利用Red同源重组技术构建产L-苏氨酸的基因工程菌

利用Red重组技术构建不同基因突变的L-苏氨酸工程菌大肠杆菌ITHR,研究单敲除metA、ilvA和双敲除metA、ilvA基因后对L-苏氨酸积累的影响。应用质粒pKD46介导的Red同源重组系统,通过第一次同源重组将拟敲除基因替换为氯霉素抗性基因,再通过重组酶在FRT位点发生第二次同源重组,消除抗性基因,成功敲除了菌株ITHR体内苏氨酸合成的代谢旁路途径中的metA和ilvA基因,构建了三株不同的基因突变株。将携带苏氨酸操纵子的工程质粒pWYE065电转化入敲除不同基因的突变株中,构建基因工程菌。经5 L发酵罐发酵产酸实验,未敲除任何基因的菌株ITHR/pWYE065 L-苏氨酸的产量为5.55±0.51 g/L,metA基因单敲除菌株ITHR△metA/pWYE065 L-苏氨酸产量为9.77±1.83 g/L,ilvA基因单敲除菌株ITHR△ilvA/pWYE065 L-苏氨酸产量为8.65±1.42 g/L,同时敲除ilvA和metA基因的菌株ITHR△metA△ilvA/pWYE065 L-苏氨酸的产量增加到13.6±1.14 g/L。通过敲除L-苏氨酸的旁路代谢途径中的关键酶的基因,可以增强L 苏氨酸积累的效果,为L-苏氨酸工程菌的进一步改造奠定了基础。     

磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶基因的敲除对北京棒杆菌PD-67的生理代谢的影响

【目的】为了优化L-色氨酸合成的前体供应,构建北京棒杆菌PD-67(Corynebacterium pekinense PD-67)磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(EC:4.1.1.31,phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase,PEPCx)基因ppc敲除的菌株,并研究ppc基因敲除对菌株生理特性的影响。【方法】运用PCR技术扩增ppc基因的上游和下游序列,构建带有目标基因内部缺失的基因整合载体。通过同源重组技术将C.pekinense PD-67的ppc基因敲除,构建ppc基因缺陷突变株C.pekinense PD-67-Δppc。通过摇瓶发酵研究突变株的生理特性,并测定突变株丙酮酸激酶和丙酮酸羧化酶的活性。【结果】PCR验证和PEPCx活性分析结果表明,筛选到ppc缺陷的突变株。摇瓶发酵结果表明,与出发菌株相比,突变株的生长速率下降,生物量降低20%,L-色氨酸积累降低62%,丙酮酸激酶活力提高,而丙酮酸羧化酶活力下降。【结论】C.pekinense PD-67的ppc基因敲除以后,对菌株的代谢影响较大。仅通过阻断PEPCx催化的回补途径,减少磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸的分支代谢,不能提高该菌株L-色氨酸的积累。     

产L-苏氨酸重组大肠杆菌的构建和发酵性能

【背景】大肠杆菌由于生长性能优良、遗传背景清晰,常被用作苏氨酸生产菌。【目的】敲除大肠杆菌Escherichia coli THR苏氨酸合成途径的非必需基因,并异源表达苏氨酸合成必需的关键酶,构建一株苏氨酸高产菌株。【方法】利用FLP/FRT重组酶系统,敲除E. coli THR中lysC、pfkB和sstT,同时进行谷氨酸棒杆菌中lysC~(fbr)、thrE和丙酮丁醇梭菌中gapC的重组质粒构建并转化到宿主菌中。【结果】以E. coli THR为出发菌株,敲除其苏氨酸合成途径中表达天冬氨酸激酶Ⅲ (AKⅢ)的基因lysC、磷酸果糖激酶Ⅱ基因pfkB及苏氨酸吸收蛋白表达基因sstT,使菌株积累苏氨酸的产量达到75.64±0.35g/L,比出发菌株增加9.9%。随后异源表达谷氨酸棒杆菌中解除了反馈抑制的天冬氨酸激酶(lysC~(fbr))、苏氨酸分泌转运蛋白(thrE)及丙酮丁醇梭菌中由gapC编码的NADP+依赖型甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶,获得重组菌株E. coli THR6菌株。该菌株积累苏氨酸的产量提高到105.3±0.5 g/L,糖酸转化率提高了43.20%,单位产酸能力提高到5.76 g/g DCW,最大生物量为18.26 g DCW/L。【结论】单独敲除某个基因或改造某个途径不能使苏氨酸大量合成和积累,对多个代谢途径共同改造是构建苏氨酸工程菌的最有效方法。     

L-苏氨酸产生菌的选育

以亚硝基胍(MNNG)诱变处理大肠杆菌ASI．358,获得蛋氨酸缺陷型(Met-)突变株,从中得到一株B2851菌,能在培养基中积累少量苏氨酸。通过连续诱变,得K1-73菌株(Met-),在5％葡萄糖与DL-蛋氨酸舔加量为75mg／l的条件下,能够积累3．5mg／ml L-苏氨酸。同样以MNNG诱变处理钝齿棒状杆菌C. crtenalum ASI．542,获得抗a一氨基一β一羟基戊酸(AHV)突变株1770林,其中6％菌株能够积累少量苏氨酸。选得LR—1458菌产L一苏氨酸(1mg／ml。 对该菌逐步诱变,得一株抗8mg／ml AHV及蛋氨酸缺陷型双重突变株(AHV,Mer) LRA-96,其L一苏氨酸产率与亲株比较有明显提高,达3．5mg／ml。连续再诱变并结合单菌落分离选育,得一突变株m一85(AHV,Met-),能在培养基中积累13mg／ml L-苏氨酸。试验表明,连续诱变处理是选育L一苏氨酸高产菌株有效手段之一。     

大肠杆菌astE、rph基因敲除突变株的构建

目的:分别构建大肠杆菌astE、rph基因敲除突变株,并检测其异丁醇耐受性的变化。方法:利用Red重组系统分别敲除大肠杆菌的astE和rph基因,并对所获得的突变株进行异丁醇耐受性相关实验研究。结果:成功构建了astE基因缺失突变株△astE和rph基因缺失突变株Δrph,发现两种突变株的异丁醇耐受性均有所提高。结论:通过缺陷菌株的构建,为未来进一步代谢改造生产异丁醇和研究异丁醇耐受机制奠定了基础。     

磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶基因的敲除对于谷氨酸棒杆菌V1生理代谢的影响

【目的】L-缬氨酸生物合成的前体物质是丙酮酸。为了增加磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸向丙酮酸的代谢流向,优化L-缬氨酸前体物质的供应,以一株积累L-缬氨酸的谷氨酸棒杆菌V1(Corynebacterium glutamicum V1)为对象,构建磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)基因敲除的重组菌株C.glutamicum V1-Δpepc,并研究pepc敲除后菌株生理特性的改变。【方法】运用交叉PCR方法得到pepc基因内部缺失的同源片段Δpepc,并构建敲除质粒pK18mobsacB-Δpepc。利用同源重组技术获得pepc基因缺陷突变株C.glutamicum V1-Δpepc。采用摇瓶发酵对C.glutamicum V1-Δpepc进行发酵特性的研究。对谷氨酸棒杆菌模式菌株C.glutamicum ATCC 13032、出发菌株C.glutamicum V1和敲除菌株C.glu-tamicum V1-Δpepc的丙酮酸激酶(Pyruvate kinase,PK)、丙酮酸脱氢酶(Pyruvate dehydro-genase,PDH)、丙酮酸羧化酶(Pyruvate carboxylase,PC)分别进行测定和分析。【结果】PCR验证以及PEPC酶活测定都表明筛选到pepc缺陷的突变菌株C.glutamicum V1-Δpepc,摇瓶发酵结果表明,突变菌株C.glutamicum V1-Δpepc不再积累L-缬氨酸而是积累L-精氨酸达到7.48 g/L。酶活测定结果表明出发菌株的PDH和PC酶活均低于模式菌株C.glu-tamicum ATCC13032和重组菌株C.glutamicum V1-Δpepc,出发菌株的PK与PEPC酶活与模式菌株没有较大的差异。【结论】研究表明,通过切断PEPC参与的三羧酸循环的回补途径,增加磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸向丙酮酸的流向使丙酮酸向TCA循环的流量增加,精氨酸的累积量提高。同时,以丙酮酸为前体的L-缬氨酸和丙氨酸的积累量降低。     

生物转化法制备L-天冬酰胺

探索生物转化法制备L-天冬酰胺的技术与工艺。通过分子生物学方法,克隆来源于大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli, E.coli)JM109的天冬酰胺合成酶A基因asnA,并于E. coli BL21(DE3)中表达,利用构建的E.coli基因工程菌E.coli BL21(DE3)/pET28a(+)-asnA全细胞高密度催化L-天冬氨酸生产L-天冬酰胺,以PITC柱前衍生-高效液相检测底物和产物。表达的蛋白质分子质量约为37kDa,与预期大小相符,比酶活力为1786.6U/g。L-天冬氨酸转化率为95.8%,L-天冬酰胺产量可达126.5g/L,生产速率为15.81g/(L·h)。结果表明,已成功构建高效表达天冬酰胺合成酶A基因工程菌株,并用于催化L-天冬氨酸转化生产L-天冬酰胺,解决了L-天冬酰胺生物转化生产工艺中ATP成本过高的难题,为L-天冬酰胺制备提供新的绿色途径。     

lysC定点突变及lysC、asdA串联表达对谷氨酸棒杆菌L-苏氨酸积累的影响

lysC、asdA基因分别编码的天冬氨酸激酶(Aspartate kinase,AK)和天冬氨酸半醛脱氢酶(Aspartate semi-aldehyde dehydrogenase,ASD)是L-苏氨酸合成途径中两个关键限速酶基因,其中AK受到代谢产物赖氨酸与苏氨酸的协同抑制。以选育获得的一株谷氨酸棒状杆菌T11(Corynebacterium glutamicum T11)为出发菌株,通过构建lysC-asdA串联表达盒,并对其关键限速酶基因lysC进行定点突变,突变位点为Ala279Thr,获得抗反馈抑制突变型编码基因lysCr-asdA,将其插入含强启动子tac的穿梭表达载体pZ8-1中成功构建串联表达质粒pZ8-1-lysCr-asdA转化出发菌株,筛选获得工程菌株T11/pZ8-1-lysCr-asdA。摇瓶发酵其L-苏氨酸产量达到7.18 g/L,较出发菌株提高27.8%。进一步的30 L发酵罐补料分批发酵结果显示,发酵60 h L-苏氨酸产量达65.5 g/L,糖酸转化率达到39.5%,较出发菌株分别提高29.5%和33.9%,为后续的进一步构建高产L-苏氨酸的谷氨酸棒杆菌工程菌株提供强有力的基础。     

大肠杆菌ptsG基因敲除及其缺陷株生长特性研究

在大肠杆菌磷酸转移酶系统中,葡萄糖主要由ptsG基因编码的酶ⅡCB^Glc转运入细胞。利用代谢工程技术构建ptsG基因缺陷株,有望降低葡萄糖的摄取速率,减少乙酸累积,促进菌体生长。运用PCR技术,扩增出两翼与ptsG基因上下游序列同源,中间为氯霉素抗性基因的DNA片段。经电转化,将外源DNA片段分别转入Escherichia coli DH5a、JM109中。在Red重组酶的作用下,外源DNA片段与染色体上同源区域重组,将基因ptsG敲除,构建ptsG基因缺陷株：DH5αP,JM109P。在LB培养基中,ptsG基因缺陷株的生长状况与亲株无明显差异。在含有葡萄糖的LB培养基中,DH5αP、JM109P的最高菌密度分别是对照菌株DH5α,JM109的3．47倍和4．25倍,ptsG基因缺陷株对葡萄糖的摄入量也明显高于对照菌株。重组蛋白肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)在DH5αP、JM109P中的表达量分别占全菌蛋白的24．3％、20．8％,A600分别为8．28、7．62,TNF在缺陷株中单位体积的表达量明显高于对照菌株。以上结果说明,大肠杆菌ptsG基因缺陷株具有良好的生长能力和表达外源蛋白的能力,在大肠杆菌高密度发酵研究方面具有良好的应用前景。     

ppc基因敲除对大肠杆菌L-色氨酸发酵的影响

目的：减少大肠杆菌L-色氧酸前体物质磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸向草酰乙酸的代谢流,提高其L-色氨酸的产量。方法：以大肠杆菌TRTH0709为出发菌株,利用Red重组敲除技术敲除磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（Ppc）编码基因PPc,并经测序和酶活性检测确证;对出发菌株和基因敲除菌株进行L-色氖酸发酵,对比分析发酵结果。结果：测序和酶活性检测结果表明ppc基因被成功敲除。发酵结果表明,与出发菌株相比,基因敲除菌株TRTH0709△ppc生长速度减慢,最终生物量减少32％,L-色氯酸产量降低27％,但糖酸转化率提高6％;向发酵培养基中添加1％琥珀酸后,TRTH0709△ppc的生长速率和产酸量有所提高,但仍与出发菌株有一定差距。结论：虽然ppc基因敲除对菌体生长和产酸量影响较大,但能有效提高其糖酸转化率;选育Ppc弱化的突变株以达到减弱代谢流且不影响菌体生长,以及增加,L-色氨酸积累的目的,将是本研究今后的主要方向。     

基因敲除提高大肠杆菌工程菌生产异丁醇产量的研究

探究pflB、frdAB、fnr和AdhE四基因缺失突变株对大肠杆菌工程菌发酵生产异丁醇的影响。运用Red重组系统敲除大肠杆菌BW25113的pflB、frdAB、fnr和AdhE基因,构建pflB、frdAB、fnr和AdhE四基因缺失突变株E.coliBW25113H,结合本实验室已经构建的表达质粒pSTV29-alsS-ilvC-ilvD-kdcA,并检测该工程菌在1L发酵罐的发酵过程中的生物量、突变菌株的稳定性、异丁醇产量及有机酸含量的变化情况。成功获得pflB、frdAB、fnr和AdhE四基因缺失突变株BW25113H。发酵结果表明,该工程菌能以较长时间,较高比生长速率保持对数生长期,其稳定性较好,异丁醇产量增加了40%。成功构建pflB、frdAB、fnr和AdhE四基因缺失突变株BW25113H,结合非自身发酵途径使异丁醇的产量由3 g/L提升至4.2 g/L。     

Regulation of aspartate-derived amino acid biosynthesis in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae

The activity of three enzymes, aspartokinase, homoserine dehydrogenase, and homoserine kinase, has been studied in the industrial strainSaccharomyces cerevisiae IFI256 and in the mutants derived from it that are able to overproduce methionine and/or threonine. Most of the mutants showed alteration of the kinetic properties of the enzymes aspartokinase, which was less inhibited by threonine and increased its affinity for aspartate, and homoserine dehydrogenase and homoserine kinase, which both lost affinity for homoserine. Furthermore, they showed in vitro specific activities for aspartokinase and homoserine kinase that were higher than those of the wild type, resulting in accumulation of aspartate, homoserine, threonine, and/or methionine/S-adenosyl-methionine (Ado-Met). Together with an increase in the specific activity of both aspartokinase and homoserine kinase, there was a considerable and parallel increase in methionine and threonine concentration in the mutants. Those which produced the maximal concentration of these amino acids underwent minimal aspartokinase inhibition by threonine. This supports previous data that identify aspartokinase as the main agent in the regulation of the biosynthetic pathway of these amino acids. The homoserine kinase in the mutants showed inhibition by methionine together with a lack or a reduction of the inhibition by threonine that the wild type undergoes, which finding suggests an important role for this enzyme in methionine and threonine regulation. Finally, homoserine dehydrogenase displayed very similar specific activity in the mutants and the wild type in spite of the changes observed in amino acid concentrations; this points to a minor role for this enzyme in amino acid regulation.     

Participation of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway in Escherichia coli strains with an inactive phosphotransferase system (PTS- Glc+) in gluconate and glucose batch cultures

The activity of the enzymes of the central metabolic pathways has been the subject of intensive analysis; however, the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway has only recently begun to attract attention. The metabolic response to edd gene knockout in Escherichia coli JM101 and PTS- Glc+ was investigated in gluconate and glucose batch cultures and compared with other pyruvate kinase and PTS mutants previously constructed. Even though the specific growth rates between the strain carrying the edd gene knockout and its parent JM101 and PTS- Glc+ edd and its parent PTS- Glc+ were very similar, reproducible changes in the specific consumption rates and biomass yields were obtained when grown on glucose. These results support the participation of the ED pathway not only on gluconate metabolism but on other metabolic and biochemical processes in E. coli. Despite that gluconate is a non-PTS carbohydrate, the PTS- Glc+ and derived strains showed important reductions in the specific growth and gluconate consumption rates. Moreover, the overall activity of the ED pathway on gluconate resulted in important increments in PTS- Glc+ and PTS- Glc+ pykF mutants. Additional results obtained with the pykA pykF mutant indicate the important contribution of the pyruvate kinase enzymes to pyruvate synthesis and energy production in both carbon sources.     

Expression,activation, and biochemical properties of a novel Arabidopsis protein kinase

An Arabidopsis SOS2 (salt overly sensitive 2)-like protein kinase gene, PKS6, was expressed in leaves, stems, and siliques, but not detectable in roots of adult plants; its expression in young seedlings was up-regulated by abscisic acid. To determine the biochemical properties of the PKS6 protein, we expressed the PKS6 coding sequence as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein in Escherichia coli. The bacterially expressed glutathione S-transferase-PKS6 fusion protein was inactive in substrate phosphorylation. We have constructed constitutively active forms of PKS6 by either a deletion of its putative auto-inhibitory FISL motif (i.e. PKS6deltaF) or a substitution of threonine-178 with aspartic acid within the putative activation loop. We found that PKS6deltaF exhibited a strong preference for Mn2+ over Mg2+ as a divalent cation cofactor for kinase activity. PKS6DeltaF displayed substrate specificity against three different peptide substrates and had an optimal pH of approximately 7.5 and temperature optimum of 30 degrees C. The apparent Km values for ATP and the preferred peptide substrate p3 of PKS6deltaF were determined to be 1.7 and 28.5 microM, respectively. These results provide significant insights into the regulation and biochemical properties of the protein kinase PKS6. In addition, the constitutively active, gain-of-function kinase mutants will be invaluable for future determination of the in planta function of PKS6.     

Inactivation of isocitrate dehydrogenase by phosphorylation is mediated by the negative charge of the phosphate

The control of isocitrate dehydrogenase through phosphorylation is necessary for growth of Escherichia coli on acetate as the sole carbon source. To understand the mechanism by which phosphorylation inactivates isocitrate dehydrogenase, the sequence of icd, the isocitrate dehydrogenase structural gene, was determined and this information was used to construct mutants at the site of phosphorylation. Introduction of a negatively charged aspartate for the serine that is phosphorylated completely inactivates isocitrate dehydrogenase. Substitution of the serine with other amino acids results in a partially active enzyme in which both maximal velocity and interaction with substrates has been altered. Neither threonine nor tyrosine, when substituted for the serine at the phosphorylation site, is detectably phosphorylated by isocitrate dehydrogenase kinase.     

FKBP12 controls aspartate pathway flux in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to prevent toxic intermediate accumulation

FKBP12 is a conserved member of the prolyl-isomerase enzyme family and serves as the intracellular receptor for FK506 that mediates immunosuppression in mammals and antimicrobial actions in fungi. To investigate the cellular functions of FKBP12 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we employed a high-throughput assay to identify mutations that are synthetically lethal with a mutation in the FPR1 gene, which encodes FKBP12. This screen identified a mutation in the HOM6 gene, which encodes homoserine dehydrogenase, the enzyme catalyzing the last step in conversion of aspartic acid into homoserine, the common precursor in threonine and methionine synthesis. Lethality of fpr1 hom6 double mutants was suppressed by null mutations in HOM3 or HOM2, encoding aspartokinase and aspartate beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, respectively, supporting the hypothesis that fpr1 hom6 double mutants are inviable because of toxic accumulation of aspartate beta-semialdehyde, the substrate of homoserine dehydrogenase. Our findings also indicate that mutation or inhibition of FKBP12 dysregulates the homoserine synthetic pathway by perturbing aspartokinase feedback inhibition by threonine. Because this pathway is conserved in fungi but not in mammals, our findings suggest a facile route to synergistic antifungal drug development via concomitant inhibition of FKBP12 and Hom6.     

Aspartate kinase-independent lysine synthesis in an extremely thermophilic bacterium, Thermus thermophilus: lysine is synthesized via alpha-aminoadipic acid not via diaminopimelic acid

An aspartate kinase-deficient mutant of Thermus thermophilus, AK001, was constructed. The mutant strain did not grow in a minimal medium, suggesting that T. thermophilus contains a single aspartate kinase. Growth of the mutant strain was restored by addition of both threonine and methionine, while addition of lysine had no detectable effect on growth. To further elucidate the lysine biosynthetic pathway in T. thermophilus, lysine auxotrophic mutants of T. thermophilus were obtained by chemical mutagenesis. For all lysine auxotrophic mutants, growth in a minimal medium was not restored by addition of diaminopimelic acid, whereas growth of two mutants was restored by addition of alpha-aminoadipic acid, a precursor of lysine in biosynthetic pathways of yeast and fungi. A BamHI fragment of 4.34 kb which complemented the lysine auxotrophy of a mutant was cloned. Determination of the nucleotide sequence suggested the presence of homoaconitate hydratase genes, termed hacA and hacB, which could encode large and small subunits of homoaconitate hydratase, in the cloned fragment. Disruption of the chromosomal copy of hacA yielded mutants showing lysine auxotrophy which was restored by addition of alpha-aminoadipic acid or alpha-ketoadipic acid. All of these results indicated that in T. thermophilus, lysine was not synthesized via the diaminopimelic acid pathway, believed to be common to all bacteria, but via a pathway using alpha-aminoadipic acid as a biosynthetic intermediate.     

Escherichia coli mutants deficient in the aspartate and aromatic amino acid aminotransferases.

Two new mutations are described which, together, eliminate essentially all the aminotransferase activity required for de novo biosynthesis of tyrosine, phenylalanine, and aspartic acid in a K-12 strain of Escherichia coli. One mutation, designated tyrB, lies at about 80 min on the E. coli map and inactivates the "tyrosine-repressible" tyrosine/phenylalanine aminotransferase. The second mutation, aspC, maps at about 20 min and inactivates a nonrespressible aspartate aminotransferase that also has activity on the aromatic amino acids. In ilvE- strains, which lack the branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase, the presence of either the tyrosine-repressible aminotransferase or the aspartate aminotransferase is sufficient for growth in the absence of exogenous tyrosine, phenylalanine, or aspartate; the tyrosine-repressible enzyme is also active in leucine biosynthesis. The ilvE gene product alone can reverse a phenylalanine requirement. Biochemical studies on extracts of strains carrying combinations of these aminotransferase mutations confirm the existence of two distinct enzymes with overlapping specificities for the alpha-keto acid analogues of tyrosine, phenylalanine, and aspartate. These enzymes can be distinguished by electrophoretic mobilities, by kinetic parameters using various substrates, and by a difference in tyrosine repressibility. In extracts of an ilvE- tyrB- aspC- triple mutant, no aminotransferase activity for the alpha-keto acids of tyrosine, phenylalanine, or aspartate could be detected.     

植物天冬氨酸代谢途径关键酶基因研究进展

谷类作物和豆类作物的营养价值主要体现在以天冬氨酸为前体的必需氨基酸的含量上。植物中这些氨基酸的含量受天冬氨酸代谢途径中关键酶基因的影响。本文综述了这些酶基因的克隆、在大肠杆菌和不同植物中表达的研究进展。