茅可以作为Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd多金属污染土壤的富集植物进行人工修复。     

金属矿区芒草种群对重金属的积累及其与土壤特性的关系

通过分析大型综合金属矿区中经历不同污染强度与污染时间胁迫的芒草（Miscanthus sinensis）种群对4种主要重金属的积累状况,初步揭示芒草对这些重金属的积累特性与土壤重金属含量的关系。结果表明,1芒草根茎叶对4种重金属的的积累顺序为：根〉叶〉茎;2芒草对Cd、Pb的积累量与土壤中这两种重金属含量之间存在显著（P〈0．05）正相关关系;对Cu、Zn的积累量与土壤含量之间无显著相关,主要是因为土壤最高Cu与Zn含量已超过芒草对这两种元素积累所需的最大量,成为对芒草构成胁迫的主要因子。在该矿区的酸性条件下,芒草对Pb、Zn、Cu3种重金属的吸收率随pH值升高而升高,pH接近的样地,芒草的吸收率主要受土壤重金属含量的影响。结合各种群对四种重金属的积累状况判断,强度胁迫下的种群可能已发生耐性分化,从而产生较其它种群更强的耐重金属特性。总体上芒草是一种多重金属耐性植物,对这四种重金属的耐性顺序是：Cd〈Cu〈Zn-Pb。     

Chemical speciation distribution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in soil from Sunan mining area,Anhui Province,China

In this study, the content characteristics, comprehensive pollution assessment, and morphological distribution characteristics of heavy metals (Mn, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Zn, and Cu) were researched based on the processes of field investigation, sample collection, and experimental analysis. Results showed that the mean concentrations of Mn, Pb, Cr, Cu, Cd, Zn, and Ni in surface soils were 522.77, 22.56, 55.10, 25.41, 0.25, 57.02, and 48.47 mg kg^?1, respectively. The surface soil from Sunan mining area was contaminated by Cu, Cd, and Ni in different degrees, and high CV values of Cd, Zn, Pb, and Ni were influenced by local human activities possibly. The evaluation results suggested that the mean I_geo values were in the sequence of Cd (0.657) > Ni (0.052) > Cu (?0.293) > Mn (?0.626) > Zn (?0.761) > Cr (?0.884) > Pb (?0.899). Besides, Cd was the most significant potential risk factor among all elements. Nevertheless, the Cd of bioavailable speciations with higher proportion had stronger migration and toxicity, and was more easier to be absorbed and enriched than other elements by some crops (e.g., vegetables, rice), and being at a relatively higher potential ecological risk in soil.     

基于Hyperion影像植被光谱的土壤重金属含量空间分布反演——以青海省玉树县为例

本研究主要探讨了利用Hyperion影像植被光谱估算土壤重金属含量的可行性.以野外采集的三江源区玉树县48个表层土壤样品As、Pb、Zn、Cd实验室测定含量值,以及从两景Hyperion影像提取的48个土壤样本点相应的176个植被光谱反射率波段及构建的5种植被指数为数据源,利用偏最小二乘回归方法(PLSR)建立土壤各重金属含量与上述两套Hyperion影像上提取的变量之间的估算模型.模型分别为176个植被光谱反射率波段与土壤各重金属含量间的估算模型(植被光谱反射率模型),和以5种植被指数作为自变量,与土壤各重金属含量建立的估算模型(综合植被指数模型).运用验证样本的4种重金属元素实测含量值的标准差与均方根误差的比值(RPD)作为检验标准,As、Pb两种模型RPD均小于1.4,不具备粗略估算能力;Zn、Cd两种模型RPD分别为1.53、1.46与1.46、1.42,均具备粗略估算能力.根据上述结果将Zn的光谱反射率估算模型与Hyperion影像相结合反演得到土壤重金属Zn含量的空间分布,Zn含量在214国道、308省道和乡镇附近偏高,主要受到较强的人类活动影响.表明运用Hyperion高光谱影像植被光谱反射率可以间接估算土壤Zn、Cd元素含量.     

Mobility and Distribution of Zinc,Cadmium and Lead in Calcareous Soils Receiving Spiked Sewage Sludge

Leaching column experiments were conducted to determine the degree of mobility and the distribution of zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) because of an application of spiked sewage sludge in calcareous soils. A total of 20 leaching columns were set up for four calcareous soils. Each column was leached with one of these inflows: sewage sludge (only for two soils), spiked sewage sludge, or artificial well water (control). The columns were irrigated with spiked sewage sludge containing 8.5 mg Zn l^?1, 8.5 mg Cd l^?1, and 170 mg Pb l^?1 and then allowed to equilibrate for 30 days. At the end of leaching experiments, soil samples from each column were divided into 18 layers, each being 1 cm down to 6 cm and 2 cm below that, and analyzed for total and extractable Zn, Cd and Pb. The fractionation of the heavy metals in the top three layers of the surface soil samples was investigated by the sequential extraction method. Spiked sewage sludge had little effect on metal mobility. In all soils, the surface soil layers (0-1 cm) of the columns receiving spiked sewage sludge had significantly higher concentrations of total Zn, Cd and Pb than control soils. Concentration of the heavy metals declined significantly with depth. The mobility of Zn was usually greater than Cd and Pb. The proportion of exchangeable heavy metals in soils receiving spiked sewage sludge was significantly higher than that found in the control columns. Sequential extraction results showed that in native soils the major proportion of Zn and Pb was associated with residual (RES) and organic matter (OM) fractions and major proportion of Cd was associated with carbonate (CARB) fraction, whereas after leaching with spiked sewage sludge, the major proportion of Zn and Pb was associated with Fe-oxcide (FEO), RES, and CARB fractions and major proportion of Cd was associated with CARB, RES and exchangeable (EXCH) fractions. Based on relative percent, Cd in the EXCH fraction was higher than Zn and Pb in soils leached with spiked sewage sludge.