生物表面活性剂及其应用

生物表面活性剂是由微生物产生的一类具有表面活性的生物化合物,除具有化学合成表面活性剂的理化特性外,还具有无毒、能生物降解等优点,其应用前景非常广阔,并有可能成为化学合成表面活性剂的替代品或升级换代品。简述了生物表面活性剂的历史、特性、种类及应用研究进展 。     

生物表面活性剂的工业应用

生物表面活性剂的工业应用徐志伟,尤勤,孙炳寅（南京大学生物科学与技术系,南京）生物表面活性剂是一类由微生物产生的具有一定表面活性的两亲化合物,它们一般都具有良好的降低表面张力、界面张力的性能;也有的不能显著降低界面张力,但对油一水界面表现出很强的亲合...     

酶法合成表面活性剂

用生物技术来研制表面活性剂是当前国际生物工程领域中发展起来的一个新课题。本文概述了用酶法合成五种类型的表面活性剂,单酰化甘油酯类表面活性剂,糖酯类表面活性剂,氨基酸类表面活性剂,磷酯类表面活性剂及氨基酸糖类表面活性剂。     

生物表面活性剂的合成与提取研究进展*

生物表面活性剂（Biosurfactant）是由微生物产生的具有高表面活性的生物分子。相对于化学合成的表面活性剂,生物表面活性剂对生态系统的毒性较低,且可生物降解。因此,生物表面活性剂开始应用于环境污染治理的各个方面。中从生物表面活性剂生产菌的筛选、培养基的优化及生物表面活性剂的提取等方面对近年来生物表面活性剂的研究进展进行了总结,并对未来的发展方向作了展望。     

生物表面活性剂修复重金属污染研究进展

重金属在环境中积累会对动植物和人体健康造成危害。生物表面活性剂环境相容性好,在环境污染修复方面的应用日益受到关注。本文介绍了生物表面活性剂及其在重金属污染修复中的应用;生物表面活性剂与重金属络合的机理;影响二者络合的因素(如pH值、表面活性剂浓度、重金属存在形态等);对生物表面活性剂修复重金属污染的前景进行了展望。     

发酵法生产生物表面活性剂

发酵法生产表面活性剂相对于化工法而言有着无可比拟的优势。综述了发酵法生产生物表面活性剂的微生物源、发酵机理、发酵条件和产物分离技术等方面的研究进展 ,并简要介绍了其工业应用前景。     

生物表面活性剂及其应用

生物表面活性剂主要是由微生物产生的一种生物在分子物质,具有或优于化学合成表面活性剂的理化特性,作为一种绿色天然产物。极有可能取代化学合成表面活性剂,其应用前景十分广阔。本文阔述了生物表面活性剂的特点,种类,着重介绍它的潜在应用。     

生物表面活性剂及其应用

生物表面活性剂 (biosurfactant)是表面活性剂家族中的后起之秀 ,它是由微生物所产生的一类具有表面活性作用的物质。它具有减小表面张力、稳定乳化作用、增加泡沫等作用。它的表面活性作用以及对热、p H的稳定性均与化学合成的表面活性剂相当。但它具有一般的化学合成表面活性剂所无法篦美的优点——与环境的兼容性 ,即它没有毒性 ,并可被生物降解 ,因此它们不会对环境造成不利的影响。随着环保意识的不断增强 ,生物表面活性剂正愈来愈受到人们的关注。1　生物表面活性剂的结构特点生物表面活性剂通常是由微生物产生的 ,且多数是由细菌和…     

微生物产生的生物表面活性剂

微生物产生的生物表面活性剂孙炳寅,徐志伟（南京大学生物科学与技术系,南京）表面活性剂是一类在很低浓度时能显著降低液体表面张力的化合物。它的分子一般都是由非极性的疏水（亲油）基因（主要是碳氢链或其取代物）和极性的亲水基团组成。在液体中,趋向集中于该液体...     

生物表面活性剂产生菌的筛选及表面活性剂稳定性研究

大庆油田油泥样品经富集培养,平板分离,获得52株菌。排油性实验和表面张力测定表明,菌株B22、B24、B2s产生的表面活性剂表面活性稳定,表面张力较低。温度、pH和NaCl浓度实验证实,细菌B22,产生的生物表面活性剂可耐受120℃高温,另2种生物表面活性剂可耐受80℃;3种细菌生物表面活性剂对pH有广泛适应性,1322pH适应范围为4．0～13．0,B24、B25的pH适应范围为2．0～13．0;NaCl浓度对表面活性剂的生物活性影响不大。将3株菌的生物表面活性剂用于室内油泥处理实验,72h石油去除率达70％以上。     

Zinc can influence ornithine decarboxylase activity in rat thymus cells

Summary The thymus of young rats contained a high basal activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). Treatment with zinc sulphate caused a slight increase of thymic ODC activity within 6 hours and a more marked enhancement (three-fold) in the spleen 24 h after treatment. In spite of the high activity of thymic ODCin vivo, ODC was not detectable in primary cultures of rat thymocytes, but was early and largely induced after treatment with Concanavalin A (Con A). The presence of 0.1 mM zinc in the medium increased the response of ODC to Con A. This effect of zinc in mitogen activated thymocytes may be due to the stabilization of ODC, which was found to decay with a half life of 65 min after the block of protein synthesis with cycloheximide. On the contrary in absence of zinc the half life of the enzyme was 40 min, as in the rat thymus in vivo.Zinc alone, at 0.1 mM concentration, did not affect ODC activity in resting thymocytes during the early times, but the metal was able to cause an increase of the enzyme activity after 4–6 days of culture. Other heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium and copper provoked a late increase of ODC activity, but their action was evident only at dosages which were toxic for the cells.     

氨基酸Schiff碱金属配合物的研究进展

本文概述了近年来国内外在氨基酸Ｓｃｈｉｆ碱金属配合物领域的研究进展。简介了它们的合成方法和在金属离子分析、药物化学、生物模拟、氨基酸的合成及拆分上的应用。     

Genome-wide screening of yeast metal homeostasis genes involved in mitochondrial functions

Metal ions are essential for mitochondria to execute their roles. Yeast mutants that are sensitive to metals (either excess or deficiency) on non-fermentable media but not on fermentable media may carry mutations in genes that participate in metal homeostasis involving mitochondrial functions. A collection of approximately 4,800 haploid yeast deletion mutants was screened for metal ion homeostasis genes linked to mitochondrial respiration. In addition to several well-characterized metal homeostasis genes, 45 new mutants, impaired in various molecular functions, were identified on non-fermentable media that were sensitive to adscititious metals or metal deficiency. While 35 of these mutants displayed metal-sensitivity only on non-fermentable media, the remaining 10 also exhibited metal sensitivity on fermentable media, suggesting metal-sensitivity of the latter is not due to mitochondrial dysfunction. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was conducted for 12 mutants that were sensitive to metal excess to analyze their metal contents. Among these 12 mutants 7 were sensitive to metal excess on non-fermentable but not on fermentable media. All the seven respiration-dependent mutants displayed abnormal levels of metal ions inside mitochondria, indicative of disrupted mitochondrial metal homeostasis. This study therefore effectively identified multiple new genes involved in metal homeostasis pathways possibly pertinent to mitochondrial functions, and should be helpful for future studies to further understand their molecular roles.     

氨基酸Schiff碱及其金属配合物的抑菌抗癌活性的研究进展

氨基酸Ｓｃｈｉｆｆ碱及其金属配合物具有良好的生理、生物活性,本文就近年来国内外在氨基酸Ｓｃｈｉｆ碱及其金属配合的抑菌抗癌活性的研究进展方面进行了综述     

酵母合成2'-岩藻糖基乳糖的研究进展*

2'-岩藻糖基乳糖(2'-fucosyllactose,2'-FL)是人乳寡糖中含量最高的岩藻糖基化寡糖,具有促进双歧杆菌增殖和调节肠道菌群等作用,已被广泛用于婴幼儿食品行业。目前,2'-FL已经成功在大肠杆菌、酿酒酵母、解脂耶氏酵母、枯草芽孢杆菌和谷氨酸棒杆菌中实现从头合成。考虑到食品安全、消费者认知和接受程度,酵母作为GRAS(generally recognized as safe)菌株,在2'-FL的生物合成中更具工业应用前景和商业价值。概述2'-FL的生物合成路径和现状,对2'-FL生物合成常用的底盘细胞进行比较,从底物转运、前体GDP-L-岩藻糖供应、α-1, 2-岩藻糖基转移酶、产物外排和拓宽底物谱等方面综述酵母合成2'-FL的工程化策略,提出酵母合成2'-FL的限制性因素,并对未来研究进行展望。     

Differential extraction of soluble pools from the cytosol and the vacuoles of yeast (Candida utilis) using DEAE-dextran

The plasma membrane of Candida utilis cells was rapidly disrupted by a small dose of DEAE-dextran. The vacuolar membranes, in contrast, remained intact under isotonic conditions. Therefore, the cytosolic pool could be extracted in a first step, and in a second step, after disruption of the vacuoles, the vacuolar pool. The two extracts were studied in cells grown on different nitrogen sources, namely ammonium, arginine, ornithine, citrulline, glycine, and proline.The amount of soluble amino acids in Candida cells varies considerably depending on the nitrogen source. This is largely caused by the variation in size of the vacuolar pool (0.8–2.4 mmol per g protein) containing nearly all nitrogen-rich amino acids such as arginine and ornithine, whereas the size of the cytoplasmic pool, holding most of the glutamic acid, is fairly constant (1.3 mmol per g protein). Upon nitrogen starvation the vacuolar pool was reduced much more than the cytosolic pool. A storage and buffer function of the vacuolar pool was also indicated by the much slower turnover of the vacuolar than of the cytosolic glutamine in an isotope labelling experiment. Potassium, sodium, orthophosphate, ATP, and other substances absorbing at 260 nm were found predominantly in the cytosolic extracts. Extraction of uniformly ¹⁴C-labelled cells showed that the total soluble pool of the cells contained about 10% of the total carbon. Of this about 45% was in the vacuolar the rest in the cytosolic extract. The labelled extracts were further characterized by ion exchange chromatography.Non-Standard Abbreviations DEAE-dextran diethylaminoethyl-dextran - MES 2-(N-morpholino)ethane sulfonic acid - PIPES piperazine-N,N-bis-2-ethane sulfonic acid - c-extract cytosolic extract - v-extract vacuolar extract     

基于氨基酸分类的基本氨基酸秩序的研究

在分析了基本氛基酸分类的基础上,提出基本氛基酸存在着一种参考排列秩序,以此固定的氛基酸排列秩序为参考标准,分析蛋白质一级结构相对此参考秩序的变化规律,能够找到构成蛋白质的二级结构的某些信息．     

两步发酵过程中有机酸对产1，3-丙二醇的影响

考察了基因工程菌发酵生产1.3 丙二醇过程中,有机酸对发酵过程的影响,并选用了不同的离子交换树脂对甘油发酵液进行处理。发现有机酸、特别是乳酸对1.3丙二醇生产的抑制作用最明显。在使用离子交换树脂处理有机酸的过程中,确定了使用005号离子交换树脂处理效果最好,005号离子交换树脂可除去大部分的有机酸,处理后的发酵液发酵产1.3丙二醇产量比未处理的发酵液产量提高166%,转化率提高34%。     

Organic N and particulate organic matter fractions in organic and conventional farming systems with a history of manure application

Indicators of soil fertility are needed for the effective management of organic farming systems. Sustainable management hinges upon our gaining an improved understanding of C and N dynamics. The influence of cropping systems and amendments applied in the Lakeland Wisconsin Integrated Cropping Systems Trial on total hydrolyzable organic N (THN) fractions and particulate organic matter (POM) was investigated after a decade in a conventional cash grain system (Conv) of continuous maize amended with inorganic fertilizer, an organic cash-grain system (Org-CG) that relied on legume N, and an organic animal-based system (Org-AN) that included alfalfa and manure additions. Maize yields had consistently ranked Org-CG < Conv < Org-AN. The THN and amino acid-N (AA-N) contents were ranked Org-AN > Org-CG > Conv. Amino sugar-N (AS-N) contents, which reflect microbially derived N, did not differ among systems and concentrations were quite high (346.5 mg AS-N/kg soil in the 0–50 cm depth). This, and soil variability were attributed to the sites’ history of manure application. The amount (1.3 g POM-C/kg soil) and proportion (≈7.5% of total SOC) of POM-C were quite low and did not differ among systems. Failure to accumulate SOC or POM in these soils, even under organic management, is attributed to rapid C decay and/or limited root growth. An N rate study was added the fall before samples were taken and N addition did increase yield in the Conv and Org-CG systems despite evidence of soil N surplus. This suggests that either amino N is unavailable to plants or that root N acquisition is limited by other constraints. Low POM-C contents accompanied by high AS-N and AA-N levels reveal an imbalance in these soils which are likely to be C limited. Based on this, we conclude excess N has prevented use of organic practices from enhancing soil quality at this site.     

细菌中D-氨基酸生物合成及调控作用研究进展

细菌中普遍存在L/D型氨基酸,与L-氨基酸(L-AAs)不同,D-氨基酸(D-AAs)不参与蛋白质合成,而与细胞壁肽聚糖的合成有关,直接影响细菌细胞壁的形状、数量和强度。D-AAs在细菌表征、药物抑菌性、靶标确定等方面具有重要的作用。目前,外源添加D-AAs参与肽聚糖合成的机制已有一些研究进展,其荧光衍生物已应用于细菌可视化,特异性探测细胞壁形成/重塑、细菌生长和细胞形态。但D-AAs如何影响细菌生长及其抗逆性的机制尚未研究清楚。对D-AAs的研究现状进行综述,重点介绍D-AAs在细菌中的生物合成机制和参与细胞壁合成的机制、非典型DAAs对细菌的调控以及在细菌可视化中的应用,并对D-AAs未来研究方向进行了展望。