建立真菌透甲模型及红色毛癣菌和短帚霉透甲时间的比较

目的通过建立真菌透甲模型,观察真菌透甲时间,来探讨红色毛癣菌与短帚霉的相互作用。方法建立真菌透甲模型,分为红色毛癣菌组、短帚霉组、短帚霉-红色毛癣菌混合组,分析各组透甲时间。结果透甲模型中,红色毛癣菌的透甲时间为（9.46±1.89）d,短帚霉的透甲时间为（2.62±0.96）d,混合组中短帚霉的透甲时间为（2.54±0.78）d。结论体外透甲模型中,短帚霉比红色毛癣菌先穿透甲板。混合组中,红色毛癣菌对短帚霉的透甲时间无明显影响。     

应用RAPD技术对我国不同地域红色毛癣菌分离株的遗传多样性研究

目的探讨我国不同地域红色毛癣菌分离株的遗传多样性。方法采用随机扩增DNA多态性(RAPD)方法对来源于我国不同地域(江苏南京,山东济南,广东广州)的32株红色毛癣菌临床分离株进行DNA多态性分析。结果红色毛癣菌种内差异明显,根据遗传相似性分成三大聚类群,与地域差异及取材部位无明显相关性,而与表型具有一定相关性。结论随机扩增DNA多态性方法可用于红色毛癣菌的DNA分型,其DNA带型具有一定的遗传变异性,与菌株表型有一定关系,与地域差异、侵犯部位无明显相关性。     

皮肤癣菌体外蛋白水解酶活性测定

目的观察皮肤癣菌的体外蛋白水解酶活性;比较分离自不同感染部位的红色毛癣菌的体外蛋白水解酶活性。方法实验菌株包括来自不同感染部位的红色毛癣菌22株、须癣毛癣菌3株、犬小孢子菌5株,进行体外培养,并利用9-羟基乙酚噻唑标识的酪蛋白和酶标仪检测真菌细胞外蛋白水解酶的活性。结果须癣毛癣菌的体外蛋白水解酶活性高于红色毛癣菌和犬小孢子菌（P〈0.05）,而红色毛癣菌和犬小孢子菌之间无差异（P〉0.05）。红色毛癣菌的细胞外蛋白水解酶活性在分离自浅部感染部位的菌株之间无差异（P〉0.05）,但高于引起毛癣菌肉芽肿的菌株（P〈0.05）。结论不同的皮肤癣菌体外蛋白水解酶活性可能不同;分离自不同感染部位的同一菌种的体外蛋白水解酶活性也有可能不同。     

Analysis of part of the Trichophyton rubrum ESTs

Superficial fungi are the etiologic pathogens of various dermatophytoses, such as tinea capitis, tinea corporis, tinea inguinalis, tinea manus, tinea unguium and tinea pedis. These widespread infections affect up to 25% of the worlds population, a percentage that has continued to increase in recent years. T. rubrum is the most common superficial fungus, accounting for at least 60% of all infections of this type. T. rubrum can induce dermatophytoses in different parts of the hu-man skin, and ca…     

Stimulation, inhibition and death of macrophages infected with Trichophyton rubrum

Trichophyton rubrum is the most common pathogen causing dermatophytosis, accounting for approximately 80% of the reported cases of onychomycosis. Since 90% of the chronic dermatophyte infections are caused by T. rubrum, it is likely that this pathogen must have evolved mechanisms that evade or suppress cell-mediated immunity. Several reports have highlighted the participation of phagocytes in the immune defense against fungi; however, few studies have addressed the role of these cells in dermatophytosis. In this study, we investigated the interactions of resident and peritoneal macrophages with T. rubrum. We show here that the interaction of T. rubrum conidia with resident macrophages results in the production of TNF-alpha and IL-10 but not IL-12 and nitric oxide. Infected macrophages down-regulated the expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD54). We also show that phagocytosis of T. rubrum conidia is inhibited by the addition of fungal exoantigens or mannan. Cytotoxicity assays indicated that after 8 h of conidia ingestion macrophage viability decreased drastically. Electron microscopy revealed that the ingested conidia grow and differentiate into hyphae inside macrophages leading to rupture of the macrophage membrane.     

红色毛癣菌分泌性蛋白酶的分析

分泌性蛋白酶是红色毛癣菌致病的潜在毒力因子。在构建红色毛癣菌6个不同时间段cDNA文库的基础上,共获得了9683条uniqueESTs,通过生物信息学分析从中得到了18个可能的分泌性蛋白酶的EST序列,包括4个分泌性肽酶、1个分泌性金属蛋白酶、2个细胞外丝氨酸蛋白酶、1个分泌性天冬氨酸蛋白酶、9个分泌性枯草杆菌蛋白酶样丝氨酸蛋白酶、1个空泡丝氨酸蛋白酶。这些分泌性蛋白酶在红色毛癣菌感染过程中可能分别与其获得营养、扩大侵袭范围及激起宿主免疫应答有关,这些结果为进一步研究红色毛癣菌感染和发病机制提供了重要的分子基础和线索。     

Trichoderma spp. Antagonism to the Dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum: Implications in Treatment of Onychomycosis

Onychomycosis--the dermatophytic invasion of the nail--is difficult to eradicate with drug treatment. The hyphae of the main invading pathogen, Trichophyton rubrum, are often interwoven with the nail plate, preventing effective anti-mycotic agents from reaching its growing tips. An alternative approach to treat onychomycosis may possibly be the application of a biological control agent against the pathogen. In analogy with the success of biocontrol of phytopathogenic fungi, we screened a series of commercially available Trichoderma strains for potential antagonism between Trichoderma and Trichophyton spp. A wide spectrum of antagonism capacity, ranging from effective overgrowth to no interaction was found, with Trichoderma virens NRRL 26672 being the most effective against the Trichophyton strains tested e.g. T. rubrum NCPF118. Furthermore, T. virens NRRL 26672 grown with T. rubrum NCPF118 hyphae as a carbon source, exhibited enhanced induced secretion of active extracellular chitinases and beta-glucosidases, affecting lysis and sporulation on T. rubrum NCPF118 hyphae. Growth of Trichod. virens NRRL 26672 in poor medium also resulted in secretion of antibiotics active in arresting the growth of T. rubrum NCPF118 inoculum. Our findings may open new directions for the treatment of onychomycosis, either in combination with known medications or as a new "natural" route.     

1株致体股癣的颗粒型红色毛癣菌变种的形态学观察与基因鉴定

目的：探讨1株致体股癣的颗粒型红色毛癣菌变种的形态学特点及核糖体基因序列变化。方法1例体股癣患者皮损中分离出1株红色毛癣菌,观察形态学特点,并用PCR测定核糖体转录间区（ITS）、D1/D2区、非转录区基因序列（NTS区）内串联重复亚单位（TRS）。结果该菌株可产生鹿角形菌丝,大分生孢子有中空现象及单侧出芽产孢特征,可在42℃生长;ITS和D1/D2区基因测序鉴定为红色毛癣菌,但TRS-1和TRS-2基因序列分别有2个、1个碱基差异。结论该菌株可能是颗粒型红色毛癣菌的1个变种。     

红色毛癣菌和枝孢样枝孢霉混合感染导致银屑病患者甲真菌病1例

目的报道1例银屑病患者出现红色毛癣菌和枝孢样枝孢霉混合感染导致的甲真菌病。方法报告病例,对甲标本进行真菌镜检和培养,对病原菌进行形态学及分子生物学鉴定。结果该病例经临床、真菌镜检和真菌培养鉴定,确诊为红色毛癣菌和枝孢样枝孢霉导致的甲真菌病。病原菌通过菌落和显微镜下形态特征结合rRNA内转录间隔区序列分析证实。结论通过形态学及分子生物学鉴定,证实为真菌红色毛癣菌和枝孢样枝孢霉混合感染导致的甲真菌病。     

The effect of microbial mycolytic agents on Trichophyton rubrum

Chitinolytic microorganisms isolated from forest soil and from healthy gypsy moth larvae (Porthetria dispar (L.) were screened for their ability to lyse Trichophyton rubrum mycelia. A few of these isolates were mycolytic on both autoclaved and on actively growing, intact, T. rubrum mycelia. Supernatants from these isolates, utilizing live T. rubrum as the sole carbon source, showed the same mycolytic ability. Assays of the supernatants for enzymatic activity revealed exocellular, stable enzymes that releases reducing substances including N-acetylglucosamine from the mycelia.     

Comparative study of NADP-reductase properties in two species of purple bacteria]

Unlike Rhodospirillum rubrum, the highly purified preparations of NADP-reductase Thiocapsa roseopersicina are capable of reduction of cytochrome c though they do not catalyse diaphorase reaction in the presence of methyl viologen or benzyl viologen and NADH. T. roseopersicina reductase has more high temperature optimum (50-65 degrees) and more high thermal stability (65 degrees) and it is capable to catalyse diaphorase and menadione-reductase reactions under more high pH values (11.0-12.0) than NADP-reductase of R. rubrum. NADP-reductase of T. roseopersicina is more stable under storing than the enzyme from R. rubrum: the semi-inactivation period of the enzyme when storing in Ar or the air is about 10 and 4 days, respectively, and it takes about three days for R. rubrum.     

Dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton rubrum. Ten-year period (1996-2006) data collection in a Dermatology Department in Mexico City

Dermatophytosis is the most common mycosis in the world up to 80% caused by Trichophyton rubrum. The aim of the present study was to describe the clinical characteristics of the dermatophytosis caused by T. rubrum in a dermatological outpatient clinic during a ten years period, from 1996 to 2005. We collected the data from patients with a dermatophytosis from which we have isolated T. rubrum. A total of 776 patients with dermatophytosis caused by T. rubrum were found. A slight predominance of female patients (56.2%) was observed. The most commonly affected age group was those in the third to the fifth decade of life, and house working women (33.5%) were predominant. Onychomycosis was found in 63% of the cases, tinea pedis in 22.7%, tinea corporis in 5.2% and tinea cruris in 2.8%. In onychomycosis, the first toe nail was the most commonly affected (58.9%) and the dystrophic type was seen in 50.7% of them.     

Role of selective pressure by screening organisms in the development of producer mutant isolates of different antibiotic markers

The phenotypes of producer mutant isolates when obtained after mutagenesis of the spontaneous degenerate Aspergillus versicolor N₅ by screening on Trichophyton rubrum and those on A. niger G₃Br were found to be markedly different. In respect of phenotypic character anti- T. rubrum producer mutant isolates resembled the parental type more closely (which is specifically active against T. rubrum and generally against dermatophytes) than anti- A. niger mutant isolates. This clearly indicates not only the role of selective pressure of the screening organism in the development of a given producer mutant isolate but also shows the possibility of recovery of a producer type of the lost antibiotic marker.     

Keratinolysis by poultry farm soil fungi

Two hundred and eleven dogs (including strictly house and stray dogs) and 170 cattle in and around the city of Madras, India were screened for the presence of dermatophytosis. 106 strains of dermatophytes (89 strains from dogs and 17 strains from bovines) were isolated. 57/106 strains were Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes and 42/106 strains were of the Microsporum gypseum complex. 5 strains of T. rubrum and 2 strains of T. simii were also obtained in culture. A predominance of M. gypseum complex isolates was recorded in stray dogs and cattle and T. mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum in strictly house dogs. The family history of the owners of the most of the dogs had clear records of dermatophytosis. Further, the owners of the 11 dogs that yielded T. mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes had either tinea corporis or tinea pedis. The etiological agent of all the 11 human cases was T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale. Similarly the owners of 4 of the 5 dogs that yielded T. rubrum were known T. rubrum patients. All these patients responded to oral griseofulvin or ketaconozole, but the recurrence of lesions was noted with the cessation of treatment. None of the patients had onychomycosis and the family history of all the patients revealed no reports of T. rubrum infections. The pet dogs were presumed to be the source of re-infection. Reversed transmission of dermatophytes from humans to animals may be the reason for the selective predominance of these organisms in strictly house dogs. They also may act as sources of reinfection. Most of the animals had small, occult, scattered lesions. These lesions may either go unnoticed or are ignored by the owners of the animals. The taxonomic status of T. mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes and T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale was aligned to their teleomorph Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii. Our study suggests that the periodic screening and medication of all live-stock are essential for the prevention and management of the public health problem caused by dermatophytes. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

610例浅部致病真菌分析

目的了解本地区浅部真菌病的致病菌菌种的分布情况。方法用沙堡琼脂培养基分离培养浅部真菌病的致病菌,并分析各年份菌种分离结果。结果共分离出6种610株致病菌,其中红色毛癣菌居首位,念珠菌居第2位,红色毛癣菌和念珠菌的分离率随年份有明显变化。结论红色毛癣菌居患者浅部真菌病致病菌首位,念珠菌也是重要病原菌,且病原菌分离率随年份有明显变化。     

Antimicrobial effects of plant extracts on Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum and other micro-organisms

Extracts of 54 plant species were tested for ability to inhibit bacteria and fungi, especially Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum and Streptococcus mutans. The latter three species cause common dermal, mucosal, or oral infections in humans that are difficult to control effectively. Fifteen plant extracts produced detectable antimicrobial activity. The most active included Celastrus scandens root bark, Juglans nigra fruit husks, Kalmia latifolia leaves, Pelargonium xhortorum leaves, and Rhus glabra root bark. Five plant species inhibited Strep. mutans , four inhibited T. rubrum , and two inhibited C. albicans. Lindera benzoin , a common temperate zone shrub, showed evidence of selective toxicity. Extract of L. benzoin bark strongly inhibited C. albicans and T. rubrum , but did not affect any of the other microorganisms tested.