酸枣仁皂甙A与钙调蛋白相互作用的荧光光谱研究

文中报导了本实验室最近发现的一种新型钙调蛋白(CaM)天然拮抗剂——酸枣仁皂甙A,它能显著地抑制CaM活化PDE的活力.为研究它与CaM间的相互作用,本实验还制备了与天然CaM具有相同激活PDE能力的丹磺酰钙调蛋白(D-CaM).D-CaM的荧光光谱研究表明,酸枣仁甙A的加入诱导CaM分子的疏水位点更加暴露,从而增强丹磺酰基团的荧光发射量子产率.桔抗剂与CaM间的结合是绝对依赖Ca~(2 )的.荧光滴定的结果证明此结合的解离常数为2.8μM.酸枣仁皂甙A能进一步加强三氟啦嗪(TFP)所诱导的D-CaM荧光增强.这结果暗示,它不与TFP竞l争CaM上相同的结合位点.     

铝与钙调蛋白相互作用的荧光光谱研究

本文研究了铝与钙调蛋白相互作用的荧光光谱。实验证明,Al~3与CaM的结合所引起的构象变化与Ca~(2+)与CaM结合所引起的构象变化既有相同之处,也有不同之处。Al~(3+)在CaM分子上的结合有特异性结合与非特异性结合两种情况。其特异性结合位点可能为2—3个。钙调蛋白的非竞争性拮抗剂酸枣仁皂甙A(JuA)可以继续抑制已被Al~(3+)部分抑制的PDE-CaM的活力。     

钙调蛋白的自旋共振研究:拮抗剂和它的相互作用

利用碘乙酰胺氮氧自由基标记钙调蛋白研究了它与三氟拉嗪(TFP)、酸枣仁皂甙A(JuA)的相互作用。结果表明,每分子CaM分别至少可以结合两分子的TFP及JuA,它们的作用影响了CaM上的Met残基(主要是71,72和76)的环境,使反应自由基运动自由度的旋转相关时间τR值下降。据τR变化的趋势,推测TFP和JuA都是通过疏水作用结合到CaM上的疏水沟区,但两者的结合位点可能不同。     

Tb~(3+)作为荧光探针研究钙调蛋白与拮抗药物的相互作用

本文报导以Tb~(3+)作为荧光探针,研究钙调蛋白(CaM)与其拮抗药物分子间相互作用的机制.所用方法简便、快速、灵敏.CaM的内源荧光研究表明,Tb~(3+)类似于Ca~(2+),也能诱导CaM分子构象发生改化,由于CaM分子中Ca~(2+)的第Ⅲ、Ⅳ结合位点上各有一个Tyr线基,如(?)280nm激发,则发生从Tyr向Tb~(3+)的能量转移,从而导致Tb~(3+)在490和545nm处的特征荧光发射大大加强.本文检测了药物分子与Tb~(3+)-CaM结合对该荧光发射的影响.实验表明,TFP与CaM的高亲和位点处于CaM分子C-末端部位,即含第Ⅲ、Ⅳ结构域的半分子上:丙拮抗药物酸枣仁皂甙A则优先结合在含第Ⅰ、Ⅱ的结构域的另一半分子(?).     

钙调蛋白的自旋共振研究：拮抗剂和它的相互作用

利用碘乙酰胺氮氧自由基标记钙调蛋白研究了它与三氟拉嗪（ＴＦＰ）、酸枣仁皂甙Ａ（ＪｕＡ）的相互作用。结果表明,每分子ＣａＭ分别至少可以结合两分子的ＴＦＰ及ＪｕＡ,它们的作用影响了ＣａＭ上的Ｍｅｔ残基（主要是７１,７２和７６）的环境,使反应自由基运动自由度的旋转相关时间τＲ值下降。据τＲ变化的趋势,推测ＴＦＰ和ＪｕＡ都是通过疏水作用结合到ＣａＭ上的疏水沟区,但两者的结合位点可能不同。     

钙调蛋白的功能性运动分析

目的:研究钙调蛋白(CaM)结构的动力学行为和运动趋势。方法:利用高斯网络模型(GNM)和各向异性网络模型(ANM),分析CaM在无钙和含钙2种形式下的功能运动。结果:CaM的慢运动模式显示,CaM的构象变化主要表现为2个结构域的运动;2种形式的CaM具有共同的铰链区,铰链区位于分子的中央接头,但二者具有不同的运动趋势。交叉相关图结果显示,CaM结合钙离子后,结构域内的相互作用会增强。结论:GNM和ANM结果可以解释先前报道的实验数据。结果有助于更好地了解CaM的构象转变规律,并会提高对CaM的底物识别和调节活动机制的理解。     

铝与钙调蛋白相互作用的荧光光谱研究

本文研究了铝与钙调蛋白相互作用的荧光光谱。实验证明,Ａｌ＾３＋与ＣａＭ的结合所引起的构象变化与Ｃａ＾２＋与ＣａＭ结合所引起的构象变化既有相同之处,也有不同之处。Ａｌ＾３＋在ＣａＭ分子上的结合有特异性结合与非特异性结合两种情况。其特异性结合位点可能为２－３个,钙调蛋白的非竞争性拮抗剂酸枣仁皂甙Ａ（ＪｕＡ）可以继续抑制已被Ａｌ＾３＋部分抑制的ＰＤＥ－ＣａＭ的活力。     

肌球蛋白轻链激酶CaM结合位点突变体的构建

目的:平滑肌肌球蛋白轻链激酶(myosin light chainkinase,MLCK)具有激酶活性和非激酶活性,在平滑肌收缩过程中起着关键酶调控的作用.为探寻MLCK的非激酶活性区域对MLCK活性的影响,本实验利用分子生物学技术构建了肌球蛋白轻链激酶CaM结合位点突变体,并纯化出重组的MLCK表达的蛋白质,为深入研究MLCK的非激酶活性在调节平滑肌收缩过程中的分子机制提供了实验基础.方法:利用野生型MLCK全长的cDNA序列设计CaM结合位点的突变引物,利用PCR技术进行定点突变,获得CaM结合位点的突变体(△CaM/MLCK).在大肠杆茵中表达重组CaM结合位点的突变体(△CaM/MLCK),通过亲和层析及凝胶过滤进行分离纯化重组蛋白,SDS-PAGE检测表达及纯化的重组蛋白.结果:构建重组MLCK钙调蛋白结合位点突变体(△CaM/MLCK),△CaM/MLCK在大肠杆菌中以可溶形式大量表达并得到纯化.结论:成功构建重组MLCK钙调蛋白结合位点突变体(△CaM/MLCK)并获得纯化的表达蛋白质.     

粉防已碱与钙调蛋白相互作用的荧光光谱研究

粉防已碱Tet是一种新的钙调蛋白(CaM)拮抗剂,它抑制CaM活化的Ca~(2 )—Mg~(2 )—ATP c。利用丹磺酰钙调蛋白(D—CaM)可方便地鉴测Tet与CaM的相互作用,直接证明了在CaM与Tet之间生成复合物CaM—Tet 我们制备的D—CaM,每个蛋白分子含1.3个丹磺酰基团,活化红细胞膜Ca~(2 )—Mg~(2 )—ATP c的生物活性与天然CaM基本相同。 当Ca~(2 )与D—CaM结合时,丹磺酰基团环境疏水性增加,该荧光团产生较高的量子产率(增加1.6倍),最大发射兰移(从512移兰至495nm)。存在Ca~(2 )时,Tet使D—CaM的荧光强度进一步增加,谱线继续兰移,表明Ca~(2 )及Tet诱导蛋白构象变化,改变了丹磺酰基团的微环境。 荧光滴定实验证明CaM与Tet结合的解离常数为1.8μM,两者的结合是绝对依赖Ca~(2 )的。 药物Tet与CaM的结合可增强结合在CaM上的荧光探剂NPN的荧光,提示CaM不同疏水结合位之间存在变构相互作用。     

钙调蛋白与拮抗剂TFP相互作用的水质子弛豫速率研究

钙调蛋白(CaM)是一种多功能调节蛋白,它对靶酶的作用受各种药物拮抗.三氟啦嗪(TFP)是CaM的一种有效拮抗剂.本文利用核磁弛豫法测定与TFP结合前后CaM中金属离子配位水的变化,从而推测CaM与TFP相互作用的方式.结合CD谱的测定结果,可以认为TFP与CaM结合摩尔比不超过2时是特异的强结合,但不影响金属结合部位及主链结构.当比例超过2时,额外的TFP以不同于前的方式结合于CaM.     

生物素标记钙调素用于植物钙调素结合蛋白的检测

用生物素标了己了花椰菜ＣａＭ。生物素标记的ＣａＭ具有与天然ＣａＭ相似的Ｃａ２＋依赖电泳特性,可激活ＣａＭ依赖性磷酸二酯酶,能够检测出５０ｎｇ的磷酸二酯酶。利用它建立了检测植物ＣａＭ结合蛋白的生物素－覆盖法（Ｂｉｏｔｉｎ－ｏｖｅｒｌａｙ）并证实酶标亲和素可与胡萝卜愈伤组织内６４ｋＤ蛋白质非特异结合,因此将此法运用于植物材料时必需设置酶标亲和素处理的对照。用生物素－覆盖法检测胡萝卜愈伤组织形成过程中的ＣａＭ结合蛋白时可检出２,４－Ｄ诱导的ＣａＭ结合蛋白。     

大黄蒽醌衍生物与环核苷酸磷酸二酯酶、钙调素相互作用的研究

大黄蒽醌衍生物是中药大黄的主要成份。该类衍生物与钙调素(calmo-dulin,CaM)依赖的磷酸二酯酶(PDE)的相互作用表明:它们可作用子钙调素。其中,大黄酸结合CaM并抑制CaM依赖的磷酸二酯酶(CaM-PDE);而大黄素、大黄酚和芦荟大黄素既刺激CaM-PDE的活力,又刺激PDE的基础活力,其作用机制尚待阐明;当有Ca~(2+)或无Ca~(2+)条件下测定时,大黄酸对PDE基础活力均无影响。表明:象其它的CaM拮抗剂一样,大黄酸能抑制钙调素依赖的PDE的活力。     

轻稀土离子对钙调蛋白激活的磷酸二酯酶活力作用的影响

研究了轻稀土离子（Ｌｎ３＋）对钙调蛋白（ＣａＭ）调控的磷酸二酯酶（ＰＤＥ）活力的影响。结果表明,在无Ｃａ２＋的ＣａＭ（Ａｐｏ—ＣａＭ）体系中,由ＣａＭ调节的ＰＤＥ的活力随Ｌｎ３＋浓度的变化曲线是双相效应,即在高浓度时,Ｌｎ３＋具有抑制ＣａＭ调节ＰＤＥ活力的能力;低浓度的Ｌｎ３＋可以提高ＣａＭ调节ＰＤＥ活力的能力。在Ｃａ２＋４－ＣａＭ－ＰＤＥ体系中,高浓度的Ｌｎ３＋的加入能抑制ＣｈＭ调节ＰＤＥ活力的能力,其抑制程度因其离子不同而异。ＣａＭ的两类拮抗剂ＪｕＡ（非竞争性抑制剂）和ＴＦＰ（竞争性抑制剂）都能抑制ＣａＭ－Ｌｎ３＋－ＰＤＥ系统的活性。最后对Ｌｎ３＋和ＣａＭ相互作用的分子机制进行了初步的讨论。     

Tyrosine phosphorylation modulates the interaction of calmodulin with its target proteins.

The activation of six target enzymes by calmodulin phosphorylated on Tyr99 (PCaM) and the binding affinities of their respective calmodulin binding domains were tested. The six enzymes were: myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), 3'-5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE), plasma membrane (PM) Ca2+-ATPase, Ca2+-CaM dependent protein phosphatase 2B (calcineurin), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and type II Ca2+-calmodulin dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase II). In general, tyrosine phosphorylation led to an increase in the activatory properties of calmodulin (CaM). For plasma membrane (PM) Ca2+-ATPase, PDE and CaM kinase II, the primary effect was a decrease in the concentration at which half maximal velocity was attained (Kact). In contrast, for calcineurin and NOS phosphorylation of CaM significantly increased the Vmax. For MLCK, however, neither Vmax nor Kact were affected by tyrosine phosphorylation. Direct determination by fluorescence techniques of the dissociation constants with synthetic peptides corresponding to the CaM-binding domain of the six analysed enzymes revealed that phosphorylation of Tyr99 on CaM generally increased its affinity for the peptides.     

Allosteric inhibition of rat neuronal nitric-oxide synthase caused by interference with the binding of calmodulin to the enzyme

A sigmoid-type dependence on the inhibitor concentration was observed in the cytochrome c reductase activity for peptide inhibitors (mastoparan and melittin), calmodulin antagonists (W-7 and tamoxifen) and monobutyltin in a reconstituted system comprised of recombinant rat neuronal nitric-oxide synthase (nNOS) and calmodulin (CaM). The increase in the concentration of CaM in the system induced a decrease in the inhibitory effect, indicating that the inhibitors might interfere with the interaction between nNOS and CaM. The changes in the fluorescence spectra of dansylated CaM caused by the addition of mastoparan, melittin and monobutyltin indicated complex formation between CaM and those compounds, which led to the decrease in the effective concentration of CaM available to nNOS. The sigmoid-type inhibition of mastoparan and melittin fit the theoretical equations quite well, assuming that two CaM molecules bind cooperatively to one nNOS homodimer. Monobutyltin, tamoxifen and W-7 were found to inhibit nNOS activity by binding to the CaM binding site of the nNOS homodimer, in addition to the binding of the inhibitors to calmodulin. These compounds inhibited the L-citrulline formation of nNOS from L-arginine, and the inhibitory effects were abrogated by raising the concentration of calmodulin. It became clear that the binding of calmodulin to nNOS can be interfered with in two ways: (1) via a decrease in the effective concentration of calmodulin caused by complex formation between the inhibitor and calmodulin, and (2) via the inhibition of the binding of calmodulin to nNOS caused by the occupation of the binding site by the inhibitor.     

Tryptophan fluorescence of calmodulin binding domain peptides interacting with calmodulin containing unnatural methionine analogues

The interactions between the abundant methionine residues of the calcium regulatory protein calmodulin (CaM) and several of its binding targets were probed using fluorescence spectroscopy. Tryptophan steady-state fluorescence from peptides encompassing the CaM-binding domains of the target proteins myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) and caldesmon site A and B (CaD A, CaD B), and the model peptide melittin showed Ca(2+)-dependent blue-shifts in their maximum emission wavelength when complexed with wild-type CaM. Blue-shifts were also observed for complexes in which the CaM methionine residues were replaced by selenomethionine, norleucine and ethionine, and when a quadruple methionine to leucine C-terminal mutant of CaM was studied. Quenching of the tryptophan fluorescence intensity was observed with selenomethionine, but not with norleucine or ethionine substituted protein. Fluorescence quenching studies with added potassium iodide (KI) demonstrate that the non-native proteins limit the solvent accessibility of the Trp in the MLCK peptide to levels close to that of the wild-type CaM-MLCK interaction. Our results show that the methionine residues from CaM are highly sensitive to the target peptide in question, confirming the importance of their role in binding interactions. In addition, we provide evidence that the nature of binding in the CaM-CaD B complex is unique compared with the other complexes studied, as the Trp residue of this peptide remains partially solvent exposed upon binding to CaM.     

In vitro enzyme activation with calbindin-D28k, the vitamin D-dependent 28 kDa calcium binding protein.

Purified porcine erythrocyte membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase and 3':5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase were stimulated in a dose-dependent, saturable manner with the vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein from rat kidney, calbindin-D28k (CaBP-D28k). The concentration of CaBP-D28k required for half-maximal activation (K0.5 act.) of the Ca(2+)-ATPase was 28 nM compared to 2.2 nM for calmodulin (CaM), with maximal activation equivalent upon addition of either excess CaM or CaBP-D28k. 3':5'-Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) also showed equivalent maximum saturable activation by calbindin (K0.5 act. = 90 nM) or calmodulin (K0.5 act. = 1.2 nM). CaBP-D28k was shown to effectively compete with CaM-Sepharose for PDE binding. Immunoprecipitation with CaBP-D28k antiserum completely inhibited calbindin-mediated activation of PDE but had no effect on calmodulin's ability to activate PDE. While the physiological significance of these results remains to be established, they do suggest that CaBP-D28k can activate enzymes and may be a regulator of yet to be identified target enzymes in certain tissues.     

Investigating the disorder–order transition of calmodulin binding domain upon binding calmodulin using molecular dynamics simulation

We have studied the conformational transition of the calmodulin binding domains (CBD) in several calmodulin‐binding kinases, in which CBD changes from the disordered state to the ordered state when binding with calmodulin (CaM). Targeted molecular dynamics simulation was used to investigate the binding process of CaM and CBD of CaM‐dependent kinase I (CaMKI–CBD). The results show that CaMKI–CBD began to form an α‐helix and the interaction free energy between CaM and CaMKI–CBD increased once CaM fully encompassed CaMKI–CBD. Two series of CaM/CBD complex systems, including the complexes of CaM with the initially disordered and the final ordered CBD, were constructed to study the interaction using molecular dynamics simulations. Our analyses suggest that the VDW interaction plays a dominant role in CaM/CBD binding and is a key factor in the disorder–order transition of CBD. Additionally, the entropy effect is not in favor of the formation of the CaM/CBD complex, which is consistent with the experimental evidence. Based on the results, it appears that the CBD conformational change from a non‐compact extended structure to compact α‐helix is critical in gaining a favorable VDW interaction and interaction free energy. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.