高效养蛇方法

1　蛇住“楼房”最理想　　蛇类与人类一样 ,需要有个安全、舒适的居住环境。能否给蛇造个理想的窝 ,是人工养蛇成功的关键之一。因蛇是比较惰懒成性的野生动物 ,饱食一顿后盘踞在窝内连续几天 ,甚至十几天不动 ,直到腹内的食物完全消化掉 ,才会再次爬出窝外去喝水和觅食。鉴于这种情况 ,我们在多年的养蛇基础上设计了这种楼房式的“多层立体地下 (土 )蛇房”,蛇房深入地下 1～ 2 m左右 ,用砖有规律的层叠在一起 ,形成 9～ 1 4层的地下 (土 )蛇房 ,供蛇自由的选择它理想居住层次。此蛇房的应用不仅扩大了原有养殖面积 ,也扩大了存蛇量 ,储蛇…     

中国蛇床属植物研究

经研究整理,我国蛇床属(Cnidium Cuss.)植物有4种,2变种:蛇床(C.monnieri(L.)Cuss.),碱蛇床(C.salinum Turcz.),兴安蛇床(C.dahuricum(Jacq.)Turcz.ex Fisch.et Mey.),滨蛇床(C.japonicum Miq.),台湾蛇床(C.monnieri var.formosana(Yabe)Kitag.)和根茎碱蛇床(C.salinum var.rhizomaticum Ma),对原属蛇床属的两个种做了名称新组合:辛家山亮蛇床(Selinum sinchianum(Fu)Yuan et Li),无油管亮蛇床(Selinum nullivittatum(Fu)Yuan et Li)。对上述种类进行了分类研究、果实显微及扫描电镜观察和花粉粒扫描电镜观察。     

人工养蛇失败原因分析

众所周知 ,蛇全身是宝。目前一些蛇类保健品 ,营养滋补品也不断面市 ,加上市场经济南北大流通 ,一股从南到北的“人工养蛇热”遍布全国。“养一条蛇胜养一头猪”的说法 ,极大地刺激了众多养蛇者 ,有的人甚至改行来养蛇 ,目前养蛇业的现状是成功者占少数 ,失败者居多 ,景况让人甚忧。为此 ,作者总结几年养蛇过程中的失败原因 ,供初次养蛇者借签参考 ,早日摆脱人工养蛇失败阴影 ,走出困境。( 1 )初养者没有扎实的养蛇技术和经济 ,蛇场构造不够合理 ,其中包括防逃、防盗、水源、食源、密度、采光、温度、湿度及越冬、越夏等各方面设计的标准和…     

幼蛇的冬养

出生第一年的幼蛇宜在室内越冬 ,为了有效缩短蛇的育成周期 ,可以打破冬眠期转为冬季室内养殖。第一年的幼蛇因没有冬眠适应性 ,可在保证幼蛇所需的温度、湿度条件及能够供应充足的活体小动物 ,就可以进行冬季室内养殖 ,以下简称冬养。　　幼蛇冬养的温度宜在 2 0～ 2 8℃之间 ,湿度应在 50 %～ 60 %左右 ,幼蛇大多采取人工灌喂混合饲料或流汁饲料的方法 ,来解决其所需的营养和消耗。一般 5～ 7天灌喂 1次 ,喂时可使用中型的 (容量为 2 0 ml)钝头注射器 ,每次灌喂标有刻度的 1～ 2小格 ,操作时需两人进行 ,一人持蛇使之不动 ,另一人轻掰蛇口…     

蛇床的生物学特性及资源分布

本文通过实地调查和异地栽培试验研究了蛇床的生物学特性及资源分布,为蛇床子药材的生产、收购提供了科学依据。     

一项创汇的黄金事业—养蛇

一项创汇的黄金事业──养蛇李洪斌蛇类是一种较为普通的爬行动物,但蛇的价值连城却鲜为人知了。一条毒蛇每年可取毒２．５克,按目前国内市场价３５０元／克,国际市场上每克１０００多美元计算,要比黄金贵２０倍,被誉为“蛇金”。蛇毒是治癌的特效剂;蛇胆是治关节炎...     

室内繁养眼镜仔蛇的一些体会

眼镜蛇 ,别名饭铲头 ,吹风蛇、万蛇、扁头风、白颈乌等。国内分布在安徽以南各省区 ,国外分布孟加拉、泰国、越南等国家。眼镜蛇适应能力强 ,生活在山林地带、平原、丘陵坟场、沟谷、石堆和阴暗处的杂物堆中 ,昼行性 ,喜在晴天活动 ,主要取食老鼠 ,是老鼠的天敌。　　眼镜蛇全身是宝 ,蛇毒、蛇血、蛇胆、蛇皮都有广泛的用途。然而 ,目前我国野生资源有限 ,人类利用蛇类资源必须走驯养繁殖之路 ,变野生为家养 ,满足人们对蛇类资源的需求。　　我场自 1 996年以来在室内模拟自然环境繁养眼镜蛇仔蛇 ,成活率逐年提高。现将我们在养殖过程中总结…     

广东省养蛇业的现状与发展策略的研究

目的探讨广东省蛇类养殖业的现状与发展的策略方法在全省范围内按各市县养殖场逐个进行实地考查,调查蛇类养殖场的分布、规模、面积、养殖技术和投资金额以及蛇的种类、数量、来源和贸易情况,分析蛇类养殖存在的问题和经营利用的可能性。并以表格的形式搜集各养蛇场的基础资料、近年来的养殖情况及意见和建议。结果3个养殖最成功的蛇场饲养的主要蛇种类有眼镜蛇、眼镜王蛇、滑鼠蛇、乌梢蛇,目前已基本上解决了蛇类养殖的难题,掌握了蛇类冬眠和管理等关键技术,蛇类存栏量都达到10万条以上,存栏的个体都在第三代以上;养殖成本明显下降,经济效益可观。结论眼镜蛇、眼镜王蛇、滑鼠蛇、乌梢蛇是人工养殖成功的种类,提出发展我国蛇类产业的具体措施和策略,为蛇类养殖产业化、规模化和集约化提出合理化的建议。     

蛇与其他常见动物的综合养殖利用初探

过去人们视治疗蛇伤的人员和蛇类养殖人员为“花子”（即要饭的人）,所谓“花子玩蛇”,道出了蛇伤防治工作者和蛇类养殖人员的艰辛。改革开放以来,从事蛇类养殖人员不断增多,都想到这个“金矿”来“淘金”,结果却是：“十个蛇场九个亏”。蛇伤防治工作人员亦无巨富者...     

禽类饲用芽孢杆菌的筛选及固体发酵条件优化

筛选得到3株适用作为禽类饲料添加剂的枯草芽孢杆菌,分别命名为B395、B605和BM1。该3株菌株均能够在42℃正常生长,能抑制大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌,且能耐受0.3%胆盐,能产生淀粉酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶。通过饲喂试验,观察到菌剂组可明显促进肉鸡生长,有效降低料肉比。选取B395作为试验菌株,以培养后活菌数为指标,得到其最佳固体发酵条件为麦麸∶稻糠为3∶2、葡萄糖0.5%、尿素2%、KH2PO40.5%,含水量45%、接种量5%、温度37℃、培养时间3d。按上述培养条件,对B395进行培养,摇瓶式发酵可使活菌数可达到(1.3±0.1)×1010CFU/g,浅盘式发酵可使活菌数达到(1.3-1.4)×1010CFU/g;并对B605和BM1进行培养,得到活菌数均超过109CFU/g。     

A histochemical study of the innervation of cerebral blood vessels in the snake

Summary Dual innervation of snake cerebral blood vessels by adrenergic and cholinergic fibres was demonstrated with the use of histochemical methods. Although the nerve plexuses are somewhat less dense, the essential features of innervation of the blood vessels are similar to those of mammals with the exception that the adrenergic plexuses are more prominent than the cholinergic plexuses. The major arteries of the cerebral carotid system have a rich nerve supply. However, the innervation is less rich in the basilar and poor in the spinal (vertebral) arteries. Although the arteries supplying the right side of head are poorly developed, three pairs of arteries, cerebral carotids, ophthalmics and spinals, supply the snake brain. The carotids and ophthalmics are densely innervated and are accompanied by thick nerve bundles, suggesting that the nerves preferentially enter the skull along those arteries. Some parenchymal arterioles are also dually innervated. Connection between the brain parenchyma and intracerebral capillaries via both cholinergic and adrenergic fibres was observed. In addition cholinergic nerve fibres, connecting capillaries and the intramedullary nerve fibre bundles, were noticed. Capillary blood flow may be influenced by both adrenergic and cholinergic central neurons. The walls of capillaries also exhibit heavy acetylcholinesterase activity. This may indicate an important role for the capillary in the regulation of intracerebral blood flow.     

Actions of snake neurotoxins on an insect nicotinic cholinergic synapse

Here we examine the actions of six snake neurotoxins (α-cobratoxin from Naja naja siamensis, erabutoxin-a and b from Laticauda semifasciata; CM12 from N. haje annulifera, toxin III 4 from Notechis scutatus and a long toxin from N. haje) on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the cercal afferent, giant interneurone 2 synapse of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. All toxins tested reduced responses to directly-applied ACh as well as EPSPs evoked by electrical stimulation of nerve XI with similar time courses, suggesting that their action is postsynaptic. Thus, these nicotinic receptors in a well-characterized insect synapse are senstive to both long and short chain neurotoxins. This considerably expands the range of snake toxins that block insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and may enable further pharmacological distinctions between nAChR subtypes.     

The prognostic value of the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in patients with snake bites for clinical outcomes and complications

IntroductionSnake bites have cardiotoxicity, neurotoxic, myotoxic, nephrotoxic, and hemotoxic features. The neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) provides valuable information for the determination of the diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between NLR with the development of complications and duration of hospital stay in snakebite cases.MethodIn this study, 107 patients with snakebite complaints that applied to a tertiary care university hospital between 2011 and 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. The control group compromised of 107 age-and gender-matched healthy subjects. These patients were examined using their previous laboratory results, bite areas pictures, geographic location, and analysis of complications that developed during the hospitalization.ResultsPatients in our snake bites group (n = 107), included males (64%) and females (36%). When NLR1–NLR2, NLR1–NLR3, and NLR2–NLR3 were compared, a statistically significant difference was found (p < 0.001). No mortality was observed in our patients. In cases of snakebites, 4.67% of the patients underwent finger amputation. Compartment syndrome occurred in 3.73% of patients. In one case that developed compartment syndrome, a finger amputation was made. When 8 patients with a complication were compared with patients having snakebite but no complication, the initial NLR was found to be higher and statistically significant (p = 0.042). The average length of stay of patients in the hospital was 9 days. In the analysis of the correlation between the duration of hospitalization and NLR, the patients with a high level of NLR were found to have a longer hospital stay compared to lower NLR levels (p = 0.012).ConclusionNLR was significantly increased in patients that developed complications and needed a longer stay in the hospital.     

蛇伤药酒体外抗5种蛇毒的实验研究

目的探讨蛇伤药酒抗五步蛇、竹叶青蛇、眼镜蛇、蝰蛇、蝮蛇蛇毒的效果。方法采用鲎试剂试管凝集反应法。结果蛇伤药酒浓度为1.0 ml/ml时,对5种蛇毒均有破坏产生凝胶反应的作用;浓度为0.5ml/ml时,对五步蛇、竹叶青蛇、眼镜蛇蛇毒有破坏产生凝胶反应的作用;浓度为0.3 ml/ml时,仅对五步蛇毒有破坏产生凝胶反应的作用;浓度降至0.1 ml/ml时,对5种蛇毒均无破坏产生凝胶反应的作用。结论蛇伤药酒有较好的抗蛇毒作用,且对五步蛇毒作用最强。     

Evidence for heterogeneous forms of the snake venom metalloproteinase jararhagin: a factor contributing to snake venom variability

The reprolysin subfamily of metalloproteinases includes snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMP) and mammalian disintegrin/metalloproteinase. These proteins are synthesized as zymogens and undergo proteolytic processing resulting in a variety of multifunctional proteins. Jararhagin is a P-III SVMP isolated from the venom of Bothrops jararaca. In crude venom, two forms of jararhagin are typically found, full-length jararhagin and jararhagin-C, a proteolytically processed form of jararhagin that is composed of the disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domains of jararhagin. To better understand the structural and mechanistic bases for these forms of jararhagin in the venom of B. jararaca and the source of venom complexity in general, we have examined the jararhagin forms isolated from venom and the autolysis of isolated jararhagin under the conditions of varying pH, calcium ion concentration, and reducing agents. From our results, jararhagin isolated from venom appears as two forms: a predominant form that is stable to in vitro autolysis and a minor form that is susceptible to autolysis under a variety of conditions including alkaline pH, low calcium ion concentrations, or reducing agent. The autolysis site for production of jararhagin-C from isolated jararhagin was different from that observed for jararhagin-C as isolated from crude venom. Taken together, these data lead us to the conclusion that during the biosynthesis of jararhagin in the venom gland at least three forms are present: one form which is rapidly processed to give rise to jararhagin-C, one form which is resistant to processing in the venom and autolysis in vitro, and one minor form which is susceptible to autolysis under conditions that promote destabilization of its structure. The presence of these different forms of jararhagin contributes to greater structural and functional complexity of the venom and may be a common feature among all snake venoms. The biological and biochemical features in the venom gland responsible for these jararhagin isoforms are currently under investigation.     

Visual acuity of the midland banded water snake estimated from evoked telencephalic potentials

The visual acuity of seven midland banded water snakes was measured by recording evoked responses from telencephalon to temporally modulated square wave grating patterns. Using conventional electrophysiological techniques and signal averaging, high contrast square wave gratings of different spatial frequencies were presented. Acuity was estimated by extrapolating relative response amplitude/log₁₀ spatial frequency functions which yielded an average acuity of 4.25 cycles/degree. Refractive state was also estimated by recording evoked potentials to intermediate spatial frequencies with different lenses in front of the eye. Polynomial fits indicated that under the experimental conditions the snakes were around 6.4 diopters hyperopic suggesting a corrected acuity of 4.89 cycles/degree. Reduction of grating luminance resulted in a reduction in evoked potential acuity measurements. These results indicate that the spatial resolution of midland banded water snakes is the equal of cat; about 20/120 in human clinical terms.     

The use and function of snake skins in the nests of Great Reed Warblers Acrocephalus arundinaceus

We documented and experimentally tested the use of snake skins in construction of nests in a Great Reed Warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus population in southwestern Slovakia. There was no difference in predation rates of artificial nests that did or did not contain sloughs. We suggest that snake skins in Great Reed Warbler nests may serve as a post‐pairing signal revealing female parental quality.     

7种蓼属植物繁育系统的初步研究

观测了7种蓼属植物的花部形态特征,并运用花粉-胚珠比和杂交系数的方法对其繁育系统进行了初步研究。结果表明这7种蓼属植物的繁育系统应为自交和异交并存的混合交配型。P/O比与花序长度和花朵直径有明显的正相关关系,异型花的P/O比要明显高于同型花的P/O值。     

宁夏枸杞繁育系统初步研究

运用TTC法、联苯胺—过氧化氢法、P/O比、OCI和套袋实验,对宁夏枸杞种内各参试材料花粉活力、柱头可授性及繁育系统进行了研究。结果表明:宁夏枸杞花粉数量/胚珠比大于4 000,杂交指数介于3～4,结合人工授粉和套袋实验结果可以确定在参试的13个品种(系)中麻叶系材料(宁杞1号、2号、大麻叶、小麻叶)表现为部分自交亲和;而其它材料(白花、白条、宁杞3号、尖头圆果、圆头圆果、蒙杞1号、扁果、0701、0616)表现为自交不亲和,同株异花、异株异花几乎不坐果,自然条件下只有通过与其他材料混植的途经来实现结实。由于自交亲和水平极低,宁夏枸杞的繁育系统应属于专性异交(除麻叶系材料)。     

血必净注射液联合季德胜蛇药片救治烙铁头蛇咬伤的临床分析

目的研究血必净注射液联合季德胜蛇药片救治烙铁头蛇咬伤的临床效果。方法将我院收治的69例烙铁头蛇咬伤患者随机分为治疗组34例和对照组35例,两组患者均给予季德胜蛇药片治疗,治疗组同时加用血必净注射液治疗,观察比较两组治疗效果。结果治疗组的痊愈时间、肢体消肿时间均短于对照组,而且凝血功能指标、血小板计数均优于对照组,差异均具有显著统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论血必净注射液联合季德胜蛇药片救治烙铁头蛇咬伤的临床效果显著,有利于减轻患者中毒症状,并能有效缩短痊愈时间,改善凝血功能,增加血小板数量,值得临床推广运用。