陕西秦岭半仓山蝎蛉的生物学观察

2004~2005年,在陕西省南部米仓山黎坪国家森林公园研究了秦岭蝎蛉Panorpa qinlingensisChouetRan的年生活史和生物学习性,通过饲养,成功获得卵、幼虫、蛹等虫态。结果表明,秦岭蝎蛉在米仓山1年发生2代,以预蛹在土室里越冬,5月中旬始见越冬代成虫,5月中旬末~6月上旬为越冬代成虫羽化盛期,7月下旬~8月中旬为第1代成虫羽化盛期,成虫在室内可存活35~60 d。羽化近1周后开始交尾,交尾4~8 d后开始产卵,单雌产卵量35~180粒,卵期5~9 d;幼虫型,共4龄,历期38~50d;蛹为强颚离蛹,蛹期8~18 d。记述了主要生物学习性。     

溶液黏度对相转化水凝胶微针制备的影响

目的:选择黏度适宜的高分子溶液,制备相转化水凝胶微针。方法:通过考察两种型号的聚乙烯醇本身的黏度性质、溶液温度、几种不同性质的高分子材料,包括透明质酸、预胶化淀粉等可能影响聚乙烯醇溶液黏度的因素,使用粘度计测定其黏度值并作图比较,观察溶液黏度变化的规律。将所制溶液分别制备微针以观察针形的好坏,选择合适制备相转化水凝胶微针的溶液黏度范围。结果:实验表明黏度范围在2.5万至13万m Pa·s之间的聚合物溶液较为粘稠且流动性适宜。结论:在该黏度范围内的聚合物溶液可用以制备相转化水凝胶微针,适用于工业化生产。     

Karyotype Analysis of 5 Species of Polygonatum Mill.

The present paper reports the chromosome numbers and karyotypes of five species in Polygonatum from Anhui of China. The materials used in this work are listed in Table 1, Photomicrographs of somatic metaphase and karyograms of the five species of Polygonatum in Plate 1, 2, 3, the idiograms in Fig. 1-11 and a comparison of the karyotype of them is provided in Table 2. The results are shown as follows: 1. Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.)Druce Two materials were examined. One from Mt. Huangshan, Anhui, has 2n= 16 = 10m (3sc)+ 6sm (Plate 1 :A, B). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 1. The chromosomes range in length from 2.85 to 8.85 μm, with the total length 48.63μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.11, The karyotype belong to Stebbins’(1971) 2B. The two chromosomes of the first pair have arm ratios 1.01 and 1.29 respectively, and The first pair has one chromosome carrying a satellite attached to the short arm, showing heterozyosity .The chromosome num ber of 2n= 16 in P. odoratum and its karyotype are reported for the first time. The other from Langyashan, Chu - xian, Anhui, is found to have 2n = 18 = 10m (Isc)+2sm+6st(2sc) (Plate 1: C, D). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 2. The chromosomes range in length from 2.43 to 8.29μm, with the total length 46.67µm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.41. The karyotype is also of 2B. In a somatic chromosome complement the 2nd pair have one chromosome carrying a satellite attached to the long arm, showing heterozygosity. 2. Polygonatum filipes Merr. Two materials were examined. One from the Huangshan, Anhui is found to have two cytotypes: 2n= 16 and 2n=22. This paper reports one of them. The karyotype formula is 2n=22=8m+8sm(2sc)+6st(Plate 3: Q, R). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 3. The chromosomes range in length from 2.55- 5.85μm, with the total length 45.01 μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.29. The karyotype belongs to 3B. The other material from the Fangchang, Anhui, is shown to have four cytitypes: 2n= 14, 2n= 16, 2n=20 (Plate 3: W) and 2n=22. This paper reports two of them. Type I: the karytype formula is 2n=14=10m+4sm (Plate 3: S, T). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 5. The chromosomes range in length from 2.59 to 7.61μm, the total length 37.44μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest is 2.94. the karyotype belongs to 2B. Type II :The karyotype formula is 2n=16=8m+4sm+4st (Plate 3: U, V). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 4. The chromosomes range in length from 2.65 to 8.21 μm, the total length 46.01 μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.10. The karyotype belongs to 2B. The chromosome numbers of 2n=20, 2n= 14 and 2n=22, and karyotype of 2n= 14 and 2n=22 in P. filipes are reported for the first time. 3. Polygonatum cytonema Hua Two materials were examined. One from the Langyashan, Chuxian, anhui, is found to have 2n = 18 = 8m (2sc)+ 6sm+ 4st (Plate 2: K, L). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 7. The chromosomes range in length from 3.41 to 9.21 μm, the total length 56.34μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest is 2.70. The karyotype belongs to 2B. The other material from the Huangshan, Anhui, has two cytotypes: 2n=20 and 2n= 22. Type I: The karyotype formula is 2n= 20= 8m+ 6sm+ 6st (Plate 2: M, N). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 8. The chromosomes range in length from 1.75 to 5.03μm, with the total length 32. 91μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2. 87. The karyotype is also of 2B. Type II: The karyotype formula is 2n=22=6m+ 8sm+4st+ 4t (Plate 2: O, P ). The idiogram is Shown in Fig. 10. The chromosomes range in length from 1.75 to 4.95 μm, with total length 35.05μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.83. The karyotype brlongs to 3B. 4. Polygonatum desoulayi kom. The material from Xuancheng, Anhui, is found to have karyotype 2n = 22 = 10m (2sc) + 6sm (lsc) + 6st ( Plate 2. I, J). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 6. The chromosomes range in length from 1.86 to 5.61μm, with the total length 41.98μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.02. The karyotype is also of 3B. The first pair has one chromosome carrying a satellite attached to the long arm, showing heterozygosity. The chromosome number and karyotype of Chinese material are reported for the first time. 5. Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. The material from the Langyashan, Chuxian, Anhui is found to have two cytotypes. Type 1: the karyotype formula is 2n = 18 = 2m+ 2sm+ 10st+ 2t+ 2T (Plate 1: G, H). The idiogram is shown in Fig.9. The chromosomes range in length from 1.86 to 4.03μm, with total length 28.28μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.17. The karyotype classification belongs to 3B. Type II: The karyotype formula is 2n=24=6m+4sm+12st+2T (Plate 1: E, F). The idiogram is shown in Fig. II. The chromosomes range in length from 2.01 to 5.03μm, with total length 41.36μm and the ratio of longest to shortest 2.50. The karyotype is also of 3B. The chromosome numbers and karyotypes of Chinese material are reported for the first time.     

Effects of para-aminobenzoic acid on radiosensitivity of mice of different strains

The aim of the work was to study the possible protective effect of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) on the radiation lethality in mice of three inbred lines (BALB/cLacY, C3H/HeY, 101/Hy), stock YT1 and hybrids (C3H/He x 101/H)F1. The PABA solution was given to the mice intraperitoneally in single doses of 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg 40-50 min prior to irradiation with doses of 6 to 8 Gy depending on the line and sex of mice. The used doses of gamma-radiation were roughly LD75/30. The radioprotective effect of PABA was observed in all variants of the experiment but it was relatively low. The protection coefficient varied from 0 to 0.45. The protective effect depended on the line and sex of mice and on the dose of the injected substance.     

Two types of haemolytic activity of detergents

The nonionic detergent Triton X-100 at concentrations of about 0.003 to 0.008% causes swelling followed by the haemolysis of erythrocytes suspended in 160 mM KCl. The rate of haemolysis increases with the increase in detergent concentration. Finally all the erythrocytes are haemolysed. The resistance of erythrocytes to this detergent decreases with an increase in temperature. The effect of Triton X-100 is explained by increased membrane permeability to KCl and colloid osmotic haemolysis. The anionic detergent, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), at concentrations of about 0.003 to 0.001% causes the haemolysis of a certain number of erythrocytes. This number increases with an increase in detergent concentration. The resistance of erythrocytes to SDS increases with an increase in temperature. The effect of SDS is explained by direct disruption of membranes by the detergent.     

Effect of protonation of nucleic acid bases on the energy of formation of the Watson-Crick pairs

Neutral and protonated nucleic bases and their complexes were calculated using a modified MNDO method. On the basis of the obtained proton affinities we conclude that proton transfer from positively charged amino acid residues to nucleic bases is quite possible. The protonation influence upon the structure and the energy of complementary base pairs was studied. The protonation of guanine is shown to stabilize the GC complex, but the protonation of cytosine destabilizes it. The energy of the AU pair increases upon protonation of adenine due to ion--dipole interactions. The protonation of uracil leads to a proton transfer between the bases and to the stabilization of the AU pair.     

Characterization of the Lipids of Six Strains of Bacteroides ruminicola

The lipids of six strains of Bacteroides ruminicola were characterized. The nonpolar lipid accounted for 6 to 24% of the total lipid and was composed of diglycerides, triglycerides, and free fatty acids. The phospholipid fraction contained phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphosphingolipids, and trace quantities of phosphatidic acid. In three strains the phosphosphingolipid fraction made up more than half of the total lipid. The fatty acids in the nonpolar, acyl- and phosphosphingolipid consisted of a homologous series of branched and normal chains from 12 to 19 carbons. The long-chain base isolated from the phosphosphingolipids consisted of a homologous series of branched and normal chains from 14 to 24 carbons.     

Comparison of adhesion of wound isolates of Staphylococcus aureus to immobilized proteins

AIMS: To determine the ability of 149 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from burns, other wounds and environmental isolates to adhere to immobilized proteins. METHODS AND RESULTS: The ability to bind to immobilized fibrinogen, fibronectin, laminin, collagen, IgG and lysozyme was studied using a microtitre plate assay. The strains were very diverse. Binding to fibrinogen was most frequent, followed by fibronectin, collagen and laminin. Binding to IgG and lysozyme was weak and few strains showed strong binding. Numerical analysis showed that 65% of the strains infecting burns had similar properties and bound to fibrinogen, fibronectin, collagen and IgG. The strains infecting other wounds had more variable characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: The ability to adhere to proteins is important in wound infection, but clinical isolates were diverse in their ability to bind to the proteins tested. Burn wounds were more likely to be infected with strains showing multiple binding characteristics. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The study confirms the importance of adhesins in clinical infection.     

Significance of physical attachment of fungi for bio-treatment of water

The inhibitory effect of xenobiotics known to damage cell surface structures was studied. The sensitivity of suspended cells of the two fungi Candida maltosa and Fusarium proliferatum was compared with that of artificial or natural biofilms of these fungi. The results obtained indicate that the resistance of attached cell populations to model xenobiotics is increased compared with suspended cells. Only the attached fungal cells had the capacity to degrade acetone and phenol and to adapt to increasing concentrations of these substances, so they seem ideally suited for bioremediation of waste water.     

Composition of the milt of some teleost fishes

The milt composition of six freshwater teleosts was studied, and the measured parameters showed clear specific differences between species. The highest spermatocrits and sperm densities were observed in perch, Perc afluviatilis , and burbot, Lota lota , and the lowest in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri , and whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus . Fructose concentrations in the seminal plasma were small compared to mammalian values. The glucose concentrations in the seminal plasma were five times higher than those of fructose, and higher in landlocked salmon and rainbow trout than in the other species. The citric acid concentration of all species except whitefish showed a significantly positive correlation to either spermatocrit or sperm density. The role of citric acid in the seminal plasma of fishes was also assumed to be important. The glycerol concentration in the seminal plasma was comparatively high, and highest in whitefish. This was assumed to be related to the high applicability value of glycerol as a cryoprotective agent for whitefish sperm. The high glycerol concentration was also assumed to be related to the lipolytic capacity of the testis in the studied species.     

Composition of cell walls of 2 mutant strains of Streptomyces chrysomallus

The cell walls and peptidoglycans of two mutant strains, Streptomyces chrysomallus var. carotenoides and Streptomyces chrysomallus var. macrotetrolidi, were studied. The strains are organisms producing carotenes and antibiotics of the macrotetrolide group. By the qualitative composition of the peptidoglycans the mutants belong to Streptomyces and are similar. Their glycan portion consists of equimolar quantities of N-acetyl glucosamine and muramic acid. The peptide subunit is presented by glutamic acid, L, L-diaminopimelic acid, glycine and alanine. The molar ratio of alanine is 1.2-1.3. The mutant strains differ in the content of carbohydrates, total phosphorus and phosphorus belonging to teichoic acids. Teichoic acids of the cell walls of the both strains are of the ribitolhosphate nature. The cell walls of the mutants contain polysaccharides differing from teichoic acids and consisting of glucose, galactose, arabinose and fucose. The influence of the cell wall composition of the mutant strains on their morphology and metabolism and comparison of the data relative to the mutant strains with those relative to the starting strain are discussed.     

Age-Related Dynamics of Discrimination of the Orientation of Rectangular Gratings at the Resolution Limit of the Visual System

The visual acuity of 215 observers between the ages of 3 and 20 years was measured by determining the minimal size of rectangular gratings, when the observer could discriminate horizontal and vertical gratings. The study of the influence of similar surrounding patterns on the assessment of visual acuity was conducted in parallel. The visual acuity was shown to increase with age and to reach the level typical of adults at about 11 years. All the observers had impaired discrimination of the orientation of gratings when the surrounding gratings were arranged close to each other. The distances at which the impairment occurs gradually decrease with increasing age up to 20 years from 2.75 to 1.5–0.75 periods of the test frequency. The problem of the formation in ontogenesis of possible mechanisms ensuring visual acuity and the ability to perform the task of objects' segmentation from the surrounding is discussed.     

Effect of particle size on the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose

The effect of particle size on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose has been investigated. The average size of microcrystalline cotton cellulose has been reduced to submicron scale by using a media mill. The milled products were further subjected to hydrolysis using cellulase. High cellulose concentration (7%) appeared to retard the size reduction and resulted in greater particles and smaller specific surface areas than those at low concentration (3%) with the same milling time. Initial rate method was employed to explore the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. The production rate of cellobiose was increased at least 5-folds due to the size reduction. The yield of glucose was also significantly increased depending upon the ratio of enzyme to substrate. A high glucose yield (60%) was obtained in 10-h hydrolysis when the average particle size was in submicron scale.     

MC方法在血糖无损检测探测器设计中的应用

本文针对多模光纤光束垂直入射到皮肤组织表面的情况,利用蒙特卡罗方法模拟了三层皮肤组织中光的传输和分布情况,给出了皮肤组织表面漫反射率变化曲线和组织内光通量变化曲面,并对其变化进行分析,并将分析结果应用到血糖无损检测光纤探测器的设计中。     

Identification of the acrasin of Dictyostelium minutum as a derivative of folic acid

The acrasin of the slime mold Dictyostelium minutum was isolated from aggregating cells and purified. The compound was species specific and more active in the aggregative than in the vegetative stage. Three observations strongly suggest a structural relationship between the acrasin and folic acid. (1) Folic acid inhibited acrasin degradation by D. minutum. (2) Methotrexate, an antagonist of chemotaxis towards folic acid, also inhibited the response to the acrasin. (3) The chemotactic response to an excess of folic acid was delayed. The response was also delayed to simultaneously tested low amounts of a related compound, but not to unrelated compounds (Van Haastert, 1982). The response to the acrasin was observed to be delayed by excess of folic acid. The acrasinase was identified as a folic acid C9-N10 splitting enzyme. Based on chromatographic properties and biological activity of the acrasin and folate derivatives, the chemical structure of the acrasin is discussed.     

Analysis of structural proteins and products of cell-free translation of vaccinia virus of mRNA using mono-specific antibodies

The monospecific antiserums to the major proteins p12, p19, p20, p42, p61 of the vaccinia virus coat were obtained and analyzed. The dynamics of the proteins accumulation in the infected cells has been studied. Products of the cell-free translation of the total viral mRNA precipitated by the obtained antiserums were identified. The p20 protein has been found to be a result of p12 protein reversible oligomerization under the conditions of electrophoresis. The antigenic relation of p12 and p20 proteins to a p42 protein, also a p12 oligomer, has been demonstrated. The possibility is discussed to use the obtained antiserums for mapping of the genes corresponding to structural proteins in the genome of the vaccinia virus.     

Growth Characteristics of a Herpesvirus of Turkeys

The herpesvirus of turkeys remains associated with cells attached to the culture vessel throughout its growth cycle. The level of infectious centers is essentially constant between 24 and 48 hr when the culture medium is unchanged. Thereafter, the number of infectious centers decreases. The cessation of virus synthesis is not due to insufficient numbers of uninfected cells or interferon production. Herpesvirus of turkeys does not replicate at 22 C and is similar to other herpesviruses in its sensitivity to interferon. The results define conditions to be considered in the preparation of infected cell suspensions commonly used as a vaccine against Marek's disease virus.     

齿瓣石斛多倍体的诱导初报

采用多倍体育种技术,对云南的野生热带兰花齿瓣石斛(Dendrobium devonianum)进行多倍体诱导试验。利用秋水仙素作为诱导剂,对二倍体试管苗进行诱导,在短期内培育出多倍体植株。用0.03%的秋水仙素处理齿瓣石斛丛生芽24h,其诱导效果最好。观察结果显示:多倍体齿瓣石斛材料在形态、气孔直径、染色体数目上都有变化。DNA指纹图谱等方面都发生了显著的改变。多倍体齿瓣石斛试管苗出现了植株粗壮、叶片增厚等优良性状。此研究是多倍体育种技术在我国热带兰花育种中的一次成功尝试。     

4种小鼠的寒、热体质研究

[目的]研究4种品系小鼠的寒、热体质。[方法]8~9周龄昆明、BALB/c、C57BL/6J、ICR小鼠,以及4~5周龄昆明小鼠,同步系统检测其生物学特性,然后以统一的评价标准评价4种品系小鼠的寒、热体质。并对BALB/c小鼠给予参桂理中丸和利血平做药物反证。[结果]①4~5周龄昆明小鼠与8~9周龄昆明小鼠比较体质明显偏热;②BALB/c小鼠与C57BL/6J小鼠比较体质偏寒;③8~9周龄雄性BALB/c小鼠、雄性和雌性C57BL/6J小鼠与8~9周龄相应性别昆明小鼠比较体质无明显差异;8~9周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠与8~9周龄雌性昆明小鼠比较体质偏寒;④8~9周龄ICR小鼠与8~9周龄BALB/c小鼠、C57BL/6J小鼠比较体质偏热;8~9周龄雄性ICR小鼠与8~9周龄雄性昆明小鼠比较体质偏热。[结论]4种品系小鼠存在寒、热体质差异。     

Preservation of the secretory response of peritoneal mast cells in the absence of extracellular calcium

The transfer of rat peritoneal mast cells from balanced salt solution to calcium-free buffer led to a time-dependent decrease in their response to compound 48/80 and to ionophore A23187. The concomittant absence of potassium from the calcium-free buffer enabled the mast cells to retain their secretory response. The increase in potassium level, with a parallel decrease in sodium to maintain osmolarity, led to a slight potentiation of the response to 48/80 and to a large but transient potentiation of the response to A23187. Mast cells can be considered nonexcitable. The apparent dependency upon extracellular calcium of mast cell secretory responses might be related to the presumed tight equilibrium between endoplasmic reticulum calcium stores and extracellular calcium. The control of this equilibrium by transmembrane gradients of monovalent ions is proposed.